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HyMeX-SOP1, the field campaign dedicated to
heavy precipitation and flash-flooding
in Northwestern Mediterranean
V. Ducrocq (CNRM-GAME, Météo-France & CNRS)
E. Richard (CNRS & Univ. Toulouse)
with the HyMeX Executive Committee - SOP1 and many other contributions (~300 people involved in the field campaign)
http://www.hymex.org , http://sop.hymex.org
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The HyMeX Program
HyMeX is a 10-y project devoted to the water cycle in Mediterranean, with
emphases on the predictability and evolution of high-impact weather events
(heavy precipitation, floods and flash-floods, droughts, strong winds and
ocean convection,...)
Within the long-term observation period (started in 2010), several Special
Observation Periods (SOP) have been planned for improving our process
understanding, modelling and forecasting capability of high-impact weather
events.
The first SOP series in Northwestern Mediterranean:
-SOP1: Heavy precipitation events (HPE) and flash-flooding
5 Sept.-6 Nov. 2012
- SOP2: Strong wind events and their impact on the ocean
convection and dense water formation
1 Feb. –15 March 2013
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The HyMeX Program
HyMeX is a 10-y project devoted to the water cycle in Mediterranean, with
emphases on the predictability and evolution of high-impact weather events
(heavy precipitation, floods and flash-floods, droughts, strong winds and
ocean convection,...)
Within the long-term observation period (started in 2010), several Special
Observation Periods (SOP) have been planned for improving the process
understanding, modelling and forecasting capibility of high-impact weather
events.
The first SOP series in Northwestern Mediterranean:
-SOP1: Heavy precipitation events (HPE) and flash-flooding
5 Sept.-6 Nov. 2012
- SOP2: Strong wind events and their impact on the ocean
convection and dense water formation
1 Feb. –15 March 2013
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Outline
State-of-art Knowledge on heavy precipitation and flash-flooding
Observation strategy
Design of the field campaign
The field campaign
Execution and coordination
Conclusion Successes and failures
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State of art
Knowledge on Heavy Precipitation
and Flash-flooding
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L
H
40-y composite analysis (ERA-40) for HPE over Southern France
(from Nuissier et al, 2011, QJ)
Synoptic environment
Postulate: the synoptic environment propitious to HPE is well known and
now rather well analysed/forecasted by global scale NWP systems.
Pattern resulting of Rossby wave breaking
at the end of the North Atlantic storm track
500 hPa Z Upper/mid-
troposphere
winds
Low-level
marine winds
Slow propagating pattern
Reduced statibility
Forcing for ascent
Strong low-level marine
moisture flux
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Marine low-level flows
Heavy Precipitation area Low-level flow
Marine low-level flow facing the coastal mountain slopes
Strong orographic effects : chanelling, blocking/splitting/deflection
Dominant low-level flow with respect to heavy precipitation location
(from Ricard et al, 2012, JC
Davolio et al, 2012, HESSD)
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deflection
Cold
pool
Orographic
forcing
convergence
French « Cévenol » cases
The characteristics of the marine low-level (conditionally unstable) flows
interacting with complex terrain modulate the location, intensity and stationarity
of the convective systems
Idealized simulations of stationarity MCS with the « true » terrain
(Bresson et al, QJRMS2012)
Convective
cells
MCS
stratiform
part Low-level
flow
Orographic
forcing
Cold pool
front
deflection
Low-level
convergence
#10
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The Observation Strategy of SOP1
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SOP1 objectives
25 oct. 2009
Most of the previous results have been obtained from numerical
model simulations. A dedicated field campaign was mandatory to
confirm these results by an observational-driven knowledge base.
HyMeX SOP1 aims to obtain detailed information on the following key
components:
the upstream marine flows and their interaction with complex
terrain
the air-sea exchanges and ocean mixed layer
the microphysics and dynamics of precipitating systems
leading to HPE
Distributed hydrological response of the Mediterranean
watersheds
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The SOP1 domain and period
Criteria:
An area prone to heavy precipitation events with an expected number of events
in a 2 months period > 10 .
An area with operational meteorological and hydrological observations
networks well furnished to provide a high-level observation background that the
field campaign research instruments will complement.
A 2 month period centered on the climatological peak of convective heavy
precipitation events SOP1: from 5 September to 6 November 2012
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Upstream Marine flows
Mobile on-alert instrumented platforms
over the maritime domain
Aircraft: ATR42 (WV lidar, aerosols), DO128
(in-situ, stable water isotopes),F20
(dropsondes)
Boundary layer balloons
Le Provence (RS)
Coastal observations
Radiosoundings (research,
oper.), wind profilers,
Supersites (Candillargues, San
Giuliano)
Instrumented sites in
Corsica (CO) and Menorca
(BA)
Lidars, RS, wind profilers
Le Provence
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Mediterranean Sea Air-Sea fluxes
Le Provence (fluxes mast,
swell recorder)
Marisondes and SVP
Fixed MF buoys
SOO Marseille-Algiers
Upper ocean
Gliders (0-1000m), ARGO floats
Le Thethys cruise (Sept.) and Le Provence (3 IOP): CTD
MF buoys (mooring lines),Corsica channel mooring
IOP12
Le Tethys II - INSU
Bouée MF- Azur
Gliders – INSU
Le Provence
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Precipitating systems
Microphysics and circulation within precipitating systems
F20 (cloud radar, microphysics probes)
Operational radars (Doppler, polarimetrics)
4 instrumented sites : CV, CI, CO, NEI
Surface precipitation
Oper. raingauges network, HPICONET,
disdrometers
Electrical activity precipitation
Lightning Mapping array, field mill, … in CV
CV
CO CI
NEI
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Hydrological measurements
Hillslope (process
understanding on runoff
generation and concentration)
Soil moisture, infiltration, stable
water isotopes, geochemistry
small watersheds
Distributed hydrology
observations over
discharge, infiltration, soil moisture
Valescure, Tourgueuille, Avene,
Auzon
medium/large watersheds
(transfer in river and flooding)
Discharge and precipitation
estimation
Gard, Ardèche
Nested-catchment instrumentation
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The Field Campaign execution
and coordination
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The Heavy Precipitation Events
Ducrocq et al (2013)
20 days with at least 100mm/24h recorded by a raingauge station
HPE recorded over all the Northwestern Mediterranean, but more in Italy
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The Intense Observation Periods (IOPs)
Flood in Spain
13 fatalities
Tornado in Marseille,
Nice airport closed
IOP13
IOP8
POI16a Flood in France
2 fatalities
IOP16b
Strong mistral, 2 fatalities
HPE- deep convection Strong winds
Instrument validation Shallow orographic precipitation
Squall Lines in Italy IOP6
IOPs types vs sites and time France
Spain
Italy
16 IOPs dedicated to HPE
Severe events with
fatalities and damages
France
Spain
Italy
POI14
Flooding in Lourdes
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The Aircraft Missions
251 Flight hours:
SAFIRE/ATR42: 87 h
Survey of the upstream flow
Payload : WV Leandre II Lidar, aerosols,
turbulent air-sea fluxes
ATR42 Flight tracks
LV
Flight tracks available on google maps data visualisation
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ATR 42 Flight AS41 28/09/2012 (1458-2016 UTC)
The Aircraft Missions
Airborne Leandre II lidar observations
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The Aircraft Missions
251 Flight hours:
SAFIRE/F20: 69 h
Dynamics and microphysics within
precipitating systems
Payload :cloud radar, cold microphysics
probes, dropsondes launched over the Sea
F20 Flight tracks
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Example of airborne measurements
Reflectivity from
the RASTA cloud
radar along the
Falcon flight
track – IOP13
17:10TU
21:00TU
RASTA radar -
Principles
Observed reflectivity and IR brightness temperature
+ lightning
Flight track- IOP13
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The Aircraft Missions
251 Flight hours:
KIT/DO128: 95 h (11 Sept.-11 Oct.)
over and offshore Corsica
Payload : air-sea fluxes, stable water
vapour isotopes
+ T-NAWDEX flights : 32h (11-20 Oct.)
SOP1/IOP13
SOP1/IOP12a
SOP1/IOP14
SOP1/IOP15a
Related talks:
B. Adller , Tuesday 8:30
N. Kalthoff, Thursday 8:30
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Balloons
•19 Boundary layer Balloons launched from Mahon
© CNES
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Radiosoundings
About 850 radiosoundings
Targetable oper RS
MSLP and sensitive areas (ECMWF)
Valid time: 25 Oct.@18UTC
Verif time: 26 Oct.@18 UTC
~ 30 RS
from Le Provence 403 additional oper soundings at 06 & 18UTC (EUCOS)
using the DTS system
Trajectory and height
3 UTC-26 Oct
(IOP16a)
7km
350m
9 km
From HyMeX sites:
~ 250 RS in Corsica (San Giulano, Corte)
~160 RS along the French coast (Vias, Candillargues, Marseille, Fréjus)
~15 RS in Bologna, L’Aquila, Campoformido
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One example of observations for the CV site
1
2 3 4
5
6
7 8
9
10
11
12
Nimes
Bollène
Lightning activity plotted as a
function of VHF source density per
10-min period
Convective Line - IOP6
00:00-07:50 UTC
0 10min
X X’
Z
Lightning Mapping Array
(12 stations)
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The HyMeX Operation Center (HOC)
The HyMeX Operation Center (HOC) was located in La Grande Motte, close to the French
research aircraft base at Montpellier airport and the Candillargues supersite.
A coordination team composed of:
Scientific Director, Operation Director, Scientific
Secretary, forecaster, PI aircraft, PI ocean, PI
precipitation, PI Hydrology, PI winds, PI air-sea
fluxes, Logistics Coordination, Informatic support
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The field campaign coordination
Main challenges:
- Aircraft: take-off time for day D and flight plans to be decided day D-1 before 11h forecast of
location and precise timing of deep convection 24-48h in advance
- Le Provence: Sea state (calm) to be forecasted 72h-48h in advance
- Balloons: 24-48h forecast of balloon trajectories: exclusively over the Sea and free of precip
- Radiosoundings: Not forget the short DTS deadlines !
A dedicated Météo-France forecaster at HOC
with a Météo-France forecaster workstation
(SYNERGIE)
Morning daily briefing 7/7, in visioconference
with L’Aquila, Palma, Mahon, San Giuliano,
Toulouse.
Several dedicated NWP systems for the SOP
(AROME_WMED over the whole Western
Mediterranean up to 48h, WRF for Italy,…):
25 output models available on the SOP website
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The field campaign website
A dedicated website (sop.hymex.org) with a lot of observations and model
forecasts for: (i) real-time operations coordination; (ii) post-SOP analyses (model
evaluation, IOP studies,…)
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Conclusions
25 oct. 2009
The field campaign has been successful regarding:
- the number of events observed: 23 IOPs, with 16 IOPs dedicated to HPE
over Italy, France and Spain.
- the variety of events: convective and squall lines, V-shape quasi-
stationary MCS, tornado, orographic precipitation, cyclogenesis,…
and with different levels of predictability that allow both (i) IOP process
studies and (ii) predictability studies (model improvement, data
assimilation), by synergistic use of SOP1 observations and models
Difficulties encountered:
- strong limitations imposed by the French Air Traffic Control, but impacts
attenuated thank to a dedicated controller and military zones (D54) over the
Sea.
-installation of the wind profilers in BA impossible although all our efforts,
but an interesting alternative has been found
- few flash-flood events over the CV watersheds, but EOP on-going…
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Thanks for your attention !
http://www.hymex.org , http://sop.hymex.org
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Hydrological response
Several factors influence flash-
floods:
- rainfall (spatial and timing
distribution)
- topography
- geology and soils
- initial soil moisture
- hydraulic transfer
Two main challenges:
- the change of scale problem
« how to transfer knowledge
acquired at a given scale to another
scale ? »
- prediction in ungauged basins
Cumulative distributions of regional model performances (over 19
watersheds in Cévennes-Vivarais, 8-9 Sep 2002 flash-flood)
L2: L1 + topography non-uniform
L3: L2 + rainfall non-uniform L4: L3 + initial water content non-uniform
Le Lay and Saulnier, 2007, GRL.
L5: L4 + soil parameters non-uniform
L6: L5 + velocity transfer parameters non-uniform
L1: uniform topography, rainfall, soils, velocities
transfer parameters and initial soil water
L3
L4
L6
L5
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A Southern Alps case
• Interaction of the marine flows
with orography and cold pool
evidenced,
• but low-preditability of the event,
• few observations over the Sea for
data assimilation and for
verification of the model
Real case simulations of HPE : Var (Southern Alps) case in June 2010 Var, 15 June 2010
400mm/24h @ AFP – G.Julien
(Bresson et al, 2012)
Phase 1
Phase 2
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A Southern Alps case
• Interaction of the marine flows
with orography and cold pool
evidenced,
• but low-preditability of the event,
• few observations over the Sea for
data assimilation and for
verification of the model
Real case simulations of HPE : Var (Southern Alps) case in June 2010 Var, 15 June 2010
400mm/24h @ AFP – G.Julien
(Bresson et al, 2012)
Phase 1
Phase 2
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A low-level
marine flow
uptaking moisture
and energy from the
Mediterranean Sea,
along its path over
the Western
Mediterranean
rv gained from the sea
24h
Anticyclonic context
Cyclonic context E
vap
ora
tio
n f
lux
ove
r th
e S
ea
Residence time in the Mediterranean low-levels
anticyclonic situations Cyclonic situations
Origin and transport of moisture feeding the HPE, based on multiscale simulations
D
D-1
D-3
D-3 D-3
D
D-4
D-4
Origin and transport of moisture
Duffourg and Ducrocq (2011)
Water vapor
gained from the
Sea
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1. Synoptic wave
(Rossby wave train)
adapted from F. Grazzini by Davolio (2012)
2. Low-level flow
3. Interaction with local
(orographic) features
This seems to be a common features
in the three convective events,
although with different intensity
Italian Liguria-Tuscany cases
25 Oct 2011
4 Nov. 2011
4 Oct. 2010
Very similar large
scale patterns
(resembling
condition for
Alpine HPE!)
#13
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Le Provence missions
ATR42 flux measurements over Le Provence
3 missions :
IOP7a – 25-26 sept. Loc: 5.5 E/42.5 N
IOP12a – 11-12 Oct. Loc: 4.5 E/42.5 N
IOP16a – 25-27 Oct. Loc: 4.5 E/42.5 N
IOP12a
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And also observations at sea…
4 gliders
~ 15 drifting buoys and ARGO floats
Ocean profiles from a R/V Le Tethys2 cruise
(Sept. Month)
A ship on alert (air-sea fluxes,
radiosoundings, swell recorder, ocean
profiles)
Ship of Opportunity measurements (regular
line Marseille- Algiers)
Additional instruments on fixed buoys
Bouée MF- Azur Bouée MF-Lion
Le Tethys II - INSU
Marisonde- MF houlographe- MF
Gliders – INSU
Le Provence – Phares & balises