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Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Chapter 1
Definitions - Terminology
Organization of the Body
Homeostasis
Instructor: Mary Holman
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Anatomy
The study of the form and structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts
Physiology
The study of the function of the living organism and its parts
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Anatomical Drawing by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
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AndreasVesalius
1543
De HumaniCorporis Fabrica
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AndreasVesalius
1543
De HumaniCorporis Fabrica
Fig 1.1
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Levels of OrganizationSubatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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Fig. 1.3
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Levels of Organization
• Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons• Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
• Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
• Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
• Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
• Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
• Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve• Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. • Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
• Organism – the human
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The Eleven Organ Systemsof the Human Body• Integumentary
• Muscular• Skeletal• Nervous• Endocrine• Cardiovascular• Lymphatic• Respiratory• Digestive• Urinary• Reproductive
A&P I
A&P II
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Covering/Protection System
Integumentary SystemCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Support/Movement Systems
Skeletal System Muscular System
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Integration/Co-ordination Systems
Nervous System Endocrine SystemCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Transport Systems
Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System
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Absorption/Excretion Systems
Digestive System Respiratory System Urinary System
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Reproduction System
Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System
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Integumentarysystem
Skeletalsystem
Muscularsystem
Nervoussystem
Digestivesystem
Endocrinesystem
Cardiovascularsystem
Lymphaticsystem
Respiratorysystem
Urinarysystem
Reproductivesystem
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Fig. 1.19 A&P I
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Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelviccavity
Abdominalcavity
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity
Abdominalcavity
Pelvic cavity
Right pleuralcavity Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity
Pericardialcavity Diaphragm
Vertebral canal
Cranial cavity
Thoraciccavity
Fig. 1.9
Lateral View Anterior View
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Fig. 1.25a
Otic (ear)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial (point of shoulder)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital (front of elbow)
Antebrachial (forearm)
Genital (reproductive organs)
Cephalic (head)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Mental (chin)Sternal
Pectoral (chest)
Inguinal (groin)
Coxal (hip)
Umbilical (navel)
Pedal (foot)
Patellar (front of knee)
Abdominal (abdomen)
Carpal (wrist)
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Nasal (nose)Oral (mouth)
Frontal (forehead)
Buccal (cheek)
Tarsal (instep)
Digital (toe)
Axillary (armpit)
Crural (leg)
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Body RegionsVentral Side
Fig. 1.25a
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Fig. 1.25b
Occipital(back of head)
Acromial (point of shoulder)
Brachial (arm)Dorsum (back)Cubital (elbow)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Perineal
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Plantar (sole)
Vertebral (spinal column)
Sacral (between hips)Lumbar (lower back)
Crural (leg)
Sural (calf)
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Body RegionsDorsal Side
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RUQ LUQ
RLQ LLQ
Abdominal Quadrants
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1 32
4 5 6
7 8 9
1. Right hyperchondriac 2. Epigastric 3. Left hyperchondriac
4. Right lumbar 5. Umbilical 6. Left lumbar
7. Right iliac 8. Hypogastric 9.Left iliac
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Fig. 1.20aSuperior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Midline
Right Left
Proximal
Distal
Proximal
Distal
Fig. 1.20a
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Characteristics of Life
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction
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Requirements of Life
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure
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Homeostasis
The state of equilibrium in which the internal environment of the
body remains in the normal range
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Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment
• Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct as needed. Variations are brought to within acceptable limits. There are three (3) parts:
• Receptor - provides information about the stimuli
• Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point)
• Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Stimulus(Change that occursin internal environment.)
Response(Change is corrected.)
Receptors Effectors(muscles or glands)
Control center(set point)
(Change is comparedto the set point.)
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• There are two (2) types:
• Negative feedback mechanisms
• Positive feedback mechanisms
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Negative feedback summary:
• Most common type of feedback loop. Reduces the actions of the effectors
• Corrects toward the set point
• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.
too high
too low
Normal bodytemperature37°C (98.6°F)
Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs.
Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs. If body temperature
continues to drop,control center signalsmuscles to contractInvoluntarily.
StimulusBody temperaturerises above normal.
EffectorsSkin blood vesselsdilate and sweat glandssecrete.
ResponseBody heat is lost tosurroundings, temperaturedrops toward normal.
ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.
EffectorsSkin bloodvessels constrictand sweat glandsremain inactive.
StimulusBody temperaturedrops below normal.
EffectorsMuscleactivitygeneratesbody heat.
ResponseBody heat is conserved,temperature rises toward normal.
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Fig. 1.8
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Lab Exercises 1&2Metrics
Body OrganizationTerminology
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Metric System of Measurement
1 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
centi
milli
micro
nano
10-3 10-610-2 10-9
meter mgram gliter L
c m n u
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Units of Length ComparisonMetric to English
•1 meter (m) is slightly longer than 1 yard
•1 centimeter (cm) is 0.39 inches
about the width of a small finger
•1 millimeter (mm) 1/10 of a cm
about the thickness of a dime
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1 cubic centimeter
= 1 milliliter
These Metric Terms are Interchangeable
cc and mL
= 1 gram H20
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Relative Anatomical Position
Medial - Lateral
Proximal - Distal
Superior - Inferior
Anterior - Posterior
Ventral - Dorsal
Superficial - Deep
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Fig. 1.20b
Anterior
(Ventral)
Posterior
(Dorsal)
Fig. 1.20b
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Fig. 1.20aSuperior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Midline
Right Left
Proximal
Distal
Proximal
Distal
Fig. 1.20a
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Types of Body Sections
(a) Sagittal or Longitudinal (b) Transverse or Cross Section (c) Frontal or Coronal
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Other Body Sections
(a) Cross section (b) Oblique (c) Longitudinal sectionCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Vertebra
Aorta
Esophagus
Right lung
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Sternum
Plane ofsection
Spinal cord
Mediastinum
Left lung
Rib
Left ventricleof heart
Visceral pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Anterior
Azygos v.
Right atriumof heart
Right ventricleof heart
Fibrous pericardium
Fig. 1.11Serous Membranes - Visceral vs Parietal
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Plate 1.9Scalp
Cerebrum
Corpus callosumLateral ventricle
Frontal boneFrontal sinusThalamus
Hypothalamus
Sphenoidal sinusBrainstemInferior nasal conchaCerebellum
Oral cavity
Mandible
Cervical vertebra
Esophagus
Larynx
Sternum
Maxilla
Tongue
Trachea
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Reference Plate NinePage 39
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Reference Plate 14 - pg. 42
Medial rectus m.
Ethmoidal sinus
Nasal septum
Eye
Sphenoidal sinus Lateral rectus m.
Optic nerve Third ventricle
Gray matter
White matter
Occipital lobe
Lateral ventricle
Skull
Scalp
Temporalis m. Temporal lobe
Subcutaneoustissue
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© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Karl Rubin