HUBUNGAN BODY MASS INDEX DAN PERSENTASE
LEMAK TUBUH DENGAN VOLUME OKSIGEN MAKSIMAL
PADA DEWASA MUDA
LAPORAN HASIL PENELITIAN
KARYA TULIS ILMIAH
Disusun untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan guna mencapai gelar sarjana
Kedokteran
SYLVIA TERESA
22010114120058
PROGRAM STUDI KEDOKTERAN
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
2017
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN
Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini,
Nama mahasiswa : Sylvia Teresa
NIM : 22010114120058
Program Studi : Pendidikan Dokter
Judul KTI : Hubungan Body Mass Index dan Persentase Lemak Tubuh
dengan Volume Oksigen Maksimal Pada Dewasa Muda
Dengan ini menyatakan bahwa :
1) KTI ini ditulis sendiri tulisan asli saya sediri tanpa bantuan orang lain selain
pembimbing dan narasumber yang diketahui oleh pembimbing
2) KTI ini sebagian atau seluruhnya belum pernah dipublikasi dalam bentuk
artikel ataupun tugas ilmiah lain di Universitas Diponegoro maupun di
perguruan tinggi lain
3) Dalam KTI ini tidak terdapat karya atau pendapat yang telah ditulis orang
lain kecuali secara tertulis dicantumkan sebagai rujukan dalam naskah dan
tercantum pada daftar kepustakaan
Semarang, 16 Oktober 2017
Yang membuat pernyataan,
Sylvia Teresa
DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN......................................................................................i
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN.................................................................................ii
DAFTAR ISI..........................................................................................................iii
DAFTAR TABEL..................................................................................................ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR..............................................................................................x
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN..........................................................................................xi
DAFTAR SINGKATAN.......................................................................................xii
ABSTRAK............................................................................................................xiii
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................xiv
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang...................................................................................................1
1.2 Permasalahan penelitian.....................................................................................4
1.3 Tujuan penelitian................................................................................................4
1.3.1 Tujuan umum..................................................................................................4
1.3.2 Tujuan khusus.................................................................................................4
1.4 Manfaat penelitian..............................................................................................5
1.5 Keaslian penelitian.............................................................................................6
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Komposisi tubuh................................................................................................9
2.1.1 Komposisi tubuh berdasarkan tingkatan molekuler......................................10
2.1.1.1 Lemak.........................................................................................................10
2.1.1.2 Non lemak..................................................................................................12
2.2 Pengukuran komposisi lemak tubuh................................................................13
2.2.1 Pengukuran secara langsung.........................................................................14
2.2.2 Pengukuran secara tidak langsung................................................................14
2.2.2.1 Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)..............................................15
2.2.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).........................................................16
2.2.2.3 Densitometri...............................................................................................17
2.2.2.4 Bioelectrical Impendance Analyze (BIA)..................................................19
2.2.2.5 Antropometri..............................................................................................20
2.3 Body Mass Index (BMI)...................................................................................22
2.3.1 Definisi BMI.................................................................................................22
2.3.2 Pengukuran BMI...........................................................................................22
2.3.3 Kriteria BMI..................................................................................................23
2.3.4 Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi BMI.......................................................24
2.3.5 Hubungan BMI dengan lemak tubuh............................................................26
2.4 Skinfold thicknes..............................................................................................26
2.4.1 Definisi skinfold thickness............................................................................26
2.4.2 Pengukuran skinfold thickness.....................................................................26
2.4.3 Keterbatasan skinfold thickness...................................................................30
2.4.4 Hubungan skinfold thickness dengan lemak tubuh.......................................31
2.5 Tingkat kebugaran kardiorespirasi..................................................................31
2.5.1 Definisi tingkat kebugaran kardiorespirasi..................................................31
2.5.2 Pengukuran tingkat kebugaran kardiorespirasi............................................32
2.6 Volume oksigen maksimal (VO2 maks)...........................................................33
2.6.1 Definisi VO2 maks........................................................................................33
2.6.2 Pengukuran VO2 maks.................................................................................34
2.6.3 Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi VO2 maks............................................36
2.7 Hubungan lemak tubuh dengan tingkat kebugaran kardiorespirasi................40
2.8 Kerangka teori.................................................................................................42
2.9 Kerangka konsep.............................................................................................43
2.10 Hipotesis........................................................................................................43
BAB 3 METODE PENELITIAN
3.1 Ruang lingkup penelitian.................................................................................44
3.2 Tempat dan waktu penelitian...........................................................................44
3.3 Jenis dan rancangan penelitian.........................................................................44
3.4 Populasi dan sampel penelitian........................................................................44
3.4.1 Populasi Target.............................................................................................44
3.4.2 Populasi terjangkau......................................................................................44
3.4.3 Sampel penelitian..........................................................................................44
3.4.3.1 Kriteria inklusi...........................................................................................45
3.4.3.2 Kriteria eksklusi.........................................................................................45
3.4.4 Cara pengambilan sampel.............................................................................45
3.4.5 Besar sampel penelitian................................................................................46
3.5 Variabel penelitian...........................................................................................47
3.5.1 Variabel bebas..............................................................................................47
3.5.2 Variabel terikat..............................................................................................47
3.6 Definisi operasional.........................................................................................47
3.7 Cara pengumpulan data...................................................................................49
3.7.1 Lokasi pengumpulan data............................................................................49
3.7.2 Alat dan instrumen penelitian.......................................................................49
3.7.3 Jenis data.......................................................................................................50
3.7.4 Cara kerja......................................................................................................50
3.7.4.1 Data kuesioner............................................................................................50
3.7.4.2 Data tanda vital..........................................................................................50
3.7.4.3 Data BMI....................................................................................................50
3.7.4.4 Data skinfold thickness...............................................................................51
3.7.4.5 Data VO2 maks...........................................................................................51
3.8 Alur penelitian..................................................................................................54
3.9 Analisis data.....................................................................................................55
3.9.1 Pengolahan data............................................................................................55
3.9.2 Analisis data..................................................................................................55
3.10 Etika penelitian...............................................................................................56
3.11 Jadwal penelitian............................................................................................56
BAB 4 HASIL PENELITIAN
4.1 Karakteristik sampel.........................................................................................58
4.2 Analisis bivariat...............................................................................................60
4.2.1 Uji korelasi Body Mass Index dan persentase lemak tubuh dengan VO2
maks.......................................................................................................................60
4.2.2 Uji komparatif...............................................................................................61
4.3 Analisis multivariat..........................................................................................63
BAB 5 PEMBAHASAN
5.1 Hubungan BMI dengan VO2 maks pada dewasa muda..................................65
5.2 Hubungan persentase lemak tubuh dengan VO2 maks pada dewasa
muda.......................................................................................................................66
5.3 Perbedaan korelasi antara BMI dan persentase lemak tubuh dengan VO2 maks
pada dewasa muda.................................................................................................69
5.4 Perbandingan VO2 maks antara kelompok BMI normal, overweight,dan
obese1.....................................................................................................................70
5.5 Korelasi berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi VO2 maks................................73
5.6 Keterbatasan penelitian....................................................................................77
BAB 6 SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
6.1 Simpulan..........................................................................................................78
6.2 Saran................................................................................................................79
DAFTAR PUSTAKA............................................................................................80
LAMPIRAN...........................................................................................................94
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1. Keaslian penelitian.....................................................................................6
Tabel 2. Kategori BMI menurut WHO dan Asia Pasifik.......................................23
Tabel 3. Definisi operasional.................................................................................47
Tabel 4. Jadwal penelitian......................................................................................56
Tabel 5. Karakteristik subjek penelitian.................................................................59
Tabel 6. Uji normalitas nilai BMI, persentase lemak tubuh, dan VO2
maks.......................................................................................................................60
Tabel 7. Korelasi BMI dan persentase lemak tubuh dengan VO2 maks................61
Tabel 8. Uji normalitas data nilai VO2 maks pada kelompok BMI normal,
overweight, dan obese 1.........................................................................................61
Tabel 9. Hasil analisis uji Mann-Whitney nilai VO2 maks pada kelompok BMI
normal, overweight, dan obese 1............................................................................62
Tabel 10. Uji normalitas data masing-masing variabel..........................................63
Tabel 11. Korelasi faktor usia, berat badan, tinggi badan, tekanan darah sistol,
tekanan darah diastol, denyut nadi, dan suhu tubuh dengan VO2 maks...............64
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1. Komposisi tubuh manusia berdasarkan berbagai tingkatan...................9
Gambar 2. Komposisi tubuh tingkat molekuler pada individu dengan berat badan
70 kg.......................................................................................................................10
Gambar 3. Komposisi tubuh berdasarkan pembagian tingkat molekuler..............13
Gambar 4. Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)........................................16
Gambar 5 Teknik air displacement plethysmography...........................................18
Gambar 6. Kerangka teori......................................................................................42
Gambar 7. Kerangka konsep..................................................................................43
Gambar 8. Alur penelitian......................................................................................54
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1. Ethical clearance...............................................................................98
Lampiran 2. Informed consent...............................................................................99
Lampiran 3. Kuesioner identitas diri....................................................................101
Lampiran 4. Formulir penghitungan multistage fitness test ................................103
Lampiran 5. Lembar pengukuran skinfold thickness............................................104
Lampiran 6. Spreadsheet data..............................................................................105
Lampiran 7. Hasil analisis data............................................................................109
Lampiran 8. Dokumentasi penelitian...................................................................143
Lampiran 9. Daftar riwayat hidup peneliti..........................................................144
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
ATP : adenosine tri fosfat
BIA : Bioelectrical Impendance Analysis
BMI : Body Mass Index
CT : Computed Tomography
DXA : Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
ISAK : International Society for Advancement Kinanthropometry
MRI : Magnetic Resonance Imaging
RLPP : Rasio lingkar pinggang pinggul
SIAS : spina iliaca anterior superior
VO2 maks : Volume Oksigen Maksimal
WHR : Waist to hip ratio
WHtR : Waist to height ratio
ABSTRAK
Latar belakang : Lemak tubuh yang berlebih dapat menurunkan status
kebugaran kardiorespirasi seseorang sehingga menyebabkan obesitas dan penyakit
kardiovaskuler. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan metode pengukuran lemak tubuh yang
tidak invasif dan biaya relatif murah untuk mengontrol status kebugaran
kardiorespirasi seseorang. VO2 maks dapat digunakan sebagai indikator status
kebugaran kardiorespirasi. Multistage fitness test adalah salah satu metode untuk
mengukur VO2 maks.
Tujuan : Menganalisis hubungan Body Mass Index (BMI) dan persentase
lemak tubuh dengan VO2 maks pada dewasa muda.
Metode : Penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross
sectional dilaksanakan di stadion Universitas Diponegoro. Subjek penelitian adalah
mahasiswa Universitas Diponegoro (n=96) yang sedang mengambil mata kuliah
olahraga. Subjek penelitian berusia 18-25 tahun, ras Melayu-Mongoloid, memiliki
BMI dalam kategori normal, atau overweight, atau obese 1. Subjek penelitian
diukur tanda vital, tinggi badan, berat badan, skinfold thickness di 7 lokasi tubuh,
dan multistage fitness test. Analisis statistik yang digunakan adalah uji korelasi
Pearson, uji komparatif Kruskal-Wallis dilanjutkan uji post hoc Mann-Whitney,
dan uji multivariat regresi linear.
Hasil : BMI dengan VO2 maks memiliki korelasi (r) -0.287 (p<0.05) sedangkan
persentase lemak tubuh dengan VO2 maks memiliki koefisien korelasi -0.422
(p<0.05). Perbandingan nilai VO2 maks antara kelompok BMI normal, overweight,
dan obese 1 secara keseluruhan tidak signifikan (p>0.05). Faktor-faktor yang
berhubungan dengan nilai VO2 maks secara signifikan (p<0.05) diantaranya berat
badan, tinggi badan, BMI dan persentase lemak tubuh.
Kesimpulan : BMI dan persentase lemak tubuh memiliki korelasi negatif dengan
VO2 maks, semakin besar nilai BMI dan persentase lemak tubuh maka semakin
kecil nilai VO2 maks.
Kata kunci : Body Mass Index, persentase lemak tubuh, volume oksigen
maksimal
ABSTRACT
Background : Excess of body fat may decrease cardiorespiratory fitness resulting
obesity and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a non-invasive and a relatively low
cost body fat measurement method is required to control cardiorespiratory fitness.
Maximal oxygen volume (VO2 max) can be used as indicator for cardiorespiratory
fitness. Multistage fitness test is method to measure VO2 max.
Objective : To analyze the correlation between BMI and body fat percentage
to VO2 max in young adult.
Method : Analytical observational research with cross sectional approach
was implemented at Diponegoro University stadium. The subjects of the study are
the students of Diponegoro University (n = 96) who were going through excercise
class. Research subjects aged 18-25 years, Malay-Mongoloid race, had BMI in the
normal range category, or overweight, or obese 1. Research subjects were
measured vital signs, height, weight, skinfold thickness in 7 locations, and
undergone multistage fitness test. Statistical analysis that had been used was
Pearson correlation test, Kruskal-Wallis comparative test followed by Mann-
Whitney post hoc test, and multivariate regression linear test.
Results : BMI with VO2 max had a correlation (r) of -0.287 (p <0.05)
whereas body fat percentage with VO2 max has a correlation coefficient of -0.422
(p <0.05). The comparison of VO2 max values between normal, overweight, and
obese 1 BMI groups was overall not significant (p> 0.05). Factors correlated with
VO2 max with significant values (p< 0.05) were weight, height, BMI and body fat
percentage.
Conclusion : BMI and body fat percentage have negative correlation with VO2
max. The increase value of BMI and body fat percentage will decrease the value of
VO2 max.
Keywords : Body Mass Index, body fat percentage, maximum oxygen volume