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MEMORY:What can I do to
improve it?
Elizabeth Avila-Mora
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OUTLINE OF LECTURE
Brief Overview of Three-Box-Model Processing Components
Best Strategies for Remembering
Attention Effective Encoding
Effortful Encoding
Rehearsal
Mnemonics Active Studying
Retrieval Practice
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Information Processing Model (Three-Box-
Model)
Processing Components
Attention:
Focusing or tuning on relevant sensations andperceptions
Rehearsal:
Process of repeating information to preserve orimprove memory.
Encoding: Processing information into the memory system
Retrieval:
Recovering stored information
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What methods or techniques do you use to
remember information or study?
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Best Strategies for
Remembering
Attend to Information
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Attention: Encoding Failure
Can You Identify the Actual Penny?
Nickerson & Adams (1979)
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Attention: Encoding Failure
Correct Answer = A
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Attention: Avoiding Distractions
The car ride was getting bumpy now that
George had left the main road to use the
dirt road. He was out of school, not having
to study during the summer break. He wasglad to get out of the stuffy offices of the
archeology department and get out into..
Connelly, Hasher, & Zacks (1991)
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Attention: Avoiding Distractions
The car ride river was getting bumpyjeepnowthat religious George had religious left themaindigging tools road to use the religious
dirt road. He digging tools river was out ofjeepschool, not havingdigging toolsto studydigging tools river during the summerjeepreligious break. He wasjeep riverglad to
digging toolsget out ofjeepthe stuffyreligiousofficesriverof the archeology religiousdepartment river jeep and get out into..
Connelly, Hasher, & Zacks (1991)
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Attention: Avoiding Distractions
Be in Synchrony with your optimal time of day.
May, Hasher, & Stoltzfus (1993)
Investigated the effects of learning during optimal time
of day. People performed better on a recognition test when learning
took place during their optimal time of day.
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Best Strategies for
Remembering Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal VS. Maintenance Rehearsal
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Best Strategies for
Remembering Effective & Effortful Encoding
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Improving Memory: Encoding
Levels-of-Processing Theory
Processing duringencodingaffects how the memory isformed.
Deeper (sophisticated)
processing leads to better longterm memories.
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Improving Memory: Encoding
Deep & Elaborate Processing
Ask WHY?
Helps generate interest
Information is more likely to becomes knowledge based
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Improving Memory: Encoding & Retrieval
Organization - Group material in a meaningfulway
--The LTM equivalent of chunking
-- Meaningful connections between items inmemory help create durable memory
Encoding
Encoding
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Improving Memory: Mnemonics
Mnemonic:
Strategy forremembering
information
Involves both encoding& recall
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Improving Memory: Mnemonics
1. Imagery: connect words with images
2. Acronym: letter stands for a word (IAAM for this list)
3. Acrostic: form a sentence Please excuse my dear aunt sally. (parentheses, exponents,
multiplication, division, addition, subtraction)
Every good boy does fine (E G B D F)
My very educated mother just served us nine pizzas. (planets)
5. Method of Loci: constructing an interactiveimage that relates an idea to a landmark.
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Try the Method of Loci
Hot Dogs
Cat Food
Tomatoes
Bananas
Chicken Juice
Broccoli
Lunch meat
Pasta Bread
Cherries
Driveway
Garage
Front door
Hall closet
Living room Bathroom
Dining room
Kitchen
Den Bedroom
Study
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Improving Memory: Encoding
Timing of encoding into LTM.
Spacing Effect: repeated spaced out
presentations lead to better memory.
Implications for studying:
Cramming is massed practice, which is NOTa deep encoding process (no chance to elaborate orform connections)
Cramming leads to shallowmemories
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Best Strategies for
Remembering Retrieval
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Improving Memory: Retrieval
Retrieval practice effect (aka testing effect)
Test taking involves recall (retrieval) from LTM
Test taking can improve memory (Roediger & Karpicke, 2006)
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Improving Memory: 3RsRead Recite Review
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Encoding Specificity
Context(environment) influences memory.
Recall is better when it occurs in context in
which material was learned.
A) physical context (room)
B) emotional context
http://www.acclaimimages.com/_gallery/_pages/0017-0310-2005-5420.html -
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Encoding Specificity
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Encoding Specificity
What does this have to do with you? For durable memories, study under
many different contexts
You dont want to remembersomething only in one place!
Study in different places across anumber of days
Goal: To c reate DURABLE memor ies!
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Practical Application
Remembering someones name when you are
introduced to them.
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Improve Your Memory
Use Elaborative/Deep Rehearsal
Retrieval Practice
Space out Studying Organization
Test Yourself
Use Mnemonics Read Recite Review
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