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I. Respiratory System A. Structures / Functions
1. Nasal Cavity – warm, moisten and filter air
Mucus, hairs = trap dust, dirt and pathogens 2. Epiglottis – prevents food from going into
windpipe when swallowing 3. Larynx – voice box, contains the vocal
chords 4. Trachea = wind pipe, passage for air to
the lungs
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I. Respiratory System 5. Bronchi – main branches to the trachea,
lead to each lung Lined with cilia that move mucus up out of the
lungs 6. Bronchioles – smaller branches of the
bronchi 7. Alveoli – small grape-like clusters of air
sacs where gas exchange occurs 8. Diaphragm – large muscle that aids in
breathing
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lung
larynx
trachea
Cartilage rings
bronchus
bronchioles
Page 40 Unit 13
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Nasal cavity
epiglottislarynx
trachea
alveoli
bronchi
diaphragm
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I. Respiratory System B. Mechanics of Breathing
1. Muscles = diaphragm, intercostals (between ribs)
2. Inhalation Intercostals contract pulling ribs up and out Diaphragm contracts pushing abdomen
down Both muscular contractions increase
volume of thoracic cavity lowers air pressure w/in lungs Outside air pressure > inside air pressure = air
moves in
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I. Respiratory System 3. Exhalation
Intercostals relax Diaphragm relaxes Both decrease volume of thoracic cavity
increases air pressure w/in lungs inside air pressure > outside air pressure = air
moves out 4. Volumes of Breathing
Vital capacity - maximum inhalation/exhalation
Tidal volume - amount in “normal “ breath Respiratory reserve - amount that can be
exhaled forcefully after normal exhalation
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II. Exchange of Gases A. Diffusion
movement of gases from high concentration to low concentration
B. CO2 / O2 exchange
Capillaries/Bloodstream = CO2 high Alveoli = O2 high O2 moves into blood, CO2 moves out
of blood 300 million alveoli in a healthy lung
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Transport of O2 and CO2
C. Hemoglobin – molecule in red blood cell Red colored, oxygen carrying molecule Without it, the blood only carries about
2% of O2 needed As blood flows through capillaries
around alveoli, O2 is picked up by the hemoglobin of RBCs
Oxyhemoglobin: oxygen rich hemoglobin
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III. Respiratory Control How is breathing rate controlled?
N.S. needs way to figure out if there is enough O2 in the blood
Controlled by the level of CO2 in the bloodstream
CO2 is an acid High levels of CO2 stimulate nerve cells to
send message to MEDULLA OBLONGATA, which sends messages to respiratory muscles to increase breathing rate
Try it! Hold your breath! What’s happening?
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IV. Respiration in Extreme Circumstances
A. CO (carbon monoxide) = poison
Similar chemical reactions as oxygen
Attaches to hemoglobin more strongly than oxygen => RBC cannot deliver O2 cells
Symptoms of CO poisoning
Flushed appearance, tired, nauseous, aches/pains
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Extreme, contd. B. Extreme Altitudes
At higher altitudes, atmospheric pressure drops Total amount of gases is much less, difficult to obtain
enough oxygen (hypoxia) Try to compensate by hyperventilating or breathing
more quickly or deeply Ex. Mountain climbers use oxygen masks to help them
breathe Pulmonary edema: low pressure causes lung
capillaries to leak fluid that drowns the person in own secretions
Ex. Native Andeans: barrel shaped chests, large lungs, more capillaries around alveoli, strong diaphragms
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Extreme, contd. C. Diving:
At higher pressures below ocean’s surface, divers must carry tanks, which release oxygen-containing air at a pressure that matches the pressure of the ocean water on diver’s body
Otherwise, it would be impossible for them to inhale/inflate lungs at such high external pressure
D. Drowning Death from suffocation Water cuts off oxygen supply
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Extreme, contd. Mammalian Diving Reflex
Slowing of breathing and pulse, triggered by exposure of cold water to face
Blood is shunted from gut, skin, muscles and sent to brain, heart, lungs
When face removed from water, MDR shuts down and CPR must be administered for survival
CPR is administered for underwater exposure up to one hour!
Younger people more apt to recover Example, Jimmy T (UP 43)
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V. Common Respiratory Diseases (UP 42) Bronchitis Emphysema Pneumonia Lung Cancer Asthma