Download - How the Internet will Empower Physics Research and How Physics Research will Empower the Internet
How the Internet will Empower Physics Research and
How Physics Research will Empower the Internet
Physics Colloquium
University of California, San Diego
May 24, 2001
Numerical General Relativity Was Begun Using Computing Resources of LLNL (1976)
NCSA Was an Explicit Clone of the LLNL Computational Environment
Hardware, System Software, and the Computational Science and Engineering Methodology
MPS Directorate Dominates Large Project Usage on PACI Supercomputers
MPS Directorate
PHY
AST
CHE
MAT
GEO
BIO
ENG28 Projects Using
>100,000 NUs in FY99
Mass of the Rho Meson Computed Using Various QCD Formulations
• Quenched Approximation, Neglecting Quark Pairs• Computational Resources Grow as a-7 as a0• Goal is Algorithm that is Flat as a0
Source: Bob Sugar, UCSB Physics
From Supercomputer Centers to the NSFnet to Today’s Commercial Internet
Image: Cox, Patterson, NCSA
The World Wide Web was Inventedat CERN to Organize Physics Preprints
100 Commercial Licensees
NCSA Programmers
CERNTim Berners-Lee
Why the Grid is the Future
Scientific American, January 2001
The Grid Physics Network Is Driving the Creation of an International Grid
• Paul Avery (Univ. of Florida) and Ian Foster (U. Chicago and ANL), Lead PIs– Largest NSF Information Technology Research Grant– 20 Institutions Involved– Enabled by the LambdaGrid and Internet2
CMS
ATLAS
Sloan Digital Sky Survey
LHC
Teraflop Computation, AMR, Elliptic-Hyperbolic,
Numerical Relativity
Computing Waveforms from Colliding Black Holes and Neutron Stars
LIGO
Suen, Seidel-Colliding Black Holes and Neutron Stars
WashU
NCSA
Hong Kong
AEI
ZIB
Thessaloniki
How Do We:• Maintain/Develop Open Source Code?• Manage Multiple Computer Resources?• Carry Out/Monitor Simulation?
NCSA’s Largest Supercomputer Team Requires Grid Technologies to Enable Big Runs
Paris
Source: Ed Seidel, Wai-Mo Suen
The Next Wave of the Internet Will Extend IP Throughout the Physical World
UCIAdvanced displaysSensor networksOrganic/polymer
electronics;Biochips
Magnetic, optical data storage
Microwave amplifiers, receivers
High-speed optical switchesNanophotonic components
Spintronics/quantum encryption
Ultralow powerelectronics
Nonvolatile data storage
Smart chemical, biological, motion, positionsensors
telemedicine
environmental,climate, transportationmonitoring systems
optical network infrastructure
wireless network infrastructure
Microwave amplifiers, receivers
BiochipsBiosensorsHigh-densitydata storage
UCIAdvanced displaysSensor networksOrganic/polymer
electronics;Biochips
Magnetic, optical data storage
Microwave amplifiers, receivers
High-speed optical switchesNanophotonic components
Spintronics/quantum encryption
Ultralow powerelectronics
Nonvolatile data storage
Smart chemical, biological, motion, positionsensors
telemedicine
environmental,climate, transportationmonitoring systems
optical network infrastructure
wireless network infrastructure
Microwave amplifiers, receivers
BiochipsBiosensorsHigh-densitydata storage
Materials and Devices Team, UCSD
This is the Research Context for the California Institute for Telecommunications
and Information Technology
A Integrated Approach tothe New Internet
www.calit2.net
220 UCSD & UCI FacultyWorking in Multidisciplinary Teams
With Students, Industry, and the Community
The State’s $100 M Creates Unique Buildings, Equipment, and Laboratories
18 UCSD Faculty
Graduate/postdoctoral FellowsUndergraduate ScholarsTechnical Support Staff
Advanced fabrication and characterization facility:
State-of-the-art capability for materials and device processing/analysis
GaAs-based low-power
MOS
GaN-based
microwave transistors
Chemical/biological sensors
Spintronics
Nanophotonic components
High-speed optical
switches
Materials theory/
simulation Novel electronic materials
Advanced display
materials
Molecular materials/devices
Nanoscale ultralow power
electronics
•Lectures•Federal Grants•Workshops
Cal-(IT)2 M&D Layer
Program Elements of the Materials and Devices Layer
Materials and Device LayerEmerging Initial Research Clusters
• Opto-electronics• Quantum Computing• Non-volatile Memories• Materials Research
– Semiconductorrs, – Superconductors – Magnetic Materials
• All These Will Greatly Benefit From the New Facilities
Source: Ivan Schuller, UCSD M&D Layer Leader
The Cal-(IT)2 Building in 2004 Will Add a Major Suite of Clean Rooms to the Campus
½ Mile
•Commodity Internet, Internet2•CENIC’s ONI, Cal-REN2, Dig. Cal.•PACI Distributed Terascale Facility
• Wireless LANs
The UCSD “Living Grid Laboratory”—Fiber, Wireless, Compute, Data, Software
SIO
SDSC
CS
ChemMed
Eng. / Cal-(IT)2
Hosp
• High-speed optical core
Source: Phil Papadopoulos, SDSC
Wireless WAN
Wireless Internet Can Put a Supercomputer in the Palm of Your Hand!
802.11b Wireless
Interactive Access to:• State of Computer• Job Status• Application Codes
Optically Linked High Resolution Data Analysis and Crisis Management Facilities
• Large-Scale Immersive Displays– Panoram Technology
• Fiber Links Between SIO, SDSC, SDSU– Cox Communication
• Optical Switching – TeraBurst Networks
• Driven by Data-Intensive Applications– Seismic and Civil Infrastructure– Water Environmental System
• Integrate Access Grid for Collaboration
SDSCSIO
The High PerformanceWireless Research and Education Network
NSF FundedPI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC
Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO45mbps Duplex Backbone
http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN
Linking Astronomical Observatories to the Internet is a Major Driver
Creating Tiny and Inexpensive Wireless Internet Sensors Combining…
Fluids
Stresses and Strains
Optics and Lasers
UCI Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility
0.1 mm
Design of MEMS to Nano Embedded Sensing/Computing/Communicating Devices
ProtocolStacks
SoC DesignMethodologies
SW/Silicon/MEMSImplementation
Memory
Protocol Processors
ProcessorsProcessors DSP
RFRFReconf.Logic
WirelessRTOS Network
Physical
Data Link
TransportApplications
sensors
ProtocolsSW/HW/Sensor/RF
Co-design Reconfiguration
Internet
Source: Sujit Dey, UCSD ECE
The Perfect Storm: Convergence of Engineering with BioMed, Physics, & IT
5 nanometersHuman Rhinovirus
IBM Quantum CorralIron Atoms on Copper
Requires New Clean Room Facilities
VCSELaser
2 mm
Nanogen MicroArray
500x Magnification
400x Magnification
A New Generation of Computational Science Applications Are Needed
• Three Interacting Systems in Semiconductor Laser Diodes– Carrier Transport (Shockley Eqns.)– Electromagnetic Modes (Maxwell Eqns.)– Quantum Mechanical Energy States (Schroedinger Eqns.)
• Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers– Optical Cavity Formed in Vertical Direction– Light Taken From Top of Device (Surface Emission)– Mirrors Formed by Stacks of Dielectric Layers
Hess, Grupen, Oyafuso, Klein, & Register
National Center for Computational Electronics
Nanolithography Has Been Possible for Over a Decade
Source: Lyding, Brady
BI / NCSA Remote Scanning Tunneling Microscope
VCSEL + Near-field polarizer :Efficient polarization control,mode stabilization, and heat management
Composite nonlinear, E-O, and artificial dielectric materials control and enhance near-field coupling
Near-field coupling between pixels in Form-birefringent CGH (FBCGH)
FBCGH possesses dual-functionalitysuch as focusing and beam steering
Wavelength (m)1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5
Ref
lect
ivit
y
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0TETM
Information I/O through surface wave, guided wave,and optical fiber from near-field edge andsurface coupling
Near-field E-Omodulator controlsoptical propertiesand near-field micro-cavity enhances the effect
+V -V
Angle (degree)20 30 40
TM
Eff
icie
ncy
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Near-field E-O Modulator+ micro-cavity
FBCGH
VCSEL
Near-field E-O coupler
Micro polarizer
Fiber tip
Grating coupler
Thickness (m)0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80
TM
0th
ord
er e
ffic
ienc
y
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
RCWATransparency Theory
Near-field coupling
Nanotechnology Will be Essential for Photonics
Source: Shaya Fainman, UCSD
Building a Quantum Network Will Require Three Important Advances
• The development of a robust means of creating, storing and entangling quantum bits and using them for transmission, synchronization and teleportation
• The development of the mathematical underpinnings and algorithms necessary to implement quantum protocols
• The development of a repeater for long distance transmission with the minimum number of quantum gates consistent with error free transmission
DARPA
Theory of Ultrafast Light Manipulation of Spin-Excitons in Nanodots for Quantum Computing
• How to Build a Two-bit Quantum Computer– Interacting Spin-polarized Excitons
– Quantum Bit of Information: Exciton – (Presence = 1; Absence = 0).
– Set the Value of a Qubit
– Logic Gate: Two-Exciton Conditional Dynamics
• Simulation of a Quantum Computation
Pochung Chen, C. Piermarocchi, and L.J. ShamUniversity of California, San Diego
Supported by NSF, Swiss NSF, and DARPA/ONR
Semiconductor Quantum Dots
GaAs
InAs lattice mismatch
GaAs
AlGaAs
AlGaAs
Strain-induced quantum dots
(3 nm)
Interface fluctuation quantum dots
(30 nm)
Source: Lu Sham, UCSD
Possible Multiple Qubit Quantum Computer
• SEM picture of posts fabricated at the Cornell Nanofabrication Facility – PI John Goodkind (UCSD
Physics) & Roberto Panepucci of the CNF
• Electrons Floating over Liquid He
• One Electron per Gold Post
500 nm
ground plane
voltage leads
insulator
insulator
NSF ITR PROGRAM CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY/UCSD/MICHIGAN STATE
• Background: FFT speeds up Fourier transform from N2 to N log N operations
• Idea: Apply QFT to speed up algorithms for feature extraction– Develop quantum versions of other localizable
transforms, like wavelets.
Quantum Fourier Transform uses the multiparticle tensor product structure of Hilbert space to improve to (log N )2, an exponential speedup.
Quantum Image Processing?
D. A. Meyer (UCSD/math)
Distributed Quantum Algorithms
• Background: Feynman’s original motivation for considering quantum computation was efficient simulation of multi-particle quantum systems which are hard to simulate classically, in part because of entanglement.
• Results: Quantum strategies can be superior to corresponding classical strategies. – Quantum lattice gas automata can efficiently simulate Dirac and
Schroedinger equations– Q gate arrays can efficiently simulate topological quantum field
theories
M. H. Freedman, D. A. Meyer, N. R. Wallach (UCSD/math)