![Page 1: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
stanford hci group / cs147
http://cs147.stanford.edu06 November 2007
Human-Information Interaction
Scott Klemmertas: Marcello Bastea-Forte, Joel Brandt,Neil Patel, Leslie Wu, Mike Cammarano
![Page 2: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Questions about the Project
![Page 3: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Engelbart Video
![Page 4: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Form Me to You
![Page 5: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR107 (months) SOCIAL Social Behavior106 (weeks)105 (days)104 (hours) RATIONAL Adaptive Behavior
103
102 (minutes)101 COGNITIVE Immediate Behavior100 (seconds)10-1
10-2 BIOLOGICAL 10-3 (msec)10-4
MegStewart
![Page 6: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
HUMAN INFORMATION INTERACTION
![Page 7: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
GOMS
Routine cognitive skillWell-known path
![Page 8: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Information Search
Problem solvingHeuristic searchExponential if don’t know what to do
![Page 9: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
OPTIMALITY THEORYInformationEnergy
MaxUseful info
TimeMaxEnergyTime [ ][ ]
Optimal Foraging Theory Information Foraging Theory
![Page 10: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Information Foraging Theory:
patchWithinpatchBetweenWB TTGain
TTGR
−− +=
+=
Microeconomics of information access.
People are information rate maximizers of benefits/costsInformation has a cost structure
![Page 11: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Desk DeskShelf
Computer
ActiveProjectPiles
ReferenceArea
INFORMATION PATCHES
e.g. desk piles,Alta vista search list
unlike animalsforaging for food, humans can do patch construction
![Page 12: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
We’ll stay in a patch longer…
When a patch is highly profitableAs distance between patches increasesWhen the environment as a whole is less profitable
![Page 13: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
WITHIN-PATCH ENRICHMENT:
INFORMATION SCENT
perception of value and cost of a path to a source based on proximal cues
![Page 14: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Relevance-Enhanced Thumbnails Within-patch
enrichmentEmphasize text that is relevant to query
Text callouts
020406080
100120140160180
Picture Homepage E-commerce Side-effects
Tot
al S
earc
h T
ime
(s)
Text Plain Enhanced
Allison Woodruff
![Page 15: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
PHASE TRANSITION IN NAVIGATION COSTS AS FUNCTION OF INFORMATION SCENT
Notes: Average branching factor = 10Depth = 10
0 2 4 6 8 100
50
100
150
Depth
Num
ber o
f pag
es v
isite
d
.100
.125
.150
0 2 4 6 8 100
50
100
150
.100
.150
Probability of choosing wrong link (f)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20
20
40
60
80
100
f
Num
ber o
f Pag
es V
isite
d pe
r Lev
el
Linear Exponential
![Page 16: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
IMPORTANCE FOR WEB DESIGN
Jarad Spool, UIE
![Page 17: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Peter Pirolli
![Page 18: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
MACHINE MODELING OF INFORMATION SCENT
cell
patient
dose
beam
new
medical
treatments
procedures
InformationGoal Link Text
![Page 19: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
PREDICTION OF LINK CHOICER2 = 0.72
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Observed frequency
Pred
icte
d fr
eque
ncy
R2 = 0.90
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 10 20 30 40 50Observed frequency
Pred
icte
d fr
eque
ncy(a) ParcWeb (b) Yahoo
![Page 20: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
USER FLOW MODEL
Flow users through the network
User need (vector of goal concepts)
Determine relevance of documents
.5.3
.2
Calculate Pr(Link Choice) for each page Examine user patternsStart users at page
![Page 21: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SENSE MAKING TASKSCharacteristics
Massive amounts of dataIll-structured taskOrganization, interpretation, insight neededOutput, decision, solution required
ExamplesUnderstanding a health problem and making a medical decisionBuying a new laptopWeather forecastingProducing an intelligence report
![Page 22: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Importance of Sensemaking75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001)
Understanding a topic (e.g., about health)Comparing/choosing products
Information retrieval does not support these tasks (Bhavnani et al., 2002)
E.g., Estimated that one must visit 25 Web pages in order to read about 12 basic concepts about skin cancer
![Page 23: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SENSEMAKING
SHOEBOX
EVIDENCE FILE
Search & Filter
Read & Extract
Schematize
Build Case
Tell Story
Search for Information
Search for Relations
Search for Evidence
Search for Support
Reevaluate
TIME or EFFORT
STRU
CTUR
E
SCHEMAS
HYPOTHESES
PRESENTATION
EXTERNAL DATA
SOURCES
![Page 24: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
SENSEMAKING
SHOEBOX
EVIDENCE FILE
Search & Filter
Read & Extract
Schematize
Build Case
Tell Story
Search for Information
Search for Relations
Search for Evidence
Search for Support
Reevaluate
TIME or EFFORT
STRU
CTUR
E
SCHEMAS
HYPOTHESES
PRESENTATION
EXTERNAL DATA
SOURCES
Sensemaking Loop
Foraging Loop
![Page 25: Human-Information Interaction · Importance of Sensemaking x75% of “significant tasks” on the Web are more than simple “finding” of information (Morrison et al., 2001) xUnderstanding](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022042923/5f7018dc58126d03bc17183c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Credits & Further Reading
This lecture draws heavily on Stu Card’s slides on HIIPeter Pirolli, Information Foraging