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IAEA Technical Meeting on Future Human Actions at Disposal Sites
IAEA, Vienna, Austria
September 24-28, 2012
Overview of NRC Approach to Human Intrusion
at LLW Shallow Land Disposal Facilities
Boby Abu-Eid, Ph.D.
Division of Waste Management and Environmental Protection
Office of Federal and State Materials and Environmental Management ProgramsU.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
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10 CFR Part 61 LLW Disposal Concept
Near-surface (<30 m depth) land disposal with specific technical requirements, performance objectives, and procedural requirements
Cornerstone of safe disposal is stability:• Stable wastes, design• Reliance on natural system isolation • Reduced exposure to intruders• Stability of waste form & packaging
Graded stability requirements using waste classes A, B, and C
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10 CFR Part 61.7 LLW Disposal Conceptfor Intruder Protection
(3) ……Protection of such intruders can involve two principal controls: (a) institutional control over the site after operations by the site owner to ensure that no such occupation or improper use of the site occurs; (b) or, designating which waste could present an unacceptable risk to an intruder, and disposing of this waste in a manner that provides some form of intruder barrier that is intended to prevent contact with the waste. This regulation incorporates both types of protective controls.
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LLW Timeframe and Performance Period
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NUREG-1573
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Waste Classification Table 1 Long-Lived Radionuclide (§61.55)
Radionuclide Concentration Ci/M3
C-14 8
C-14 in activated metal 80
Ni-59 in activated metal 220
NB-94 in activated metal 0.2
Tc-99 3
I-129 0.08
Alpha-emitting transuranic nuclides (t1/2 > 5yr), nCi/g 100
Pu-241, nCi/g 3,500
Cm-242, nCi/g
(If Concentration <0.1 of column value, Class A; if >0.1 and <1.0 of column value, Class C.
20,000
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A LLW Disposal Design Concept
7NUREG-1573
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Intruder Scenarios for Part 61 LLW & for Incidental Waste
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Cap
Waste
Inhalation of dust
Direct radiation from dust cloud
Direct radiation from waste volume
Intruder Construction
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10 CFR Part 61 LLW Disposal Concept
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Cap
Waste
Inhalation of dust
Direct radiation from dust cloud
Direct radiation from waste volume
Deposition of dust
Soil to root transfer
Plant-to-animal-to-human
Plant-to-animal product-to-human
NOTE: Includes modified food pathways to account for non-equilibrium deposition and subsequent root uptake: (i) plant-human; (ii) plant-animal-human; and (iii) plant-animal product-human
Intruder Agriculture
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Schematic Illustration of Examples of Exposure Scenarios for DU Disposal
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PA Approach: Representation of LLW System, Conceptual & Mathematical Models, and Estimated Performance
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An Approach to Uncertainty Analysis
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Intruder & Human Activity Issues
• How to treat future site conditions, processes, events, & climate change• Intruder exposure scenarios assumptions, probability, and safety case (SC)
stylized specific scenarios and realistic exposure pathways• Timeframe for LLW performance assessment, Intruder dose criteria,
compliance period & SR-SSR-5 Para 2.15 dose band optimization • Performance of covers, engineered barriers & as a safty function to protect
intruder • Treatment of sensitivity and uncertainty and integration of uncertainties for
intruder analysis & human activities• Role of monitoring & safety functions during operational and post- closure
periods;• Passive & active institutional controls issues• Source term assumptions, waste stability, and waste classification • Overall integration of safety functions based on site characterization, facility
design, scenario assumptions, and safety analysis during facility life cycle and update of the safety case
• Bench-marking and QA/QC issues• Stakeholders Inputs
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