Download - Hour 3 Imunity
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
1/54
CHAPTER 21
~IMMUNITY~
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
2/54
Different antibody molecules may combine with single
antigen
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
3/54
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
4/54
21.2 DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY :
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
RESPONSE
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
5/54
At the end of this topic, students should be
able to:-
Explain the primary and secondary
immune response Explain the concept of self and non-self
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
6/54
IMMUNE RESPONSE
1) PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
2) SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
7/54
IMMUNE RESPONSE
Primary:
First time exposureto certain antigen
Secondary:
Second exposure to same antigen
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
8/54
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
Results from 1st exposureof B cell to an antigen
Includes series ofcell
division, differentiation,antibody production.
IgM&IgD antibodies:
receptors on surface of B-cell
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
9/54
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
10/54
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
Before stimulation by an antigen, B cells are smalllymphocytes.
After activation, B cell undergo a series of divisions
to produce large lymphocytes. Some enlarge cells become plasma cells
Produce antibodies
Others revert back to small lymphocytes become
memory B cells.
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
11/54
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
12/54
Low [antibodies]
produced at early
stagepeak up weeks
after exposure
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
13/54
Has lag time: slowreaction
3-6 days after the
exposure B cells specific
for that antigen
multiply,develop
plasma cells
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
14/54
Plasma cells
secrete antibody
antibody
concentrationrise
reach the
peaks 10-12days
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
15/54
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
IgM is the first antibody produced Later other classes of antibodies are produced as well
Takes 3-14 days to produce enough antibodies
To be effective against antigen
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
16/54
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
Meantime, individual usually develops diseasesymptoms because the antigen has had time to
cause tissue damage
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
17/54
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
Primary response
lasts several days
or weeks
[antibodies] plasma cell die
memory B cell
left in the body
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
18/54
SECONDARY IMMUNE
RESPONSE
The response of
immune system to
the second
infection for sameantigen.
Memory cell
recognize the sameantigen faster.
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
19/54
Within hours after second exposure:
B memory cell proliferate & differentiate
rapidly into
plasma cell
produce antibody
IgGmainly antibody produced
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
20/54
Within 2-3 days, antibody rises steeply
Higher than in primary response
Remain high for weeks to month Plasma cells functioning for much longer than
in primary cell
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
21/54
Memory B cell able to recognize antigen forlonger period
May persist for many years and probably for
life
SECONDARY IMMUNE
RESPONSE
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
22/54
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
23/54
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
24/54
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
25/54
VACCINATION
Process: vaccination
Antigen : vaccine
Some parts of the microorganism or
A dead microorganism or
A live, altered microorganism.
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
26/54
VACCINATION
DEF:
Injecting small amounts of antigen, vaccine
into the body To stimulates the immune system
to manufacture antibodies
Without disease symptoms do not cause illness
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
27/54
VACCINATION
Active artificial immunity acquiring adaptive
immunity
Common vaccinations :-
- BCG
- Rubella
- Hepatitis
- Triple antigen
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
28/54
Widely used vaccination in the world.
Made of a live, weakened strain of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Disease: Tuberculosis (TB)
Weight loss, cough
Sputum may contain blood
BCG (Bacille Calmatte Guerin)
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
29/54
In older children & adults
Made of living attenuated virus
Disease: German measles (Rubella)
Affects respiratory passage, lymph nodes in neck,
eyes, skin
Causes complication in pregnancy
miscarriages, stillbirth or
birth defect in unborn babies
eg: blindness, deafness
Rubella
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
30/54
A serious liver disease caused by viruses
Eg: hepatitis B
Flu-like symptoms
Jaundice, nausea
Severe loss of appetite
Vaccination: genetically engineered (new vaccine)
Hepatitis
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
31/54
New vaccines :
Modern techniques of molecular biology +
genetic engineering
Antigen made of protein coded by gene
Gene of antigen transferred into bacterium bacterium as a factory producing large
quantities of antigen for use in vaccine
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
32/54
Will be learn later in the last chapter
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
33/54
Triple Antigen
(Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus Vaccine
DPT)
Disease : Diphtheria
very contagious and life-threatening bacterial disease
usually attack the throat and nose vaccination: toxoid
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
34/54
Toxoid:
toxins produced by tetanus and diphtheria
bacteria are detoxified with formaldehyde,
yet their antigen properties remain.
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
35/54
Disease: Pertussiscommonly known as whooping cough
cause by Bordetella pertussis rod shape, Gram -ve
mainly in young children
vaccination: killed bacteria
extremely contagious disease
may affect the brain severe coughing bouts with 'whoop' sound
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
36/54
Disease: Tetanus
caused by a Clostridium tetani
rod shape, Gram +ve
enter the body through a cut, wound or anybreak in the skin
causes serious, painful spasms of all
muscles and can lead to locking of the jawVaccination: toxoid
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
37/54
SELF & NON-SELF
CONCEPT
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
38/54
ANTIGEN: any foreign substances that elicits an
immune response
All cells posses ANTIGEN in their cell surface
membrane
- acts as markers
- enables cells to recognize each other
own antigens : self
foreign antigens : non-self
ANTIGEN RECALL!!ANTI GE N R E CALL !!
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
39/54
SELF & NON-SELF CONCEPT
MHC:
In human, referred to as HLA
Human leukocyte antigen
Immune system can distinguish between self-
cells and foreign cells because of they are both
marked with HLAs.
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
40/54
SELF & NON-SELF CONCEPT
MHC
(group of
glycoprotein)
= HLA = Self-markers
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
41/54
IMMUNE SYSTEM DOES NOT RESPOND TO
'SELF' ANTIGENS
Lymphocytes do not attack tissues that carry a
self-marker.
Non-self : pathogens & cells from other
individuals of the same species.
Stimulates immune response.
41
SELF & NON-SELF CONCEPT
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
42/54
42
SELF & NON-SELF CONCEPT
eg. organ transplant
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
43/54
Very rare for 2 individuals to have same set
HLA genes
except identical twins
The closer the relationship between 2
individuals, the greater the like hood ofsharing the same HLA genes
43
ORGAN TRANSPLANT
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
44/54
Immune Rejection:
cells transferred from one person to another
can be attacked by immune defenses
Host's immune system recognizes the foreign
tissue as non-self
T-cells attack the transplanted tissue and destroy it
**Humoral or cell-mediated response? Answer??
complicates transplant of tissues or organs
44
ORGAN TRANSPLANT
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
45/54
1. Tissue compability test
Before transplant
Tissue from donors must match the host's tissue
Increase the chances of successful
transplantation
Tissue matching:
> close relatives
< non-relatives
45
Prevention of Graft rejection
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
46/54
2. Exposure of bone marrow and lymph tissue to
radiation by X-rays
Inhibit production of lymphocytes
Slows down rejection
But may cause:
Unpleasant side-effects Increased risk of infection during treatment
46
Prevention of Graft rejection
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
47/54
3. Immunosuppression
Certain drugs used to suppress the immune
system
graft rejection delayed
But patients becomes:
Suseptible to all kind of infections
More prone to develop cancer
47
Prevention of Graft rejection
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
48/54
4. Suppress the killer T-cells
Cell responsible for rejection
Can overcome the problem of radiation and
immunosuppression
Patient treat with monoclonal antibodies that
recognize and destroy the killer T cells
48
Prevention of Graft rejection
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
49/54
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
50/54
First exposure to an antigenstimulates a primary
response
First exposure to an antigenstimulates a primary
response
Infection causes specific
antibodies to appear in the
blood plasma in 3 to 14 days
Infection causes specific
antibodies to appear in the
blood plasma in 3 to 14 days
Time is taken for B-cell and T-
cell to proliferate
Time is taken for B-cell and T-
cell to proliferate
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
51/54
Second exposure to the
same antigen stimulates a
second response.
Second exposure to the
same antigen stimulates a
second response.
More memory B-cellproduce more plasma cell
More memory B-cellproduce more plasma cell
More antibodies are
produced
More antibodies are
produced
The response is
more rapid
The response is
more rapid
SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
52/54
BCGBCG
RubellaRubellaRubellaRubella
HepatitisHepatitis
TripleTripleantigenantigenTripleTripleantigenantigen
VACCINATION FOR HEALTH
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
53/54
-
7/30/2019 Hour 3 Imunity
54/54
21.3 Immune disorder: AIDS