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HYBRID AEROCAPTURE USING LOW L/D AEROSHELLS FOR ICE GIANT MISSIONS
15th International Planetary Probe Workshop (IPPW-15)
Boulder, Colorado, June 2018
Athul Pradeepkumar GirijaA. Arora, and S. J. Saikia
School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, IN, USA
J. A. Cutts
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, CA, USA
This work was supported in part by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.
Travel funding provided by IPPW is gratefully acknowledged.
Artist’s concept of a low L/D aeroshell used for aerocapture at the Ice Giants. MSL entry vehicle used for representative purpose only, credit: NASA/JPL.
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Ice Giants – Uranus and Neptune
Rocky Ice GiantsGas Giants
Image credits: Top: Solar System, Wikipedia.org, CC BY-SA 3.0; Bottom left: NASA/Lunar and Planetary Institute; Bottom right: NASA Ames/W. Stenzel
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Ice Giants - Science Objectives Constrain interior
Bulk composition
Winds, circulation
Ring structure
Heat flow
Magnetosphere
Satellite composition
Graphics credit: NASA Ice Giants Pre-Decadal Study Report, 2017
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NASA Ice Giants Pre-Decadal Study, 2017
Launch TOF (y.) Arrival V∞ Arrival Mass OI ΔV Mass in Orbit
2031 12.0 8.5 km/s 3582 kg 1.7 km/s 1913 kg
Uranus Orbiter with probe and ~50 kg payload, no SEP
Neptune Orbiter with probe and ~50 kg payload, with SEP stage
Source: NASA Ice Giants Pre-Decadal Study Report, JPL D-100520
Launch TOF (y.) Arrival V∞ Arrival Mass OI ΔV Mass in Orbit
2030 13.0 11.5 km/s 5033 kg 2.7 km/s 2012 kg
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Mission Design Challenges
High TOF, low V∞
Low TOF, high V∞
Max
. RP
S d
esi
gn li
fe =
15
y
Chemical OI limit
Chemical OI limit is the
major design constraint.
Aerocapture uses atmospheric drag to
perform orbit insertion.
Acknowledgement: A. Petropoulos, N. Arora, JPL;
K. Hughes, A. Mudek, Purdue University 4
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Interplanetary cruise,Arrival V∞
Approach navigation
Atmospheric flight
Coastphase
Periapsis Raise Maneuver (PRM)
Science Orbit
Too shallow
Not captured
Too steep
Aerocapture
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1. Theoretical Corridor Width (TCW)
− Vehicle (L/D)max
− Arrival V∞
TCW
2. Required Corridor Width (RCW)
– Navigation errors– Atmospheric uncertainties– Aerodynamic dispersions
RCW
TCW ≥ RCW
Corridor Width
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0.10 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Vehicle L/D
MSL 0.24
Apollo CM 0.36
Dragon 0.18
ESA IXV0.7
Ellipsled0.8
Low L/D with flight heritage Expt. vehicles Mid-high L/D, concept vehicles
Aerocapture Vehicles
Biconic1.0
Asymmetric ADEPT 0.27
Image Credits: SpaceX, NASA,/JPL ESA
Concept
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Neptune Aerocapture
Design Space
• Which vehicle do we need?– Mid L/D aeroshell
• Implications– Cost– Risk
• Can we lower the L/D?– Reduce uncertainties– Hybrid aerocapture
2 deg. TCW constraint
30 g decelerationconstraint
7000 W/cm2 heat rate constraint
600 kJ/cm2 heat load constraint
0.8 atm stag. pres. constraint
Max. arrival V∞ for chemical OI
Max.possiblearrival V∞ from trajectory data
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Hybrid Aerocapture
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• Aerodynamic and propulsive forces used for orbit insertion– How?– Feasibility
• Can we use low L/D aeroshells?– ΔV– Risk vs. Benefit
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Hybrid Aerocapture – Approach #1: Small capture orbits
• Benefits– Increases TCW
– Reduces risk of accidental escape
• Cost
– ΔV– G-load, heating
• Risks
– Ring plane crossing hazard– Autonomous navigation
20 day science orbit
10 day capture orbit
0.25 day
0.5 day
1 day
ΔV
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Hybrid Aerocapture – Approach #1: Cost-Benefit Analysis
ΔV=0 km/s
ΔV=0 km/s
ΔV=1.2 km
/s
`ΔV=0 km
/s
ΔV=1.2 km/s
ΔV=2.1 km/s
ΔV=0 km/s
ΔV=1.2 km/s
ΔV=2.1 km/s
ΔV=3.6 km/s
RCW L/D V∞
(km/s)
2.0° 0.47 21.91.5° 0.36 22.11.0° 0.24 22.4
Capture Orbit = 1 dayProp. ΔV = 1.2 km/s
RCW = 2.0°
RCW = 1.5°
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ΔV=0 km
/s
ΔV=1.2 km/s
ΔV=2.1 km/s
ΔV=3.6 km/s
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Hybrid Aerocapture – Approach #2: Exit speed targeting
Shallow entry
Too fast,not captured
Propulsive ΔVcompletes capture
ΔV
Science orbitafter PRM
Too slow for science orbit
ΔV
Science orbitafter PRM
Propulsive ΔVboost
Steep entry TCWΔV
Cost and Risk– ΔV – Possible escape
Benefits– Allow a wide range of exit speeds– Increased TCW– Reduced ring plane crossing hazard
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Hybrid Aerocapture – Approach #2: Cost-Benefit Analysis
RCW = 2.0°
RCW = 1.5°
ΔV budget = 2.0 km/s
RCW L/D V∞
(km/s)
2.0° 0.42 22.1
1.5° 0.32 22.3
1.0° 0.21 22.5
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High TOF, low V∞
Low TOF, high V∞
Max
. RP
S d
esi
gn li
fe =
15
y
Hybrid Aerocapture Mission Concept
• TOF < 10y• L/D: 0.2 – 0.4• ΔV < 2 km/s
Acknowledgement: A. Petropoulos, N. Arora, JPL;
K. Hughes, A. Mudek, Purdue University
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Summary of Options and Impact on Investment
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- Improved navigation- Atmospheric obs,modeling
More Structural MassMore Instrument Mass
G-load
- New TPS Material Dev.- Significant Investment
Heat-Rate Stag. Press
More TPS material (more mass)
Heat-Load
Decrease RCW
Large Launch Vehicle to deliver high V∞
GOAL: Increase the surfacearea (design space)
Increase TCW
- Hybrid aerocapture- Direct force control
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Questions?
Crescents of Neptune and Triton acquired by Voyager 2 on its outbound journey from the Neptune system, Aug. 28, 1989.
Credits: NASA/JPL