Download - How did the Solar System form?
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How did the Solar System form?
Is our solar system unique?
Are there other Earth-like planets, or are we a fluke?
Under what conditions can Earth-like planets form?
Is life common or rare?
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Ways to Find Out• Look at our own solar system, and
think about how it might have formed
• Look at other solar systems while they form
• Look for and study other solar systems
• Create computer models and see if you can produce a solar system
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Ways to Find Out• Look at our own solar system, and
think about how it might have formed
• Look at other solar systems while they form
• Look for and study other solar systems
• Create computer models and see if you can produce a solar system
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Solar System Geometry
• Terrestrial planets closer than gas/water giants• Planets get smaller beyond Jupiter • Most planets orbit in the same plane• Some small bodies are tilted
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Summary of Planetary Interiors
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Summary (Things a formation theory must explain)•The sun, with most of the system mass
•Giant planets with solid cores (far from sun)
•Terrestrial planets (close to sun)
•Most planets orbit in a flat plane
•Many planets have moons
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Our theory• Solar system formation begins because
of gravity - most stuff ends up in the sun
• A disk is formed because of rotation• Planet cores form in the disk because rocks hit and/or gravitationally attract
each other• If there’s ice around (> 5 AU from the
star, where it’s cold) the cores are bigger. If big enough, they’ll suck gas out of the disk and form giant planets
• Moons form via collision or capture or in mini disks
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Why might material in clouds collapse to form stars?
What force keeps clouds from collapsing?
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Why might material in clouds collapse to form stars?
What force keeps clouds from collapsing?
gas pressurepushes out(like in a balloon)
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Why might material in clouds collapse to form stars?
What force helps clouds collapse?
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Why might material in clouds collapse to form stars?
What force helps clouds collapse?
gravity pulls inwards
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If the cloud is big and cold, gravity will win out and the
cloud will collapse.
gravity pulls inwards
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The cloud is spinning.What happens as it collapses?
(Think of the water in your bathtub drain)
gravity pulls inwards
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The cloud spins faster and faster, until it can’t
support itself, and flattens out (think pizza dough)
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Lucky for us, this is the perfect way to form a solar system.
blob = future sundisk = future solar system
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Formation basics
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Ways to Find Out• Look at our own solar system, and
think about how it might have formed
• Look at other solar systems while they form
• Look for and study other solar systems
• Create computer models and see if you can produce a solar system
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Stars form in Dense Clouds of Dust and Gas
What do we mean by dust? What do we mean by gas?
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The Orion Nebula
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Disks really exist!
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Disks really exist!
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Young stars have asteroid belts
and Kuiper belts
but notice how much bigger this is than the solar system!
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In reality, disks are very hard to image. Why do you think this is?
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In reality, disks are very hard to image. Why do you think this is?
So we usually use spectroscopy to study disks.
Here’s what starslook like with a spectrograph.
What would itlook like with a disk around it?
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In reality, disks are very hard to image. Why do you think this is?
So we usually use spectroscopy to study disks.
Disks produce infrared light (just like planets)
Here’s what starslook like with a spectrograph.
What would itlook like with a disk around it?
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Our theory: What do we think now?
• Solar system formation begins because of gravity - most stuff ends up in the sun
• A disk is formed because of rotation• Planet cores form in the disk because rocks hit and/or gravitationally attract
each other• If there’s ice around (> 5 AU from the
star, where it’s cold) the cores are bigger. If big enough, they’ll suck gas out of the disk and form giant planets
• Moons form via collision or capture or in mini disks
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Ways to Find Out• Look at our own solar system, and
think about how it might have formed
• Look at other solar systems while they form
• Look for and study other solar systems
• Create computer models and see if you can produce a solar system
![Page 30: How did the Solar System form?](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050714/56812bc0550346895d90029e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ways to Find Out• Look at our own solar system, and
think about how it might have formed
• Look at other solar systems while they form
• Look for and study other solar systems
• Create computer models and see if you can produce a solar system
![Page 31: How did the Solar System form?](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050714/56812bc0550346895d90029e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~microfun/ob06109/
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Ways to Find Out• Look at our own solar system, and
think about how it might have formed
• Look at other solar systems while they form
• Look for and study other solar systems
• Create computer models and see if you can produce a solar system
![Page 34: How did the Solar System form?](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022050714/56812bc0550346895d90029e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Our theory: What do we think now?
• Solar system formation begins because of gravity - most stuff ends up in the sun
• A disk is formed because of rotation• Planet cores form in the disk because rocks hit and/or gravitationally attract
each other• If there’s ice around (> 5 AU from the
star, where it’s cold) the cores are bigger. If big enough, they’ll suck gas out of the disk and form giant planets
• Moons form via collision or capture or in mini disks
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Why can’t we make a huge computer simulation to explain everything?
How do you design a computer simulation?
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What models would you create?
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A model of planetsgrowing in a disk.
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Some things we’ve learned from models:
Our basic theory holds up pretty well, but...
It’s hard to get little particles to stick to each other whenthey collide.
It takes a really, really long time to make planets (maybetoo long??)
It’s hard to form planetary systems as flat as ours.
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Solar System Formation: Take-away messages
• Solar system formation begins because of gravity - most stuff ends up in the sun
• A disk is formed because of rotation• Planet cores form in the disk because rocks hit and/or
gravitationally attract each other• If there’s ice around (> 5 AU from the star, where it’s cold) the
cores are bigger. If big enough, they’ll suck gas out of the disk and form giant planets
• Moons form via collision or capture or in mini disks
Theory:
Observations generally agree with theory, but it’s hard to see details. They alsoshow us that stars and disks are all very different from each other. And, theygave us the surprising observation of outflows.
Simulations also agree with theory, but they can’t model everything at once, andthere are some problems (things take too long, for one)
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Is our solar system unique?
Are there other Earth-like planets, or are we a fluke?
Under what conditions can Earth-like planets form?
Is life common or rare?