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Skeletal System
BONESInternet resource site:
http://www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html
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Unit Objectives
� A. List five functions of bones� B. Label the main parts of a bone on a diagram of a
long bone� C. Name the two divisions of the skeletal system and
the main groups of bones in each division� D. Identify the main bones of the skeleton� E. Compare the three classifications of joints by
describing the type allowed by each� F. Describe at least four diseases of the skeletal
system
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Reference
Diversified Health Occupations, 6th edition, Unit 6:4
Body Structures & Functions, 10th edition, chapter 5
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Skeletal System
� The Skeletal system is made of organs that are called bones
� THERE ARE 206 BONES IN THE ADULT SKELETON
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Bone Types
� Long Bones-found in the arms and legs
� Flat Bones-examples are the bones of the skull and the ribs
� Irregular bones-represented by the bones of the spinal column
� Short Bones-appear cubelike in shape such as bones of the wrist and ankle
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Parts of long bones
� Definition: Long bones are bones of the extremities (arms & legs)
� Diaphysis: shaft of long bone that is a hollow cylinder of hard, compact bone.
� Epiphysis: at each end of the diaphysis
� Medullary canal: cavity in diaphysis that is filled with yellow marrow
� Yellow Marrow: inside medullary canal; mainly fat cells
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Parts of long bones
� Endosteum� Membrane that lines medullary canal� Keeps the yellow marrow intact� Produces some bone growth
� Red marrow� Found in certain bones such as vertebrae, ribs, sternum,
cranium, and proximal ends of humerous and femur� Produces red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood
cells� Bone marrow is important in the manufacture of blood and is
involved with the body’s immune response� Used in diagnosing blood diseases� Given as transplants to people with defective immune systems
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Parts of the long bones
� Periosteum� Tough membrane covering outside of bones� Contains blood and lymph vessels� Contains osteoblasts: special cells that form new bone
tissue� Necessary for bone growth, repair and nutrition
� Articular cartilage� Thin layer covers the epiphysis� Acts as a shock absorber when two bones meet to
form a joint
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Parts of the long bone
� Spongy Bone� The medullary canal is
surrounded by compact or hard bone. Where less strength is needed in the bone, some of the hard bone is dissolved away leaving spongy bone
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Two sections of skeleton
� Axial skeleton� Forms the main trunk
of the body� Composed of the skull,
spinal column, ribs and sternum
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Two sections of skeleton
� Appendicular skeleton� Forms extremities
(arms and legs)� Composed of shoulder
girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, and leg bones
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Parts of the skeleton
� Axial skeleton
� Appendicular Skeleton
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Skull
� Composed of cranium and facial bones
� Collectively, there are 22 bones in the skull
� Cranium� Spherical structure that
surrounds and protects the brain
� Made of eight bones� Frontal-forms the forehead� Two Parietal-form the roof
and sides of the skull� Two temporal-house the ears� Occipital-forms the base of
the skull and contains the foramen magnum
� Ethmoid-forms the nasal septum
� Sphenoid-all other bones connect to it (considered the key bone of the skull)
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Skull
� Cranium continued� At birth, the cranium is
not solid bone� Spaces called
fontanels or “soft spots” allow for the enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs
� Fontanels are made of membrane and cartilage
� Turn into solid bone by about 18 months of age
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Skull
� Cranial bones are thin and slightly curved. During infancy, these bones are held snugly together by an irregular band of connective tissue called a suture. As a child grows, this connective tissues ossifies and turns into hard bone.
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Skull
� 14 facial bones� Nasal
� 5 bones total� 2 are nasal bones that
form the bridge of your nose
� 1 is the volmer bone which forms the lower part of the nasal septum
� 2 are inferior concha bones which make up the side walls of the nasal cavity
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SkullFacial Bones continued
� Maxilla (2)� Make up the upper jaw
� Lacrimal (2)� In the inner aspect of the
eyes; contain tear ducts� Zygomatic (2)
� Form the prominence of the cheek
� Palatine (2)� Form the hard palate of
the mouth� Mandible (1)
� Is the lower jaw and the only movable bone in the face
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Skull
� Sinuses are air spaces in the bones of the skull. They are lined with mucous membranes
� Foramina are openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone
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Spinal Column/vertebra
� The spine, or vertebral column, is strong and flexible.
� It supports the head and provides for the attachment of the ribs.
� The spine also encloses the spinal cord of the nervous system.
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Spinal Column/vertebra
� The spine consist of small bones called vertebrae.� Vertebrae are separated from each other by pads of
cartilage called intervertebral disks.� The disk serve as cushions between the vertebrae
and act as shock absorbers.� During our lifetime, these disk become thinner, which
is why we lose height as we age.� The vertebral column is divided into 5 sections
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Spinal Column/vertebrae
� 1) Cervical vertebrae are located in the neck area.� There are 7 cervical vertebrae� The atlas is the first cervical vertebrae
� The atlas articulates (is jointed) with the occipital bones of the skull
� The atlas permits us to nod our head
� The axis is the second cervical vertebrae� The axis is the odontoid process which forms a
pivot on which the atlas rotates; this permits us to turn our heads
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Spinal Column/vertebrae
� 2) Thoracic vertebrae are located in the chest area� There are 12 thoracic vertebrae
� 3) Lumbar vertebrae� There are 5 lumbar vertebrae
� 4) Sacrum� Wedge shaped vertebrae formed by 5 fused bones.
Forms the posterior pelvic girdle and serves as an articulation point for the hips
� 5) Coccyx� The tailbone. It is formed by 4 four bones
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Spinal Column/vertebrae
� The spinal nerves enter and leave the spinal cord through the openings (foramen) between the vertebrae.
� The spine is curved, not straight. A curved spine has more strength than a straight one would have.
� Before birth, the thoracic and sacral region are convex curves. Once the infant learns to hold his head up, the cervical region become concave. When a child learns to walk, the lumbar region also becomes concave. This completes the 4 normal curves of the adult spine.
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Spinal Column/vertebrae
A typical vertebra contains three basic parts:
Bodyforamenprocesses
The large, solid part of the vertebrae is known as the body; the central opening is known as the foramen.
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Spinal Column/vertebrae
� Above the foramen protrude two wing like bony structures called transverse processes.
� The roof of the foramen contains the spinal process (spine) and the articular process.
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Ribs and sternum
� The thoracic area of the body is protected and supported by thoracic vertebrae, ribs and sternum.
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Ribs and Sternum
� The sternum (breastbone) is divided into three parts:� The upper region (manubrium)� The body� Xiphoid process which is the lower
cartilaginous part
Attached to each side of the upper region of the sternum are the two clavicles (collar bones). These are attached by ligaments
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Ribs and sternum
� Seven pairs of costal cartilages join 7 pairs of ribs directly to the sternum.
� These are known as True Ribs� The next 3 pairs are false ribs because they
are attached by costal cartilage to the seventh rib instead of the sternum.
� The last 2 pairs of ribs are floating ribs because they are not connected to costal cartilage nor the sternum.
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Appendicular Skeleton
� Includes the upper extremities: shoulder girdles, arms, wrists, and hands
� Includes the lower extremities: hip girdle, legs, ankles, and feet.
� There are 126 bones in the Appendicular skeleton
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Shoulder Girdle
� Also called the pectoral girdle
� Consists of 4 bones: two curved clavicles (collar bones) and two triangular scapulae (shoulder bones)
� The scapulae permit the attachment of muscles that assist in arm movement and serve as a place of attachment for the arms.
� The clavicles help brace the shoulders and prevent excessive forward motion
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Arm
� The bones in the arms consist of the humerus, radius and the ulna.
� The humerus is the only bone in the upper arm.� It is the second largest bone in the body� The upper end of the humerus has a smooth,
round surface called the head, which articulates with the scapula.
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Arm
� The forearm consists of two bones, the radius and the ulna
� The radius is the bone that runs up the thumb side of the forearm. � Its name derives from
the fact that it can rotate around the ulna.
� This allows the hand to rotate freely and with great flexibility
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Arm
� The ulna is the largest bone in the forearm. � It is far more limited than the radius� At its upper end, it produces a projection
called the olecranon process, forming the elbow
� The olecranon process is known as the “funny bone”.
� The olecranon process articulates with the humerus
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Hand
� The hand is a remarkable piece of skeletal engineering
� Contains more bones per size than any other part of the body
� Collectively, the hand has 27 bones
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Hand
� Wrist bones (carpals)� Consist of eight small bones arranged in two
rows held together by ligaments � There is only slight lateral movement of the
carpals
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Hand
� The hand consist of two parts: the palmer surface and the fingers
� The palmer surface had 5 metacarpal bones� The fingers have 14 phalanges (singular,
phalanx)� Each finger has three phalanges except for
the thumb which only has two� There are hinge joints between each phalanx,
allowing the fingers to be bent easily� The thumb is the most flexible finger.
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Pelvic Girdle
� Made up of two os coxae (coxal or hip bones)
� Join with sacrum on the dorsal part of the body
� Join together at a joint called the symphysis pubis
� Serves as an area of attachment for the bones and muscles of the legs
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Pelvic Girdle
� Each os coxa made of three bones that are fused or joined� Ilium� Ischium� Pubis
The female pelvis is much wider than the male pelvis for childbirth
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Pelvic Girdle
� Contains two recessed areas or sockets called acetabulums that provide for attachment of bones of the leg
� Obturator foramen� Opening between the Ischium and pubis� Allows for passage of nerves and blood
vessels to and from the legs
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Legs
� Femur-thigh bone� Longest & strongest
bone in the body� Patella-kneecap
� Flat, triangular bone found in front of the knee joint
� Tibia-long supporting bone of lower leg medial surface
� Fibula-smaller bone of the lower leg, lateral surface
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Ankle & Foot
� Tarsals� 7 bones in ankle� Calcaneous is the heel
bone and the largest of the ankle bones
� Metatarsals� 5 bones forming the
instep (arch) of the foot
� Phalanges� 14 bones on each foot� Form the toes
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Joints
� Defined as areas where two or more bones join together
� Ligaments: connective tissue bands that hold long bones together
� Joints (articulations)
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Joints
� Arthroscopy: examination of a joint using arthroscope with fiber optic lens. Most knee injuries are treated with arthroscopy
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Joints
� Three main types of joints:� 1) Diarthroses (comprise most of the joints)
� Freely moveable� Ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder & hip� Hinge joints of the elbow and knee� Pivot joints of the radius and ulna, atlas and axis� Gliding joints of the vertebrae
� 2) Amphiarthroses� Slightly moveable� Ex: attachment of ribs to the spine & the symphysis pubis
� 3)Synarthroses� Immoveable� Example is the cranium; the suture is an immovable skull
joint
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Joints
� When two movable bones meet at a joint, their surfaces do not touch one another
� Movable joints (diarthroses) tend to have the same structure consisting of 3 main parts:� Articular cartilage� A bursa (joint capsule)� A synovial joint cavity
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Diseases and abnormal conditions
� Arthritis� Group of diseases involving inflammation of
the joints� Two main types: Osteoarthritis and
rheumatoid arthritis� Osteoarthritis
� Chronic disease that occurs with aging� Symptoms: joint pain, stiffness, aching, limited
range of motion (ROM)� Treatment: rest, heat/cold applications, ASA,
NSAIDs, steroids, special exercises
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Diseases and abnormal conditions
� Rheumatoid Arthritis� Chronic inflammatory disease of connective
tissue and joints, results in permanent deformity and immobility
� Three times more common in women� Often begins between ages of 35-45� Treatment: Rest and prescribed exercise,
medications and surgery to replace joint
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Diseases and abnormal conditions
� Ricketts� Usually found in children� Caused by lack of vitamin D� Bones become soft due to lack of calcification,
causing deformities such as bowlegs.� Preventable with sufficient quantities of
calcium, Vitamin D, and sunlight
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Diseases and abnormal conditions
� Fractures� Involve a crack or break
in the bone� Types of fractures� 1) Greenstick
Bone is bent and splits causing a crack or incomplete break
Common in children
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Fractures
� 2) Simple� Complete break with no damage to skin
� 3) Compound� Break in bone that ruptures through skin� Increased risk of infection
� 4) Comminuted� Bone is broken into many pieces (shattered)
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Fractures
� Reductions� Process by which bone is put back into proper
alignment� Closed reduction: position bone in alignment,
usually with traction or force, and apply cast or splint to maintain position
� Open reduction: surgical repair of bone, and, at times, insertion of pins, plates, rods and other devices. AKA ORIF (open reduction internal fixation)
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Diseases and abnormal conditions
� Dislocation� Bone is forcibly displaced from a joint� Reduced and immobilized with splint, traction, or cast
� Sprain� Twisting action tears ligaments at a joint� Common sites are wrists and ankles� Symptoms: pain, swelling, discoloration, limited
movement� Treatment: rest & elevation; Immobilization with elastic
bandage or splint; Cold applications
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Diseases and abnormal conditions
� Strains� Overstretching or tearing of muscle
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Diseases and abnormal conditions
� Osteomyelitis� Inflammation of bone usually caused by a
pathogen � Symptoms: pain at site, swelling, chills, fever� Treatment is antibiotics (usually IV) for
infection
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Diseases and abnormal conditions
� Osteoporosis� Affect 25 million Americans, 80% which are
women� Etiology
� Deficiency of hormones, especially estrogen if female (By age 55, the average postmenopausal woman has lost 35% of her bone mass)
� Prolonged lack of calcium in diet� Sedentary lifestyle
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Osteoporosis con’t
� Loss of calcium and phosphate causes bones to become porous, brittle, and prone to fracture
� Treatment� Increased intake of calcium and Vitamin D� Exercise� Medications to increase bone mass� Estrogen replacement
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Diseases and abnormal conditions
� Abnormal curvatures of the spinal column� Kyphosis: “Hunchback” or rounded bowing of
the back at the thoracic area� Scoliosis: Side to side or lateral curvature of
the spine� Lordosis: “swayback” or abnormal inward
curvature of the lumbar vertebrae
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Diseases and abnormal conditions
� Osteosarcoma� Bone cancer� May occur in younger people� The most common site of affliction is just
above the knee
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Functions of bones
� 1. Framework: support body’s muscles, fat, and skin� 2. Protection: surround vital organs to protect them
� Examples: Skull that surrounds the brain and the ribs that protect the heart and lungs
� 3. Movement and anchorage of muscles.� 4. Produce blood cells: produce red & white blood
cells and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis
� 5. Mineral Storage: stores most of the calcium supply of body. Also stores phosphorus
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Bone Formation
� Bones consist of microscopic cells called osteocytes. An osteocyte is a mature bone cell
� Embryo skeleton starts as osteoblasts, then change to cartilage.
� Ossification (bone replaces cartilage) starts at 8 weeks
� Infant’s bones are very soft and pliable because of incomplete ossification at birth
� (Fontanels are an example of this)
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Motions
� Joints can move in may directions
� Flexion: Brings two bones closer together which decreases the angle between the two bones
� Extension: increasing the angle between two bones which results in a straightening motion
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Motions
� Abduction� The movement of an
extremity away from the midline
� Adduction� The movement of an
extremity towards the midline
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Motions
� Pronation� The forearm turns the
hand so the palm is downward or backward
� Supination� The palm is forward or
upward
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Motions
� Circumduction� Includes flexion,
extension, abduction, and adduction
� Rotation� Movement allows the
bone to move around one central axis