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http://www.math.fsu.edu/~quine/IntroMathBio_04/Proteins/myoglobin_geis.jpg
myoglobin
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Double Helix
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Nucleotides: basic molecule of DNA
Pyrimidine
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Nucleotides: basic molecule of DNA
Purine
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Pyrimidines and Purines
Made up of a
1.Sugar (5 carbon)
2.Phosphate group
3.Nitric Base
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DNA Replication
• http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.html
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Differences between RNA and DNA
• RNA has only a SINGLE Strand (DNA is Double Stranded)
• RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose
• RNA polymerase can start the RNA transcription without a primer
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Differences between RNA and DNA
• RNA uses Uracil(U) instead of Thymine(T)• More errors occur in an RNA copy than in DNA
copy of nucleotides (103 more than in DNA)• FACT: DNA has a transcription error
approximately every 107 nucleotides. RNA has an error approximately every 104 !
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Differences between RNA and DNA
• WHY are there more errors in RNA Transcription?
• One of several reasons is that in rare instances Uracil can also bond with Guanine
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Is this a Bad thing?
• WHY are there more errors in RNA Transcription?
• One of several reasons is that in rare instance Uracil can also bond with Guanine
• RNA is a temporary copy in Eukaryotes
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Types of RNA
• mRNA= messenger RNA• codes for a protein
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Types of RNA
• tRNA= transfer RNA• central to protein synthesis as adaptors
between mRNA and amino acids
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Types of RNA
• rRNA= ribosomal RNA• form the basic structure of the ribosome
and catalyze protein synthesis
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• Transcription- the synthesis of RNA under DNA (occurs in the nucleus)
• Translation- the actual synthesis of a polypeptide coded for by the mRNA. (changing the base sequence of the mRNA molecule into a chain of amino acids that form a polypeptide. For our purposes a protein.)
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An mRNA copy is made from DNA in the Nucleus
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The DNA strand from which the mRNA is copied is the
TEMPLATE STRAND
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The mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters a ribosome (made up of rRNA)
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tRNA collects a specific amino acids present in the cell and brings it to the ribosome
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The anticodon of the tRNA matches up with its counterpart codon on the mRNA
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When the mRNA & the tRNA link up the amino acid detaches and is connected to the adjacent amino acid
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This chain of amino acids is a protein (polypeptide)
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rRNARibosome
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rRNA mRNA enters the “A” site of the ribosome
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rRNA When the first codon reaches the “P” site the tRNA brings down the amino acid and links up with the mRNA
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rRNA The “E” site is where the amino acid separates form the tRNA and links up to adjacent amino acids. This is where the MRNA and tRNA leave the ribosome
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ANTICODONS
Anticodon
•Anticodons specify which amino acid a tRNA collects
•The anticodon then pairs up with its corresponding codon
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ANTICODONS
Anticodon
•So for example...
•The anticodon AGU would pair with the codon UCA.
•THEY ARE OPPOSITES OF EACH OTHER
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So What's a codon?
Codon• This basic unit of genetic code is 3
nucleotides long
• It specifies a specific amino acid
• Each codon only specifies 1 amino acid (BUT…an amino acid may have several different codons that code for it)
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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap05/trna-1.gif&imgrefurl=http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap05/Chapter05.html&h=382&w=283&sz=37&tbnid=G8z7JoxTdy0J:&tbnh=119&tbnw=88&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3DtRNA%26svnum%3D50%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official_s%26sa%3DG
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When DNA copies…..
• It copy's in a very specific order. It copies 5’-3’ from a 3’-5’ Template.
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• That means the DNA strand is in the following order…
DN
A
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• That means the DNA stand is in the following order…
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• That means the DNA stand is in the following order…
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• That means the DNA stand is in the following order…
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• That means the DNA stand is in the following order…
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• That means the DNA stand is in the following order…
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THE END
http://www.chemistry.emory.edu/faculty/lynn/research/dna/template.gif
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Where credit is due• http://homepages.strath.ac.uk/~dfs97113/BB310/img002.jpg• http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/gene/16x5bc.jpg• http://opbs.okstate.edu/~petracek/Chapter%2027%20Figures/Fig
%2027-08a.GIF• http://imglib.lbl.gov/ImgLib/COLLECTIONS/BERKELEY-LAB/
RESEARCH-1991-PRESENT/LIFE-SCIENCES/images/96703355.lowres.jpeg
• http://www.umanitoba.ca/afs/plant_science/COURSES/CYTO/l12/replication.gif
• http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/rna.gif• http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/chem/notes/
chpt14/pyrimidine.gif• http://www.daviddarling.info/images/uracil.jpg• http://www.carolguze.com/images/cellorganelles/ribosome.jpg• http://perso.wanadoo.fr/marxiens/sciences/codons.jpg