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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Psychoanalysis
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The mind is like an iceberg.
Most of it is beneath the surface.
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Parts of the mind
• According to Freud• Conscious mind
– Thoughts we are aware of– Examples?
• Unconscious mind– Wishes, thoughts, feelings, and memories of which we are
unaware– Largest part of the mind– How do we access?
• Preconscious mind– Temporary storage; memories easily brought into consciousness– Examples?
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http://www.pierce.ctc.edu/staff/tlink/personality/home_topics.html
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Freud’s theory
• People driven by biological desires–Food–Water–Sex–Aggression
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The id, ego, and superego
• The Id– Unconscious mind– Life and death instincts– Life instincts = positive constructive behaviors– Death instincts = aggression and destructiveness– Pleasure principle
• Wants IMMEDIATE satisfaction regardless of society’s rules or rights/feelings of others
• Examples?
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The id, ego, and superego
• The Ego– The self– Organizes ways to get what we want– Works out compromises with id (the reality principle)– Often “referees” between id and superego– Delayed gratification
• Examples?
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The id, ego, and superego
• The Superego– Develops as we experience rules & values of society– Requires internalizing of values– Represents our sense of morality
• Examples?
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http://www.pierce.ctc.edu/staff/tlink/personality/home_topics.html
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Should I eat a bacon-double cheese burger?
• What would Id say?– “Yes. It is yummy and I am hungry.”
• What would Superego say?– “No. It is bad for my health. It is not an ecologically
sustainable way to eat.”
• How would Ego resolve conflict?– Use defense mechanism (rationalization) to satisfy id
and superego. “Well, just this one time won’t hurt. I’m in a big hurry and wouldn’t it be worse if I had a sensible meal and then had to speed to get to my meeting on time?”
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How are the id, ego, and superego at work (or not)?
• Pastor Ted Haggard was the leader of America's largest evangelical Christian association, the founder and pastor of one of America's most famous mega-churches, a campaigner for "family values" and a vocal opponent of gay marriage legislation. Then a male prostitute came forward and claimed that Haggard had paid him for services and meth. Haggard admitted to having paid for a massage and said that he threw the drugs away.
• George and the éclair http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKC5jjFkfgo
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Freud’s theory
• Unresolved conflicts can lead to anxiety–Objective anxiety–Neurotic anxiety–Moral anxiety
• These are the warning bells!
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Anxieties
• Objective anxiety– Fear of tangible dangers (fire, wild animals, etc.)– Bad when carried to extreme
• Neurotic anxiety– Fear of punishment for expressing id-dominated
behavior– Not afraid of instinct; afraid of punishment
• Moral anxiety– Conflict between id and superego– Often leads to shame and guilt
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Freud’s theory
• Defense mechanisms–Unconscious
tactics–Goal
• Prevent threats from surfacing
• Disguise threats that do surface
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Defense mechanisms
• Eight groups (each has a defense mechanism)
• Task– Page 403 in textbook– Explain to class how defense mechanism
works– Create a skit that shows defense mechanism
in action
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Defense mechanisms
• Displacement • Group presentation• Valentine’s Day• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xS8G9Qcze6
g
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Defense mechanisms
• Denial• Group presentation• The Big Bang Theory• http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=qOfxG
R0K9jA&feature=endscreen
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Defense mechanisms
• Rationalization• Group presentation• Yes Man• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0MSWCzAfrY
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Defense mechanisms
• Sublimation• Group presentation• Mean Girls• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPDt6cMYvo
M
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Defense mechanisms
• Reaction Formation • Group presentation• Happy Endings• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n21IeiboB3k
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Defense mechanisms
• Regression• Group presentation• Friends• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2xi7B3mkr0
&feature=autoplay&list=PL5C340852612A4869&lf=results_video&playnext=2
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Defense mechanisms
• Repression• Group presentation• Big Bang Theory• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rl5Kag5cfyU
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Defense mechanisms
• Projection• Group presentation• Friends• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdYoKI7qxlE
&feature=related
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Defense mechanisms
• How many different defense mechanisms can you identify?
• Friends• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hM2UV
_KAmls• Reflection exercise• Be conscious of your own defense
mechanisms. Which ones do you tend to exhibit? Explain!
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Name that defense mechanism1. A physically abusive parent claiming that a beating is
good for the child. 2. An 8-year-old child whose parents are getting divorced
starts wetting the bed.3. A young woman forcing the memories of sexual abuse
into her unconscious mind.4. After suffering major losses in the stock market, Jim
trades in his luxury car for a small, cheaper car claiming that he wants to help stop air pollution.
1. Rationalization2. Regression3. Repression4. Reaction Formation
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Name that defense mechanism5. After getting fired, Mr. James has been grumpy and short
with his wife.6. An aggressive young man takes up rugby to re-channel
his aggressive impulses.7. A student forgot that his dreaded final exam in geometry
was Friday, despite having it marked on his calendar for weeks.
8. A young woman failed a class at school. She asks her teacher what she can do to pass the course.
5. Displacement6. Sublimation7. Repression8. Denial
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Name that defense mechanism9. A student plans to cheat on an upcoming exam, which
interprets the anxiety of students who desire to cheat on the exam.
10. A person frequently makes anti-gay slurs, yet harbors romantic feelings for a same-sex friend.
11.Tory was convicted for being a Peeping Tom. Now, he has left behind his sordid past and is a photographer for Playboy magazine.
12. After being criticized at work, Thomas argued with his wife and kicked the dog.
9. Rationalization10. Denial11. Sublimation12. Displacement
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Freud’s theory
• Personality development– Develops through
childhood– Series of psycho-sexual
stages– Different part of body
becomes primary focus of pleasure
– Failure to resolve conflict can lead to fixation
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Oral stage
• Birth to 18 months• Mouth is center of pleasure• Problems could arise if
weaned from breast or bottle too soon or too late
• Adult issues (if unresolved)– Smoking– Over eating– Talking too much
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Anal stage
• Ages two to three• Toilet training (anus) is
center of pleasure• Problems could arise if too
soon or too late• Adult issues (if unresolved)• Anal retentive
– Stingy and neat
• Anal aggressive– Disorganized or impulsive
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Anal stage
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Phallic stage
• Ages three to six• Genitalia is center of
pleasure• Different for boys and girls• Unresolved conflicts lead to
relationship issues as adults
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Phallic stage – Boys
• Sexual feelings for mother
• Unconsciously wants to get rid of father– Oedipus complex
• Ego represses desires• Boy strives to be like
father
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Phallic stage – Girls• Strong feelings for
mother• Realizes she has no
penis– Penis envy
• Transfers feelings to father– Electra complex
• Ego represses desires• Girl strives to be like
mother
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Latency stage• Age six until puberty• Sexual impulses
dormant• Child focuses on
education & other issues• Social skills develop• Children generally play
with same sex children
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Genital stage• From puberty on• Genitals become source
of pleasure• Degree of fulfillment
depends on resolution of conflicts from earlier stages
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Assessing the Unconscious• Freudian slips• Lapse in speech which
Freud believed reflected unconscious desires or beliefs
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hpu_iEsISuI
• Free association– Have patient do all of the
talking – about anything – and then interpret
• Dream analysis– Interpreting latent (hidden)
content of actual events (manifest content) of dreams
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Neo-FreudiansAlfred Adler
Karen Horney
Carl Jung
Id impulses didn’t drive personalityDesire for control drove personality
People born with “life force”Introversion and extroversion developed personality
Womb envy – men can’t bear children; life less meaningfulCultural factors create inferiority in women – not penis envy
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Modern Psychoanalysis• Reject:
– Psychosexual stages– Id, ego, superego
• Maintain: −Role of the unconscious−Inner conflicts and Defense
mechanisms