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Contemporary Issues in Health
and Exercise
HPP301
Week Two
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Physical Activity Debate
• Into your teams please
• The rules
– Each team has two minutes to make an opening
statement – You then have four minutes for an exchange of views
– Finally, you have one minute each to make a closingstatement
– Rock, paper scissors decides who starts
• Emphasis will be on referring to theory orresearch in your arguments
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Learning Outcomes
• By the end of the session you should have
– An understanding of the basics of Self-
Determination Theory (SDT)
– An appreciate of the basic psychology of SDT
– The beginnings of a ‘critical approach’ to the
theory
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What is Self-Determination Theory?
• Theory of
– Human motivation
– Personality development
– Well-being
• Particularly ‘volitional’ or ‘self -determined’
behaviour
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Concept of a Meta-Theory
• SDT consists of
– Cognitive Evaluation Theory
– Organismic Integration Theory
– Causality Orientations Theory – Basic Psychological Needs Theory
– Goal Contents Theory
• What do we think about the concept of a‘macro-’ or ‘meta-theory’
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Philosophy of SDT
• This is the first consideration when evaluating a theory
• SDT is an ‘organismic’ theory
– Considers the concept of ‘happiness’ to be unhelpful
–
Focuses instead on well-being• ‘vital’, ‘full-functioning’
• Mindfulness, self-reflection, wellness
– People are active organisms with a tendency towardspsychological growth
• Piaget, Rogers
– Seek out new challenges, novelties and opportunities
– Propensity to integrate social practices and values
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Intrinsic Motivation
• Early theory recognised the intrinsic/extrinsicdichotomy
• Orthogonal concepts
•
Assumption was that more motivation was better – Intrinsic motivation + extrinsic motivation = optimum
motivation
• Emergent evidence suggested this was not thecase
• Addition of extrinsic rewards reduced intrinsicmotivation – E.g. Lepper & colleagues (1974, 1975)
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Compromising Intrinsic Motivation
• By extrinsically rewarding an intrinsically
motivating task the absolute motivation level
drops once the reward is removed
– i.e. no longer intrinsically motivated
• Can we hypothesize further effects?
– This drop would continue over time
– Extrinsic rewards will be subject to diminishing
returns principle
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Are Rewards Harmful?
• So what do we know and what can we conclude aboutthe effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation?
• Rewards are not always harmful
– Expected rewards have a negative effect
– Unexpected rewards do not compromise intrinsicmotivation
• IF
– Rewards are administered to reward increasingcompetence
– Rewards are avoided that control
• i.e. goal is to obtain reward
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Cognitive Evaluation Theory
• Intrinsic motivation is the central concept in CET – Doing something for its own sake
– Sport, leisure or play
– Continued in the absence of extrinsic reward
• If supported by the environment intrinsicmotivation will increase
• If thwarted by the environment intrinsicmotivation will reduce
• Key role in perceived autonomy and competencein the appraisal of the environment
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Activity One
• In pairs, discuss what methods of motivation,coercion or convincing are available – Token economy
– Financial reward
– Punishment
– Deadlines
– Feedback
– Pressure
• How effective would CET predict these to be?
• Is it simple that some support and some thwart? – Remember perceived and appraise
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Activity Two
• Take turns to interview each other and find
out
– What are the things they really love doing?
– What are the things that really motivate them?
– Why does it motivate them?
• Give a one minute description of your
partners motivation with reference to CET
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Goal Contents Theory
• Extrinsically orientated goals are not effective atmaintaining motivation – Fame, image or materialism do not sustain motivation
• Even when they are achieved
• Intrinsically orientated goals are conducive tosatisfaction – Volunteering, intimate relationships, personal growth
– Facilitating health and well-being
• Adherence is higher when goals are framedtowards intrinsic aims rather than extrinsicoutcomes
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