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Hour 5: Planets in Our Solar System --Histories Compared with Earth
• Information from Meteorites• Earth as a Planet• Venus and Mars: Good Planets Gone Bad• Tidal heating of Jovian moons - extending the Habitable Zone
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Take-aways:• Meteorites: (1) give age of the solar system, (2) contain organic
molecules, and (3) show evidence the solar system formed soon after a nearby supernova explosion
• Earth is the largest and consequently the most geologically active of the 4 terrestrial planets; is that significant for biological environment ?
• Earth itself was not “Earth-like” until as recently as 1 Byr ago• Venus and Mars were both once more Earth-like, but “went bad”
-- Venus as “runaway greenhouse”--- Mars as “runaway refrigerator”
• Mars had substantial liquid water on its surface during its first billion years - the length of time in which life started on Earth
• Tidal (gravitational) heating of moons of large planets may extend the Habitable (liquid water) Zone across the solar system
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Meteorites
• Chips of asteroids• Material for solar system radiometric age• Some carry organic matter• Some show evidence that formation of the
solar system was triggered by a supernova
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Fig. 19-2d, p.455
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Shocks Triggering Star Formation
Henize 206 (infrared)
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Earth as a Planet
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Fig. 17-1, p.380
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Fig. 17-9, p.394
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p.384a
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p.384b
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Venus and Mars:Good Planets Gone Bad
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Celestial Profile, p.399
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Fig. 17-12, p.398
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Fig. 17-13, p.402
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Fig. 17-14, p.403
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Fig. 17-4, p.386
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Venus• Planet originally in Habitable Zone --cool
enough for liquid water• “Runaway” greenhouse effect• Evidence that an entire ocean of water has
evaporated• Without water, CO2 cannot be removed into
crust sediments (Venus atmosphere has same amount of CO2 as Earth crust)
• This is the eventual fate of the Earth as the Sun’s luminosity continues to rise
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Mars
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Celestial Profile, p.405
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p.401c
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p.401d
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p.401e
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Fig. 17-18c, p.407
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Fig. 17-20, p.408
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Fig. 17-17, p.406
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Fig. 17-16, p.406
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Fig. 17-21, p.410
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Mars• Planet originally in Habitable Zone -- warm
enough for liquid water• Low-mass planet with light gravity and little
geologic activity slowly lost its atmosphere (and greenhouse warming)
• Images showing effects of surface water in oldest terrain
• Rovers find evidence there was once significant amounts of standing water (e.g. lakes)
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Moons of the Giant Planets -- Tidal Heating Extends
Habitable Zone ?
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Fig. 18-1, p.420
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Fig. 18-5, p.428
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Tidal Heating
• Jupiter’s moons: Io, Europa (also Ganymede and Callisto?)
• Saturn’s moons Enceladus, Titan
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Fig. 18-9, p.430
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Fig. 18-8, p.429
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Fig. 18-12c, p.436
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18CO, p.418
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Fig. 18-11a, p.432
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Fig. 18-11b, p.432
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Fig. 18-11c, p.432
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Take-aways:• Meteorites: (1) give age of the solar system, (2) contain organic molecules,
and (3) show evidence the solar system formed soon after a nearby supernova explosion
• Earth is the largest and consequently the most geologically active of the 4 terrestrial planets; is that significant for biological environment ?
• Earth itself was not “Earth-like” until as recently as 1 Byr ago• Venus and Mars were both once more Earth-like, but “went bad”
-- Venus as “runaway greenhouse”--- Mars as “runaway refrigerator”
• Mars had substantial liquid water on its surface during its first billion years - the length of time in which life started on Earth
• Tidal (gravitational) heating of moons of large planets may extend the Habitable (liquid water) Zone across the solar system