i
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@
mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
lu,d ,shkf.a
m%ldYkh
f*%âßÉ BnÜ iaá*agqka
2012
ii
lu,d ,shkf.a
t*a'B'tia' m%ldYk wxl 93
l¾;Df.a wjirh fkdue;sj Wmqgd .ekSu ;ykï'
,shkf.a lu,d 2012
úµq;a ;emE, ( [email protected]
Y%S ,xld cd;sl mqia;ld, uKav,h - m%ldY.; iqÑlrK o;a;
,shkf.a lu,d
ia;%S mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudk o @•
foaYmd,k úµdj•
ia;%S wOHhk•
ISBN 978-955-1282-01-1
m%ldYh (
f*%âßÉ BnÜ iaá*agqka
fkd' 4" wevïia wejkshq" fld<U 4'
ÿrl:k wxlh ( 011-2502710
msgq ieleiau yd ljrh (
YIsl .=K;s,l
uqøKh (
iS$i lekaä ´*afiÜ m%skag¾ia
947" fmardfoKsh mdr" uykqjr'
081-2389880
iii
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
mgqk
msgq wxlh
fmrjok iv
ye|skaùu vii
1
ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd jQ 01
cd;Hka;r yd cd;sl wjOdkh
2
ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh( cd;Hka;r yd 13
cd;sl ;;a;ajh
3
mx.= l%u kHdh( ia;%S-mqreI iudk foaYmd,k 18
mqrjeis nj
4
ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd mx.= l%u yd fjk;a 65
Wml%u Ndú;h( úfoia w;aoelSï
5
Y%S ,xldj i|yd mx.= l%uhl wjYH;djh 152
wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh 184
iv
lu,d ,shkf.a
fmrjok
Y%S ,xldfõ ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu
iïnkaOjQ l;sldj;" miq.sh oYl foll muK ld,h ;siafia
ia;%S jHdmdrfha kdhsldjka" jD;a;slhka" úoaj;=ka" iólaIlhska yd
isú,a ixúOdk ls%hdldÍka w;r ckms%h;ajhg m;aù we;' uE;l
isg th fmdÿ ck;dj w;r idlÉPdjg n`ÿka jk ud;Dldjla
njgo m;a fjñka ;sfí' tfiau" úúO ,dxlsl ia;%S ixúOdk
ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍfï wruqfKka úúO ls%hdldrlï
ixúOdkh lsÍuo isÿfjñka mj;S' iduh yd hymd,kh i|yd jQ
ldka;dfjda ixúOdkh úiska 2007 isg 2011 olajd uOHu m<d; ;=<"
wod< wruqKq fmroeß lrf.k ls%hdldrlï rdYshla ixúOdkh
lrk ,oS' tu ld,h ;=<oS Y%S ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, ck;dj
iu`. fuu lreK iïnkaOfhka meje;ajQ idlÉPdj,oS wjfndaO
jQfha ,dxlsl fmdÿ ck;dj;a" m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,k kdhlhskq;a
ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okfha jeo.;alu fmrg jvd hï ;rulska
fyda jgyd f.k we;s njhs' tfy;a" ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj,a Ndú;
lrk mx.= l%u ms<sn| iuyr mqoa.,hka wid we;;a" mx.= l%u
ms<sn| meyeos,s wjfndaOhla fndfyda mqoa.,hkag ;ju;a fkdue;s
neõ fuu ld,h ;=<oS wmg jegyqKs' ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh
i|yd úêu;a yd WmdhYS,s ls%hdud¾. wkq.ukh fldg id¾:l
m%;sM, oskd.ekSug kï Pkaoodhlhdg" Pkao wfmalaIlhdg"
ksfhdað;hdg fukau foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhg;a wod< mßmd,k
ks,Odßkag;a ta ms<sn| meyeos,s wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;=h' tu
oekqu j¾Okh lsÍu iduh yd hy md,kh i|yd jQ ldka;dfjda
ixúOdkfha uqLH wruqKls'
fuu wruqK idlaId;a lr.ekSfï ,d f*âßÉ BnÜ
iaá*agqkaa wdh;kh wmj fufyhjñka fuu lD;sh iïmdokh
lsÍug kka whqßka odhl úh' tu fkduiqre iyfhda.h w;sYhskau
v
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
w.h lrñ' f*âßÉ BnÜ iaá*agqka wdh;kfha fkajdisl ksfhdað;
fkdard ,ka.kandy¾ uy;añh iy mßmd,k ks,Odßks frdaysKS
mSßia uy;añh we;=¨ ld¾h uKav,h ksrka;rfhka wmj
Wkkaÿ lrñka" ñ;%YS,sj lghq;= lsÍu fuu lD;sh iïmdokhg
fnfyúka myiqjla úh' ta ish¨ fokdgu uf.a f.!rjkSh
ia;+;sh mqolrñ' fuu lD;sh ,sùug moku jegqfka ud 2004-
05 j¾Ij, *q,an%hsÜ wê YsIH;aj ,dNshl= f,i fjdIsxgka ã'
iS' ys wußldkq úYaj úoHd,fha mYapd;a wdpd¾h Wmdê wOHhk
lghq;=j, ksr;jk wjêfhaoSh' taldldÍ wOHhk osúfhka u|lg
úrduhla ,ndoS" fun`ÿ l¾;jHhlg is; tl`. lsÍug bvm%ia:d
i,id ÿka fld<U *q,an%hsÜ fldñifï wOHlaIl ;siai ch;s,l
uy;aud we;=¿ ld¾h uKav,hgo fnfyúka ia;+;sjka; fjñ'
tu ld,h ;=<oS *q,an%hsÜ wê-YsIH;ajOdßkaf.a wOHhk iólaIK
lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh lrñka" wod< f;dr;=re iemhQ uydpd¾h
lefrd,ska t,shÜ jo fifkyiska isysm;a lrñ'
fï i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re imhd .ekSfïoS úúO whqßka
iydh oelajQ kj os,a,s f*âßÉ BnÜ iaá*agqka wdh;kfha oïhka;s
Y%SOrka yd ukaOù l=,afY%aIa;%d" uy;aókago" wod< ,sms f,aLk
imhd ÿka wußldkq úYaj úoHd,fha mqia;ld, ld¾h uKav,hgo"
m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka
iólaIK lghq;= j, ksr;j isáoaoS kka whqßka Wmldr l<
tu úYaj úoHd,fha uydpd¾h úoHdud,S iurisxyg o fnfyúka
ia;+;sjka; fjñ'
fuu lD;sfha uq,a msgm; lshjd úúO ixfYdaOk yd woyia
bosßm;a fldg ixialrKh lrÿka uydpd¾h isßud lsßnuqfKago"
fidaÿm;a ksjerÈ lrÿka ldka;s .uf.a uy;añhg o" fuys mß.Kl
h;=re ,shkh lrÿka y¾IKS y,shoao fukúhgo fnfyúka
ia;+;sjka; fjñ'
vi
lu,d ,shkf.a
uf.a wOHhk lghq;=j,oS kka whqßka iyfhda.h olajk
uEKshkao" oshKsjreka Wiia wOHdmkhg fhduqfldg tfy;a tys
wjik fkdÿgq mshdKkao isysm;a lrkafka yomsß f.!rjfhks'
wúfõlS osúhg úúO whqßka iydh fok zzkkaod fijkZZ yd
zzi|isßZZ mjq,a j, fidhqre fidhqßhkaf.a ienE f,ka.;=luo
w.h lrñ'
fun`ÿ ld¾hhlg ld,h yd Y%uh lemlsÍfïoS uf.ka
w;miqjk mjqf,a j.lSï Ndrf.k ksn|j uf.a osúhg w;aje,la
jk wfYdal;a" taldldÍ wOHhk osúfhka ud uqojd i;=g yd
fifkyi /f.k tk cfka;s%;a wdorfhka isysm;a lrñ'
lu,d ,shkf.a
fcHIaG uydpd¾h
foaYmd,k úoHd wxYh
fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h
fmardfoKsh'
vii
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
ye|skaùu
miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;siafia f,dj fndfyda rgj,;a Y%S
,xldfõ;a ia;%Ska wOHdmkh" Y%u n,ldfha iyNd.s;ajh" m%cd
ixj¾Ok ls%hdldrlï yd fi!LH ;;ajh hkdos wxYj,ska ie,lsh
hq;= ch.%yK w;am;a lrf.k we;' 1890 jkúg f,dj lsisÿ rgl
ia;%Skag i¾jck Pkao n,h ysñù fkd;snqko" 1994 jkúg f,dj
rgj,a w;ßka 96] l ia;%Skag tu jru ysñ ù ;snqKs (Ramirez; et.al, 1997)' 2000 oYlfha § b;sß rgj,a o ia;%Skag i¾jck
Pkao n,h ysñ l<y' 2003 ´udkh" 2005 l=fõgh" 2006 lgd¾
iy tlai;a wrdì tñf¾Üia ys ia;%Skag tu jru ysñúh' fuu
ch.%yKh;a iu`. fndfyda rgj, ia;%S Pkaoodhlhskaf.a m%;sY;h
tlaflda mqreIhskag jvd jeäfhka fyda ke;skï mqreIhkaf.a
m%;sY;h ;rugu j¾Okh ùu miq.sh oYlh ;=< m%ldYs;
iqúfYaIS ch.%yKhls (http://www.idea.int/vt/survey/by-gender.cfm)'
tfy;a fuu ch.%yK ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh
yd kdhl;ajh ie,lsh hq;= wdldrhlska j¾Okh lsÍug odhl
ù we;af;a f,dj rgj,a 30 la muK jQ iq¿ ixLHdjloSh' iuyr
ixj¾ê;" w¾O ixj¾ê; fukau ixj¾Okh jkakd jQ rgj,skq;a
m%ldY jkafka foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iïnkaOfhka mj;sk ia;%S-
mqreI ysoei ;ju;a ta wdldrfhkau mj;sk njhs' tksid f,dalfha
cd;sl jHjia:dodhlhkays ia;%S ksfhdackfha fmdÿ m%;sY;h
;ju;a 19] la jeks my< w.hl mj;S (http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm)' fuh kQ;k f.da,Sh m%Yakhla njg m;aj we;s
w;r" ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu hk lreK
f,dal ia;%S jHdmdr m%uqL;djh ,ndfok uQ,sl wruqKqj,ska tlla
njgo m;aù ;sfí' taksid ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh yd foaYmd,kh"
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh yd m%cd;ka;%jdoh" ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh
yd mqrjeisnj iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy hymd,kh jeks
viii
lu,d ,shkf.a
f;aud j;auka ckms%h f.da,Sh ixl,am njg m;aù we;' tfiau
tu f;aud ia;%S wOHhk" foaYmd,k úoHdj yd iudc úoHdj hk
úIhkays flakaø njg o m;aù we;'
fuu mßirh ;=< ia;S% ksfhdackfha j¾Okh
iïnkaOfhka" 1995 fnhsðx cd;Hka;r ia;%S iuq¿fõoS m%ldYhg
m;al< tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ls%hdldÍ jevie,eiafukq;a" m%uqL;djh
,nd ÿks' fuu cd;Hka;r wjOdkfha m%;sM,hla f,i fndfyda
rgj, wdKavq yd foaYmd,k mlaI úiska ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh
i|yd úúO Wml%u Ndú;d lsÍu wdrïN lrk ,oS' óg fmroS mjd
ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a fndfyduhl foaYmd,k mlaI úiska
fï iïnkaOfhka fmruqK f.k iafõÉPd mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd
oS ;snqKs' 1990 ueo .Kkaj,oS iuyr ngysr hqfrdamd rgj,a
jk c¾uksh" m%xYh" fn,aðhu yd ì%;dkH jeks rgj, we;eï
foaYmd,k mlaI;a ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a wkq.ukh l<y'
jHjia:dkql+,j wdik fjkalsÍfï l%uh fuu hqfrdamd
rgj,g;a fmr isg iuyr wdishdkq rgj,a úiska wdrïN lrk
,oS' 1956 oS mlsia;dkh ia;%Ska i|yd iq¿ ixLHdjlska fyda wdik
fjkal< w;r" 1970 oS nx.,dfoaYh th wkq.ukh lf<ah' 1993
oS bkaoshdkq wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhla u.ska m<d;a
md,k wdh;kj, wdikj,ska 1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka flßKs'
fkamd,fha 2008 Ndrldr wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjkao ia;%Ska i|yd
wdik fjka flßKs' thg wu;rj" bkaÿkSishdj" we*a.ksia:dkh"
ms,smSkh yd Ökh ^m<d;a md,k wdh;k i|yd& jeks rgj,ao
kS;Hdkql+,j mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oS ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh flf¾
wjOdkh fhduqlr ;sfí'
1990 .Kka uq, isg ,;ska wußldkq rdcH 14 l wdKavq
úiska jHjia:dkql+, mx.= l%u fukau" tu rgj, iuyr mlaI
úiska iafõÉPd mx.= l%uo y`ÿkajd fokq ,eîh' 1900 .Kkaj,
ix
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
ueo yd 2000 uq, ld,h ;=<oS mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oSfï m%jK;djh
wms%ldkq l,dmfhkao m%ldYhg m;a úh' úfYaIfhkau mYapd;a-
hqold,Sk jd;djrK iys; rgj,a m%cd;ka;%jdoS foaYmd,k l%uj,g
mßj¾;kh ùfïoS kj wdKavql%u jHjia:d u.ska mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd
oSu fï rgj, iqúfYaIS ,laIKhla úh' ol=Kq wms%ldj" rejkavdj"
W.kavdj yd brdlh jeks rgj,a jHjia:dkql+, fyda iafõÉPd
mx.= l%u u.ska oYlhla jeks fláld,hla ;=,oS m%udKd;aul
fukau .=Kd;auljo ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka hï
hï ch.%yK ysñlr.;a rgj,a f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
fldfidfjda" fn,rEia" lilia;dka yd l¾.sia;dka jeks
kef.kysr hqfrdamd rgj¨;a m%cd;ka;%ShlrKh;a iu`. ia;%Ska
ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd úúO Wml%u y`ÿkajd oS ;sfí' kuq;a
fï iEu rglau wfmalaIs; m%;sM, ta whqßkau oskdf.k fkdue;'
iuyr rgj,a tu rgj, mj;sk foaYmd,k yd iudc ikao¾Nhkag
fnfyúka fhda.H mßos fuu Wml%u y`ÿkajd oSu ksid id¾:l
m%;sM, w;alrf.k we;' WodyrK f,i ialekaäfkaúhdkq
rgj, mj;sk iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS foaYmd,k mßirh u; tu
rgj, fndfyduhla mlaI y`ÿkajd ÿka iafõÉPd mx.= l%uj,ska
wfmalaIs; m%;sM, oskdf.k we;' kuq;a tu rgj,g fjkiajQ
foaYmd,k l%u" foaYmd,k ixialD;Ska yd iudc ikao¾Nhka iys;
rgj,a iafõÉPd mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿkak;a ta whqßkau id¾:l fõ
hhs wfmalaId l< fkdyelsh' ia;%S ksfhdackfha j¾Okh wruqKq
lr.;a mx.=l%u yd fjk;a Wmdhud¾. Ndú;h iïnkaOfhka ta ta
rgj, iqúfYaIS w;aoelSï ms<sn| ;=,kd;aul úYaf,aIK m%udKj;a
whqßka ;ju;a isÿù fkdue;' ia;%S wOHhk yd foaYmd,k úoHd
úIhka ;=<oS mjd ;ju;a mx.= l%u kHdh ixlS¾K kHdhla f,i
ie,fla' ta iïnkaO jQ l;sldj; f.da,Sh jYfhka ckms%h whqßka
jHdma; jqjo" th újdohg n`ÿka jQ l;sldj;la ù ;sfí' fï ksid
mx.= l%u kHdh" mx.= l%u j¾.SlrKh" mx.= l%uj, we;s jdis
iy wjdisiy.; ;;ajhka" úúO rgj,a mx.= l%u oskd .ekSug
x
lu,d ,shkf.a
Ndú; l< Wml%u yd tajdhska id¾:l m%;sM, ,nd.;a wdldrh
fyda thg n,mE fya;= iy mx.= l%u iuyr rgj,oS wid¾:l
ùug n,mE fya;= hkdosh ms<sn|j ;=,kd;aulj wOHhkh lsÍu
f.da,Sh wjYH;djhla ù we;'
fndfyda rgj,g iudkj hñka Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%Skao
fi!LH" wOHdmkh" /lshd hk wxY j,ska yd fmdÿ lghq;=j,g
iyNd.súu iïnkaOfhka" uE; oYl foll muK ld,h ;=<oS
úfYaI ch.%yK ysñlrf.k we;' tfy;a tu ch.%yK Tjqkaf.a
foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha j¾Okh i|yd iq¿ jYfhka fyda
odhl;ajhla olajd fkdue;s ùu Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%Ska uqyqK oS we;s
úYd, .eg¿jla fukau m%n, wNsfhda.hls' ì%;dkH hg;a úð;j
mej;s rgj,a w;ßka m%:ufhkau i¾jck Pkao n,h ̂1931& oskd.;a
,dxlsl ia;%Skaf.a cd;sl uÜgfï foaYmd,k ksfhdackh lsisÿ
ue;sjrKhloS 6] lg jvd jeä ù ke;' m<d;a md,k wdh;k
uÜgfïoS tu m%;sY;h 2] l olajdj;a j¾Okh ù fkdue;'
1970 oYlfha ueo Nd.fha isg fuu .eg¿j úi|Su i|yd m%Odk
,dxlsl ia;%S ixúOdk yd ta iïnkaO Wkkaÿj olajk mqoa.,hska
.Kkdjla rdcHhg yd foaYmd,k mlaI j,g úúO whqßka
n,mEï l<o" ta lsisu m%h;akhla fuf;la id¾:l ù fkdue;'
ue;sjrK l%u ixfYdaOkh ms<sn| fidhd ne,Sug 2003 m;al<
md¾,sfïka;= f;aÍï ldrl iNdjgo ia;%S ixúOdk" jks;d lghq;=
wud;HxYfhao iydfhka ia;%S ksfhdackhg wod< fhdackd bosßm;a
lf<ah' bkamiqj m<d;a md,k wdh;k m%;sixúOdkh ms<sn| fidhd
ne,Sug m;al< md¾,sfïka;= lñgqjgo wjia:d .KkdjloSA tn`ÿ
fhdackd yd woyia bosßm;a lf<ah' 2011 oS mx.=l%uhla y`ÿkajd
oSu iïnkaO fhdackdj,shla <ud yd ldka;d wNsjDoaêh ms<sn|
weu;sjrhd úiska leìkÜ uKav,hg bosßm;a l<o" th m%;sfCIam
úh' 2012 Tlaf;dan¾ ui§ Y%S ,xld md¾,sfïka;=j úiska iïu;
lre .kq ,enQ m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ksfhdack l%u ixfYdaOk
mK;g 25] l kdu fhdackd m%;sY;hla wka;¾.; lrjd .ekSug
xi
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
l< W;aidyhka o wid¾:l úh' tu mK;ska m%ldY ù we;af;a
m,d;a md,k ue;sjrKj,g bÈßm;a lrk kdufhdackdj,;a 25]
la ;reKhska yd ldka;djka úh yels nj muKs'
;jo miq.sh oYl fol ;=<§ ia;%S ixúOdk .Kkdjla
úúO idlÉPd" iïuka;%K yd yuqùïj,oS fuu .eg¿j ms<sn|
foaYmd,k mlaI kdhlhska oekqj;a fldg" ia;%S ksfhdackh
j¾Okh lsÍug wod< mshjr .kakd f,i b,a,Sï bÈßm;a lr we;'
tfy;a ta lsisÿ b,a,Sulg Y%S ,dxlsl rdcH fyda lsisÿ foaYmd,k
mlaIhla fuf;la hym;a m%;spdrhla olajd fkdue;'
fuu mßirh ;=< Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%S ixúOdk;a" ia;%Syq;a"
fmdÿfõ isú,a iudch;a furg m%cd;ka;%jdohg" hymd,khg"
ia;%Skaf.a mqrjeisNdjhg" ;sridr ixj¾Okhg yd ;sridr iduhg
Rcqj n,mdk .eg¿jla jQ wju ia;%S ksfhdackh ms<sn| .eg¿j
úi|d .ekSug oeä lemùulska" úêu;aj yd tlai;aj lghq;=
l<hq;= ld,h t<U we;' fuu ld¾h id¾:l lr .ekSug kï
wod, ish¨u md¾Yjhka mx.= l%u kHdh iu. iudkd;au;djh"
m%cd;ka;%jdoh" ksfhdackh yd hymd,kh jeks ixl,am ne|S
we;s wdldrh ms<sn| meyeos,s wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu w;HjYHh'
tfyhska ia;%Skag muKla fkdj ish¨u Pkaoodhlhskag"
foaYmd,k kdhlhskag" ls%hdldßkag" isú,a ixúOdk kdhlhskag"
mßmd,lhskag fukau fmdÿ ck;djg;a ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh
i|yd Ndú;d l<yels mx.=l%u yd fjk;a Wml%u ms<sn| meyeos,s
wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu ld,Sk wjYH;djhls'
tn`ÿ f;dr;=re /.;a foaYSh niska ,shejqk fmd;m; Y%S
,xldj ;=< úr,h' tfyhska tu wvqj msrùu i|yd fuu lD;sfhka
hï odhl;ajhla ,efí hhs úYajdi lrñ'
xii
lu,d ,shkf.a
1
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
1
ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd jQ
cd;Hka;r yd cd;sl wjOdkh
foaYmd,k ksfhdackh we;=¿ wfkl=;a ish¨u foaYmd,k
lghq;=j,g iyNd.s ùu i|yd jk whs;sjdislï cd;Hka;r udkj
whs;sjdislï m%ldYk yd m%{ma;s u.ska ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu
iudkj ysñlr oS we;' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska m%ldYhg
m;alrkq ,enQ 1948 úYaj udkj whs;sjdislï m%ldYkfha 2 jeks
j.ka;shg wkqj tys wka;¾.; ish¨u whs;sjdislï ia;%S-mqreI
Ndjh u; úfYaIhla fkdue;sj iEu mqoa.,fhl=gu iudkj
Wreu fõ' tu m%ldYkfha 21^1& j.ka;shg wkqj
zzfl<skau fyda ksoyiaj f;dard .;a ksfhdað;hska u.ska
;u rfÜ rchg iyNd.s ùug iEu mqoa.,hl=gu whs;sh
we;' ^tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn| úYaj
m%ldYkh" 1948; 21: 1).
1966" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska m%ldYhg m;alrkq
,enQ isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl
iïuq;sfha 25 jeks j.ka;sfhkao" lsisÿ m%fNaohlska f;drj
yd widOdrK iSud lsÍïj,ska f;drj foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha
whs;sh ia;%Ska yd mqreIhkag ysñlr oS we;' thg wkqj
zzuyck lghq;= úIfhys ,d fl<skau fyda ksoyiaj f;dard
.kq ,nk ksfhdað;hska u.ska iyNd.s ùug;ksoyia yd iudk Pkaofhka isÿl< hq;=jQo" f;dark
2
lu,d ,shkf.a
;eke;a;kaf.a ksoyia leue;a; m%ldY lsÍu iy;sl
flfrñka ryia Pkaofhka meje;aúh hq;=jqo" ks¾jHdc
jdr ue;sjrKj,oS" Pkaoh oSug iy f;dard .kq ,eîug;ZZ ish¨u mqoa.,hkag iudk whs;shla we;' ̂tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl
iïuq;sh; 1966" 25( w" wd&
1981" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ia;%Skag tfrys ish¨u wdldr
fjkialï msgqoelSfï iïuq;sfha II fldgfia 7 jeks
j.ka;sfhkao my; i|yka wdldrfhka ksfhdackh yd
fjk;a foaYmd,k ls%hdldrlï i|yd ia;%Skag we;s whs;sh
;yjqre lr we;'
zzmqreIhka yd iudkj ia;%Skago"
^w& ish¨ Pkao úuiSïj,oS iy cku; úpdrKj,oS Pkaoh
m%ldY lsÍug iy ck;d Pkaofhka ksfhdað;hska f;dard
.kakd wdh;kj,g f;aÍ m;aùug"
^wd& rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfhys ,d iyNd.s ùug" rdcH
ks,;, fynùug" rdcH md,kfha ish¨ uÜgïj, fmdÿ
ld¾hkays ksr;ùug iudk whs;sjdislï iy;sl lrkq
we;ZZ ^tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ia;%Skag tfrys ish¨ wdldr
fjkialï ÿre lsÍfï iïuq;sh ^iSfvda iïuq;sh& 1979" ^7(
w" wd&
1990 uq, isg fmdÿ ls%hdldrlïj,oS ;SrK .ekSug
ia;%Ska iyNd.s úhhq;=h hk ixjdoh ms<sn| cd;Hka;rh ;=<
jeä wjOdkhla fhduq úh' tksid tu lreK tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixúOdkfha jeä wjOdkhg o fhduqúh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i"
1995 fnhsðx cd;Hka;r ldka;d iïfï,kfhaoS ieliqk fnhsðx
3
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
ls%hdldÍ jev ie,eiaugo fuu lreK wka;¾.; flßKs' 1995
iema;eïn¾ uioS" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha idudðl rgj,a
189 la úiska fuu jev ie,eiau talÉPkaofhka wkqu; lrk
,oS' tu ie,eiafï G j.ka;sfhka m%Odk wruqKq 2 la m%ldY fõ'
tajd kï
zzn, jHQyhka1 yd ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,oS ia;%Skaf.a
mQ¾K iyNd.S;ajh iy iudk m%fõYh ;yjqre lsÍu;a"
;SrK .ekSu yd kdhl;ajh .ekSug ia;%Skag iyNd.S ùu
i|yd yelshd j¾Okhg wod< mshjr .ekSu;ahZZ (United Nations, 1995, Section G).
fnhsðx ls%hdldÍ jev ie,eiaug wkqj
zz;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,oS ia;%Skaf.a iudk iyNd.s;ajh
m%cd;ka;%jdoh fyda idOdrK;ajh ms<sn| b,a,Sula muKla
fkdfõ' th ia;%Skaf.a wdYdjka yd jqjukdjkag ksis
wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu i|yd jk w;HjYH fldkafoaishlsZZ
(tu( 181 j.ka;sh).
;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,oS ia;%S ksfhdackh iïnkaOfhka
fuu ls%hdldÍ jev ie,eiau cd;Hka;rhg oeäf,i n,mE w;r"
rgj,a .Kkdjl ia;%S ixúOdk th id¾:l whqßka l%shd;aul
lf<ah (Krook, 2004; Dahlerup, 2006)' iuyr cd;Hka;r yd
l,dmSh ixúOdko fï iïnkaOfhka jeä wjOdkhla fhduql<
w;r ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd wod< wkqmd;
l%u tu ixúOdk j, idudðl rgj,g ks¾foaY lf<ah'
1' fmdÿ wdh;kj," by< isg my< olajd ;k;=re" n,h yd ld¾hka
ixúOdk.; ù we;s wdldrh fyda wdh;ksl jHQyh
4
lu,d ,shkf.a
tn÷ ixúOdk w;ßka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ia;S%ka i|yd jk
ixj¾Ok wruqo, (UN Development Fund for Women - UNIFEM) fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh md¾,sfïka;= ix.uh (Commonwealth Parliamentary Association) wka;¾ md¾,sfïka;= ix.uh (Inter-Parliamentary Union - IPU), hqfrdamd ix.uh (European Union - EU)" wdrlaIdj yd iyfhda.s;dj i|yd jQ hqfrdamd ixúOdkh
(Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe-OSCE) iy m%cd;ka;%jdoh iy ue;sjrK iydh i|yd jQ cd;Hka;r
wdh;kh (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance - IDEA) hk ixúOdk m%Odk fõ (Dahlerup, 2003) '
iSfvda m%{ma;sh w;aika l< rgj,a tu rgj, ia;%Skaf.a
;;a;ajh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iSfvda lñgqjg kS;Hdkql+, jd¾;d
bÈßm;a lsÍfïoS" fuu cd;Hka;r ixúOdkj,ska ia;%S ksfhdackh
j¾Okh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka f,dj mqrd fnod yeß f;dr;=re
fnfyúka m%fhdackhg .;ay' tfiau" fnhsðx ls%hdldß jev
ie,eiafï ks¾foaY ls%hd;aul lsÍu iïnkaOfhka" ksõfhda¾lays
meje;ajQ fnhsðx +5 iuq¿jg jd¾;d iemhSfïoS;a ia;%S ksfhdackh
j¾Okh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka fuu rgj,a úfYaI wjOdkhla
fhduq lf<ah' fuu jd¾;d iïmdokh iQodkï lsÍu i|yd ueks,d
ys 2000 oS meje;ajQ foaYmd,k kdhsldjkaf.a f.da,Sh iquq¿fõoS"
jHjia:dms; wkqmd; l%uhla ls%hd;aul lrk f,i Tjqyq iuia;
f,dalfhkau b,a,d isáhy'
wka;¾-md¾,sfïka;= ix.uh (IPU) o md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S
ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka jeo.;a fufyhla
bgq lf<ah' 1994 oS tu ix.uh foaYmd,k ls%hdldrlï j,oS
ia;%S-mqreI iyNd.s;ajfha wiudk;ajh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd ls%hdldß
jev ie,eiaula iïmdokh lf<ah' f,dal md¾,sfïka;=j, ia;%S
ksfhdackh iïnkaO f;dr;=re uqøs; yd úoHq;a udOH u.ska
5
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
fnodyeÍu wdrïN lf<ah' fnhsðx ls%hdldÍ jev ie,eiafï yd
IPU ie,eiafï wod< j.ka;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu iïnkaO f;dr;=re
wka;¾ md¾,sfïka;= ix.uhg bosßm;a lrk f,io tu ixúOdkh
cd;sl md¾,sfïka;=j,ska b,a,d isáfhah'
fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh md¾,sfïka;= ixúOdkh (Commonwealth Parliamentary Association) úiska tys idudðl
rgj, md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhkaf.a tl;=jla ia:dms; lrkq
,eîh' tho fmdÿ rdcH uKav,fha idudðl rdcHj, yd f,dalh
mqrd ;sfnk md¾,sfïka;=j, ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍfï
wjYH;djh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lf<ah (Sawer, 2000)'
óg wu;rj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ia;%Ska i|yd jk ixj¾Ok
wruqo, (UNIFEM), ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a" ´iafÜ%,shdj yd
kjiS,ka;h jeks rgj,a ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd wod<
ls%hdldrlïj,g" úfYaIfhkau wdishd *eismsla yd wms%ldkq
rgj,g m%;smdok ,ndoSuo" ta iïnkaOj cd;Hka;r wjOdkh
j¾Okhg n,mEï lf<ah' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i l,dmSh
ixúOdk" tkï cd;sl ldka;d ljqkais,h (National Council of Women), foaYmd,kfha ia;%Ska iïnkaOjQ wdishd-meismsla
flakaøh (Centre for Asia-Pacific Women in Politics - CAPWIP), kS;sh yd ixj¾Okh iïnkaO wdishd-meismsla ldka;dfjda (Asia-Pacific Women, Law and Development - APWLD), uqia,sï
rgj, md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhkaf.a ixúOdkh (Organization of Women Parlimentarians from Muslim Countries), f.da,Sh
ls%hdldrlï i|yd jQ md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;fhda (Parlimentarians for Global Action) iy ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k n,.ekaùu i|yd
jQ ol=Kq wdishdkq cd,h (South Asian Network for Political Empowerment of Women) jeks ixúOdk ìys úh (Karam, 1998)' fuu l,dmSh ixúOdk úúO rgj, cd;sl ia;%S ixúOdkj,g
6
lu,d ,shkf.a
wod< f;dr;=re ,ndoSu yd tu rgj, ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh
j¾Okh lr .ekSug wod, rdcHj,g n,mEï lrk f,i Wkkaÿ
lrùu u.ska jeo.;a fufyhla bgq lf<ah' tys m%;sm,hla f,i
ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu yd wkqmd; l%uhl
wjYH;djh ms<sn| l;sldj; fndfyda rgj, cd;sl uÜgfï§
jHdma; úh' fuu cd;Hka;r wjOdkh yd n,mEï ksid" ia;%S-
mqreI iudcNdùh wkqmd; l%uh ms<sn| fndfyda rgj,a ;=< fmrg
jvd jeä oekqj;a njla we;súh' iuyr rgj,§ thg lsishï ms<s.
ekSula yd kS;Hdkql+, njlao ,enqKs'
2000 oS tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl uKav,h úiska
iïu; lrkq ,enQ 1325 fhdackdj,sh u.ska .egqï je<elaùu iy
ksrdlrKh lsÍfïoS yd iduh f.dvke`.SfïoS" ia;%S-mqreI iudk
iyNd.S;ajh yd mQ¾K jYfhka tu lghq;=j,g iïnkaOùfï
jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lrkq ,eìKs' tfiau" tu.ska .egqï
je<elaùu iy iu:hlg m;alsÍu iïnkaOfhka ;Skaÿ .ekSfïoS
ia;%Skaf.a N+ñldj j¾Okh lsÍfï wjYH;djho wjOdrKh
flßKs'
1325 fhdackdj,sh úiska wdrlaIl uKav,h" tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a uyf,alï" idudðl rgj,a yd wfkl=;a ish¨u
md¾Yjhkag tlsfklg iïnkaO jQ wxY 4 la ms<sn|j ls%hd;aul
ùug ks¾foaY lrkq ,en ;sfí' thska m<uq ks¾foaYh jkafka
zzidu ls%hdodufha;a" Bg wod< ish¨ wjia:djkaysoS;a"
md,k ;ka;%fha;a úfYaIfhka ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,g
ldka;djkaf.a iyNd.S;ajh ;yjqre lsÍuhsZZ (tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh 1325 fhdackdj,sh, 2000: 2)
7
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
Y%S ,xldfõ wjOdkh
Y%S ,xldfõ 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 12 ̂ 2& j.ka;sfhka
ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh ;yjqre flf¾' thg wkqj ia;%S-mqreI
,sx.sl;ajh u; lsisu mqrjeishl=g fjkialula l< fkdyels
w;r" ish¨u uq,sl whs;sjdislï ia;%S-mqreI fNaohlska f;drj
N=la;s ú|Sug yelsh' ia;%shg;a mqreIhdg fukau is;Sfï" woyia
m%ldY lsÍfï" iduldój ixúOdkh ùfï" foaYmd,k mlaI" rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk" iud.ï yd jD;a;Sh iñ;sj,g iïnkaO ùfï
yd tu lghq;= j, ksr; ùfï whs;sh ysñfõ' ;jo" Pkaoh oSu"
ksfhdackh" ue;sjrK lghq;=" rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh iy tajd
ls%hd;aul lsÍug iyNd.S ùu yd kS;sh bosßfha iudkj ie,lSu
wdoS whs;sjdislïo ,dxlsl ia;%S - mqreI fomCIhgu ysñh'
Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%Ska" orejka yd fjkia jQ yelshd we;a;kaf.a
wNsjDoaêh wruqKq lrf.k iïmdokh lrkq ,nk lsisÿ úfYaI
kS;shla" m%;sm;a;shla" m%;smdokhla fyda úOdhl ls%hdldrlula" 12
^2& j.ka;sfhka oelafjk iudkd;au;d m%;sm;a;sh ksid ;ykug
,la fkdlfrk nj 12^4& j.ka;sfhka m%ldY flf¾ ^Y%S ,xld
m%cd;ka;%jdoS iudcjdoS ckrcfha wdKavql%u jHjia:dj" 1978&'
fuhg wu;rj cd;Hka;r jYfhka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
1948 úYaj udkj ysñlï m%ldYkh" 1966 isú,a yd foaYmd,k
whs;sjdislï ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh" 1981 ia;%Skag tfrys
jQ ish¨u wdldrfha fjkialï ÿrelsÍfï iïuq;sh yd 2002
ixl%uKsl fiajlhska yd Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, idudðlhskaf.a
whs;sjdislï ms<sn| iïuq;sh jeks iïuq;s rdYshla rch ms<sf.k
fyda w;aika lr ;sfí' tajd u.ska o Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%shf.a foaYmd,k
whs;sjdislï we;=¿ wfkl=;a whs;sjdislï kS;Hdkql+,j ;yjqre
lr ;sfí'
8
lu,d ,shkf.a
foaYmd,k" iudc" wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl hk ish¨
fCIa;%hkaysoS ia;%Skaf.a ;;a;ajh j¾Okh lsÍu msKsi" mqreIhkag
iudk whqßka ia;%Skag whs;sjdislï yd ksoyi ysñlr oS lghq;=
lsÍu WÑ; nj" 1993 ldka;d m%{ma;sh m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu u.ska
Y%S ,dxlsl rch ms<sf.k we;' ldka;d m%{ma;sfha I fldgfia 2^1&
j.ka;sfha ^w&" ^wd& yd ^we& j.ka;sj,g wkqj ,dxlsl ia;%Skag
ish¨u ue;sjrKj,oS Pkaoh oSug fukau f;aÍ m;aùug;a"
cd;sl" m<d;a yd m%dfoaYSh Pkao úuiSïj, kdufhdackd j,oS
idOdrK ksfhdackhla ,eîug;a" rcfha m%;sm;a;s ilia lsÍfïoS
iy ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS iyNd.S ùug;a" rdcH uÜgfï ish¨
uyck fufyjr bgqlsÍug;a mqreIhkag iudk jq whs;sjdislï
ysñ ù we;' tfiau ldka;d m%{ma;sfha 2 (ii) j.ka;sfhka jD;a;Sh
iñ;s iy foaYmd,k lghq;=j,g iïnkaO ixúOdk yd ix.ïj,
ia;%S iyNd.S;ajh Y%S ,dxlsl rch úiska jeä oshqKq l<hq;=
njo ms<sf.k we;' ;jo" tu fldgfiau 3 jeks j.ka;sfhka
cd;Hka;r uÜgfïoS rch ksfhdackh lsÍfï yd cd;Hka;r
ixúOdk yd lghq;= j, oS mqreI mlaIh yd iudk mokula u;"
lsisÿ fjkialulska f;drj iyNd.s ùfï wjia:d ia;%Skag iy;sl
lrfokq msKsi rch WÑ; mshjr .;hq;= nj m%ldY flf¾
^ldka;d m%{ma;sh - Y%S ,xld&" 1993&'2
1995 oS jks;d lghq;= wud;HxYh úiska ms<sfh, lrk
,o zzY%S ,xldfõ ldka;djka ms<sn| cd;sl ls%hdldÍ ie,eiau ia;%S-
mqreI iudkd;au;djh foigZZ hk jev ms<sfj,go ia;%Skaf.a
foaYmd,k iyNd.S;ajh yd ;SrK .ekSu ms<sn| lreK wka;¾.;
flßKs'
2 1993" Y%S ,xld ldka;d m%{ma;sh yqfola leìkÜ m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkhla
muKs' th ldka;d ysñlï mK; kñka ixfYdaOkh fldg md¾,sfïka;=j
u.ska iïu; lr.ekSug wjia:d ;=kloS W;aidy .;a;o fuf;la tu
m%h;akh id¾:l ù fkdue;'
9
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
2008 oS tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jevigyk (United Nations Development Programme - UNDP) iu`. jks;d lghq;=
wud;HxYh tlaù ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh yd ksfhdackh
j¾Okh lsÍfï jevigykla osh;a lf<ah' foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh
i|yd ia;%Skaj oekqj;a lsÍu" mqyqKqjla ,ndoSu" udOH jevigyka
meje;aùu" ,xldfõ foaYmd,k wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh
iïnkaOfhka wOHhk jd¾;djla iïmdokh lsÍu yd foaYmd,k
ls%hdldrlïj, ksr; ùfïoS ia;%Ska uqyqK fok wNsfhda. y`ÿkd
.ekSu jeks oE tu jevigykg wka;¾.; úh'
1990 oYlfha w.Nd.fha isg cd;sl ldka;d lñgqj;a"
m%Odk ia;%S ixúOdk lsysmhl=;a ia;%S ksfhdackh i|yd mx.=jla
fjkalrjd .ekSfï b,a,Su rchg bosßm;a lrñka isà' ia;%S
ksfhdackh iïnkaO lreKo we;=<;a ldka;d m%{ma;sh ldka;d
ysñlï mK;la f,i iïmdokh fldg" md¾,sfïka;=fjka kS;shla
f,i iïu; lr fok f,i;a" cd;sl ldka;d fldñiu ia:dms;
lrk f,i;a 1994 isg fï olajd b,a,d isà' 2012 cQks udifhaoS o
jks;d lghq;= wud;HxYh yd cd;sl ldka;d lñgqj kej;;a tu
mK; ilid wod< weu;sjrhd u.ska leìkÜ uKav, /iaùug
bosßm;a l<o" th kej;;a m%;slafIam úh' 2000 oYlfha uq, isgu
ue;sjrK m%;sixialrK ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= úfYaI ldrl iNdj
bosßfha wjia:d lSmhloS woyia olajñka" ue;sjrK kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=j,ska ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla fjkalrk f,io b,a,d
isáfhah' kuq;a 2011 yd 2012 jirj,§ m<d;a md,k wdh;k
wd{d mK; ixfYdaOkh lsÍu i|yd md¾,sfïka;=jg bosßm;a
l< mK;go tu lreK we;=<;a fldg fkd;sìKs'
Y%S ,dxlsl rdcH hdka;%Kh ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh
iïnkaOfhka fumuKlska fyda lghq;= lsÍug wjOdkh fhduq
lf<a 1990 .Kkaj, isgh' ta i|yd wksjd¾fhkau cd;Hka;r
10
lu,d ,shkf.a
wjOdkh yd n,mEï bjy,a úh' thg wu;rj" ia;%Skaf.a
foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iïnkaOj Y%S ,dxlsl rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk" úoaj;=ka yd iólaIlhska úúO wOHhk lsÍu" fmd;a yd
m;s%ld m%ldYkh" iïuka;%K" ixjdo yd jevuq¿ meje;aùu;a 1970
w. Nd.fha muK isg hï ;rulska fyda wdrïN jqKs'
1970 muK isg ia;%S wOHhk yd ls%hdldrlï iïnkaO m%Odk
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk lSmhla tl;=fjka uy ue;sjrKj,g fmr
foaYmd,k mlaIj,g n,mEï lrñka ia;%Skag jeä kdu fhdackd
m%udKhla ,ndfok f,i b,a,d isáfhah' tys m%;sM,hla f,i Y%S
,xld ksoyia mlaIh ̂ YS%','ks'm'& we;=¿ iu.s fmruqK iNd.h iy
tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh ^t'cd'm'& ish ue;sjrK m%ldYkj,ska ia;%S-
mqreI fomlaIhgu iudk whs;sjdislï yd bv m%ia:d ,ndfok
neõ wjOdrKh lf<ah'
1977 tu mlaI fol;a" tlai;a jdudxYsl fmruqK;a ia;%Skaf.a
m%Yak ms<sn| úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduqlrk neõ wjOdrKh lf<ah'
bkamiq meje;ajQ iEu uy ue;sjrK yd ckdêm;sjrKhloSu
Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI muKla fkdj l=vd mCI;a
ia;%Skaf.a m%Yak flf¾ úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduqlrk njg ish
ue;sjrK m%;sm;a;s m%ldYk u.ska fmdfrdkaÿ úh' 2004 isg
m%Odk foaYmd,l mlaI fol m<d;a md,k ksfhdackfhaoS ia;%S
m%;sY;h jeä lsÍug mshjr .kakd njg ue;sjrK m%ldYkj,ska
fmdfrdkaÿ úh' 2004 uy ue;sjrKfhaoS bosßm;a flreKq uyskao
Ñka;k m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkfhka o m<d;a iNd yd m<d;a md,k
wdh;k i|yd bosßm;a flfrk kdufhdackd j,ska hg;a msßfika
25] la ia;%Ska fjkqfjka fjka lsÍug fmdfrdkaÿ úh'
úfYaIfhkau m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a ùug
wfmalaIs; m%cd kdhsldjkaf.a oekqu yd kdhl;aj j¾Okh i|yd
11
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
jks;d lghq;= wud;HxYh fukau ,dxlsl iuyr rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk;a jevigyka meje;aùuo 1990 ueo .Kka isg werôKs'
uq,a ld,fhaoS ia;%S wOHhk flakaøh" Y%S ,xld mokï wdh;kh"
cd;sl idu uKav,h" ldka;dj yd udOH iduQyslh"
ckjd¾.sl wOHhk ms<sn| cd;Hka;r flakaøh" i¾fjdaoh" ia;%S
wOHhk yd m¾fhaIK flakaøh" ia;%S wOHhk yd f;dr;=re
flakaøh" wef.%dud¾Ü" j¾.jdohg iy il,dldr fjkiafldg
ie,lSï j,g tfrys cd;Hka;r jHdmdrh (International Movement Against All forms of Discrimination and Racism - IMDAR), isxy, ldka;dNsjDoaê ixúOdkh" ,laìfï uõjre iy
oshKsfhda iy cd;sl m%cd;ka;%jdoS wdh;kh jeks cd;sl uÜgfï
ixúOdk úiska ia;%S ksfhdackh iïnkaO wOHhk yd oekqj;a
lsÍfï jevigyka ixúOdkh lrkq ,eîh' 2000 oYlfha ueo
.Kka jk úg tn`ÿ ls%hdldrlï m<d;a yd m%dfoaYSh uÜgug
hï ;rulska fyda jHdma; ùula werôKs' fuysoS nÿ,a, - ldka;d
ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh yd iudc" wd¾Ól iy mdßißl ixj¾Ok
ixúOdkh (Social Economic and Environmental Development Organization - SEEDO)" nq;a;, - W!j fj,a,iai f.dú ldka;d
ixúOdkh" l=reKE., - ia;%S iïm;a uOHia:dkh" ;s%l=Kdu,fha
- ú¨;= ixúOdkh" .d,a, - osßhg iúhla ldka;d ixúOdkh"
uykqjr - úl,am ixj¾Ok flakaøh" iduh iy hymd,kh
i|yd jQ ldka;dfjda iy hqoaOfhka úm;g m;a ldka;dfjda jeks
m%dfoaYSh ixúOdk úiska ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu iïnkaO
jevigyka osia;%slal yd m%dfoaYSh iNd uÜgñka ixúOdkh lrkq
,eìKs'
;jo" ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iïnkaOfhka
Wkkaÿjla olajk m%Odk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk lSmhla
yd úoaj;=ka tlaj 1990 wjidk Nd.fha isgu rdcH m%;sm;a;s
iïmdolhskag n,mEï lf<ah' ia;%S m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkhla iïmdokh
12
lu,d ,shkf.a
fldg th m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI j,g bosßm;a lsÍug;a" 2000
isg wdKavql%u jHjia:d iïmdolhskag n,mEï lsÍu u.ska ia;%S
ksfhdackh i|yd lsishï wkqmd;hla jHjia:dkql+,j fjka
lrjd .ekSug;a Tjqyq W;aidy l<y'
2003 oS fï iïnkaOfhka Wkkaÿjla olajk ls%hdldßkshka
md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrK m%;sixialrK f;aÍï lñgqjgo wkqmd;
l%uh ms<sn| fhdackdj bosßm;a lf<ah' 2004 oS m%dfoaYSh iNd
i|yd 33'3] wkqmd;hla ia;%Skag ,ndoSu ms<sn|j wOHhkh
lsÍug leìkÜ Wm lñgqjla m;a flßKs' kuq;a thska lsisÿ
úêu;a ks¾foaYhla bosßm;a jQfha ke;' m<d;a md,k ue;sjrK
ixfYdaOkh ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= f;aÍï lñgqjgo cd;sl ldka;d
lñgqj" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk yd úoaj;=ka ,sÅ;j fukau
jdÑljo fuu wkqmd; l%uh ms<sn| fhdackdj úúO wjia:dj,oS
bosßm;a lf<ah' ish¿u md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßgkaf.ka iukaú;
md¾,sfïka;== ldka;d fldalih u.skao tu fhdackdj wod<
lñgqjg bosßm;a lf<ah' tfy;a fï olajd ta iïnkaOfhka lsisÿ
Okd;aul m%;spdrhla wdKavqfjka ,eî ke;' md¾,sfïka;= ldka;d
fldalih fuu fhdackdj md¾,sfïka;=jg bosßm;a lsÍug 2012 §
W;aidy l<o tho id¾:l fkdùh'
ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka
Wkkaÿjla olajk ia;%S ixúOdk yd úoaj;=ka .Kkdjla úiska
fï whqßka oekqj;a lsÍï" mqyqKq lsÍï" Pkao wfmalaIsldjkag
iydh oelaùï" n,mEï lsÍï yd iajdëk wfmalaIl lKavdhï
f,i ue;sjrK j,g bosßm;a ùï wdosh lrf.k hkq ,enqjo"
fuf;la lsisÿ foaYmd,k mlaIhla úiska iafõÉPd mx.= l%uhla
y\qkajd §ug fyda Y%S ,dxlsl wdKavqj úiska kS;Hdkql+,j ia;%Ska
ksfhdackh i|yd wkqmd;hla fjkalsÍug fyda fjk;a lsisÿ
m%.;sYS,s mshjrla .ekSug lghq;= lr fkdue;'
13
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
2
ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh(
cd;Hka;r yd cd;sl ;;a;ajh
wka;¾ cd¾,sfïka;= ix.uh úiska (Inter-Parliamentary Union, March, 2012) rgj,a 189 la weiqßka lrk ,o wOHhkhlg
wkqj" iuia; f,dalfhau jHjia:dodhlhkays ^uKav, foflau&
ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h 2012 jkúg 19'6] ls' my< uKav,-
j, tu m%;sY;h 19'9] la yd by< uKav,j, 18'2] la fõ' miq-
.sh oYl lSmh ;=<oSu f,dal md¾,sfïka;= j, ia;%S ksfhdackfha
j¾Okhla m%ldY jqj;a th b;d fyñka isÿjkakls' 1945 oS tu
m%;sY;h 2'6] la jQ w;r 1965 - 8'7]" 1975 - 10'7]" 1985 - 12'4]"
1995 - 10'4]" 2005 - 15'6]" 2010 - 19'1] la yd 2012 - 19'6] ls'
l,dmSh jYfhka .;aúg ia;%S ksfhdackfha úYd, mr;rhla
oelsh yelsh' fkda¾äla rgj, th 42'0] ls' W;=re yd ol=Kq
wußldkq l,dmfha 22'7]" fkda¾äla rgj,a yer wfkla hqfrdamd
rgj, 20'9]" wms%ldkq rgj, 19'8]" wdishdfõ 18'8]" *eismsla
rgj, 12'4] yd wrdì rgj, 11'7] ls ^j.=j( 1&'
oekg f,dalfha md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S ksfhdackfha by<u
m%;sY;h oskdf.k we;af;a rejkavdj jk w;r th 56'3] ls'
wekafvdard 50'0]" lshqndj 45'2]" iaùvkh 44'7]" ISfi,aia 43'8]"
mska,ka;h 42'5]" ol=Kq wms%ldj 42'3]" fko¾,ka;h 40'71] yd
kslr.=jd 40'2] hkdoS jYfhka tu m%;sY;h 40] lg jeä w.hla
oskdf.k we;s rgj,a kjhlg muK iSud fõ' rgj,a 21 la
39] - 30] w;r m%;sY;hla oskdf.k we;' whsia,ka;h 39'7]"
14
lu,d ,shkf.a
fkda¾fõ 39'6]" fudieïìla 39'2]" fvkaud¾la 39'1]" fldiagßld
38'6]" wekaf.da,d 38'2] yd fn,aðhu 38'0] jk w;r fuu
mrdifha mj;sk tlu ol=Kq wdishd;sl rg fkamd,h muKs'
^33'2] - 2008 wms%fh,a&' “Critical Mass”3 kñka ye|skafjk rdcH
m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh yd wdKavqlrK ls%hdj,sfhaoS m%udKj;a
n,mEula lsÍug wjYH m%;sY;h f,i ie,flk 33'3]" 2012
jk úg oskdf.k we;af;a rgj,a 22 la muKs' kuq;a rgj,a 30
la 30'5] lg by< m%;sY;hla ,ndf.k we;' ia;%S ksfhdackh
29-20] w;r w.hl mj;sk rgj,a 46 ls' we*a.ksia:dkh 27'7]
iy mlsia:dkh 22'5] hk ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj,a folo ta w;r
fõ' 20] g jvd wvq tfy;a 10] g jeä m%;sY;hla oskdf.k
we;s rgj,a 67 ls' nx.,dfoaYh 19'7] yd bkaoshdj 11'0]" tu
mrdih ;=<g wh;a fõ' 10] g wvq yd 5] g jeä w.hla .kakd
rgj,a 24 ls' tu mrdifha wjidk m%;sY;h tkï 5'8] l w.hl
,xldj ia:dk.; ù ;sfí' rgj,a 12 l md¾,sfïka;=j, ia;%Ska
ksfhdackh fkdfõ ^j.=j( 2&'
ol=Kq wdishd;sl l,dmfha rgj,a w;ßka fkamd,h ̂rgj,a
189 w;ßka& 20 jeks ia:dkh;a" we*a.ksia:dkh 33 jeks ia:dkh;a"
mlsia:dkh 53" nx.,dfoaYh 65" bkaoshdj 106" ud,osjhsk 129 yd
Y%S ,xldj 130 jeks ia:dkh;a ysñlr f.k we;' ol=Kq wdishdkq
rgj,a w;ßka Y%S ,xldj iudc ixj¾Ok o¾Ylj,ska by<u
w.hla fndfyda wxYj,oS oskdf.k we;' Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%Skaf.a
idlaIr;djh ^91]&" oaú;Sh mdie,aj, .eyeKq <uhs 53]" úYaj
úoHd, 62]" Y%u odhl;ajh ^36]& yd ia;%Skaf.a idudkH wdhq
3 Critical Mass theory hk kHdh vDv v,remaf.a wOHhkj,ska y`ÿkajd oS
;sfí' ;SrK .kakd wdh;khl hï ckfldgila ksisf,i ksfhdackh
ùug kï wju jYfhka 33] lj;a ksfhdackhla ;sìh hq;= neõ thska
m%ldY flf¾' ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a yd ;j;a rgj,a /il ;SrK
.kakd wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh tu ;SrKj,g n,mdk wdldrh
ms<sn| úêu;a úYaf,aIK lsÍu ;=<ska v,rema fuu kHdh bÈßm;a lr
;sfí' (Dahrerup, 2006)'
15
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
ld,h ^jir 73& wdoS jYfhka fõ' ;jo ,xldfõ mßmd,k
fCIa;%h ;=<o ia;%S iyNd.s;ajh j¾Okh fjñka mj;S' oekg
wud;HxY iaÓr f,alïjßhka 6 fofkl= yd osia;s%la f,alïjßhka
6 fofkl=o fiajfha ksr; ù isà' m%dfoaYSh f,alïjßhkaf.ka
24] la muK ia;%Syq fj;s' m%Odk w.% úksYaphldr yd kS;sm;s Oqr
o ia;%Syq fydnj;s' ,dxlsl ia;s%h iudc yd wd¾Ól jYfhka tn`ÿ
úúO ch.%yK ysñlrf.k ;snqKo wef.a" foaYmd,k ksfhdackh
b;du;a my< w.hl mj;S'
f,dj m<d;a md,k wdKavq ;=< ia;%S ksfhdackh iïnkaO
o;a; úêu;a f,i tla/ia fldg fkdue;' tfy;a fkda¾äla
rgj, yd W;=re wußldfõ o;a;j,g wkqj m<d;a md,k wdh;k
;=< 40-30] l m%udKhla ia;%Ska ksfhdackh fõ' ud,osjhsk yd
Y%S ,xldj yer wfkla ish¨u ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj, m<d;a
md,k wdh;k ;=< ia;%Ska 30-35] w;r m%udKhla ksfhdackh fõ
(Raman, 2006)'
Y%S ,xldfõ md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k
ksfhdackh 1948 ksoyi ,eîfï isg fï olajdu lsisÿ wjia:djl
6'5] blaujd f.dia ke;' 1977 oS th 6'5] jQ w;r" t;eka isg 2012
olajdu tu m%;sY;h 5'8] yd 4'0] w;r mrdihl mj;S'
ol=Kq wdishdfõ rgj,a w;=ßka m%:ufhkau i¾jck Pkao
n,h oskd.ekSug 1931 oS Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%Ska iu;a úh' tfiau
f,djg m%:u w.ue;sksh ìyslsÍfï f.!rjho ,xldjg ysñ fõ'
tfy;a 1931 oS rdcH uka;%K iNdjg ksfhdackh jQfha tla ia;%shls'
1936 oS ;j;a ia;%shla rdcH uka;%K iNdjg f;aÍ m;aúh' tjlg
mej;s rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h 3'7]
ls' 1931 isg jir 80 l os.=l,la .;ù" úúO wxYj,ska ia;%Skaf.a
;;a;ajfha j¾Okhla isÿfjñka ;snqKo" 2012 oS;a tu m%;sY;h
16
lu,d ,shkf.a
5'8] l mej;Su WNf;dafldaál m%Yakhls ^j.=j( 3&'
Y%S ,xldfõ m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh
fuhg;a jvd wvq w.hl mj;S' 2008$2009 ue;sjrKfha m%;sM,j,g
wkqj m<d;a iNdj, ia;%S ksfhdackh 4'8] ls ^j.=j( 4&' 2006
m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKj, m%;sM, wkqj uyk.r iNdj, ia;%S
ksfhdackh 3'0] la" k.r iNd 3'4] la yd m%dfoaYSh iNd 1'6] la
fõ' 2011 ue;sjrK m%;sM, wkqj iuia; m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,
ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h 1'93] ls ^j.=j( 5&'
fï whqßka Y%S ,xldfõ ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh
wju uÜgul mej;Sug úúO iudc" ixialD;sl" wd¾Ól" ufkda
Ndjd;aul fukau foaYmd,k idOlo n,mEï lrhs' mS;D uQ,sl
iudc wdl,am" ia;%Skag iudcfhka mjrd oS we;s iïm%odhsl
.Dyia: N+ñld" ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh iudcdkqfhdack ls%hdj,sh"
ia;%Skag we;s wvq ksoyi yd iuyr wd.ñl w¾:l;k yd ;yxÑ
wdosh;a iudc yd ixialD;sl ndOl w;ßka uQ,sl fõ' mqreIhkag
idfmalaIj fndfyda ia;%Ska wd¾Ól jYfhka wvq iajdëk;ajhla
oeÍu" kQ;k Y%S ,dxlsl ue;sjrKj,g úhoï lsÍu i|yd wjYHjk
wdldrfha uqo,a iïNdrhla tl;= lr.ekSug fmdÿfõ ia;%Skag
wmyiq ùu yd hï hï j;alï we;s ia;%Skag mjd mjqf,a jeäuy,a
mqreIhkaf.a wjirhlska f;drj tajd ue;sjrK jHdmdrj,g
fhoùug fkdyelsùu wdosho ia;%Skaf.a wju foaYmd,k ksfhdackh
flfrys n,mdk ndOl fõ' ;jo" fndfyda wjia:dj,oS ia;%Ska
fmdÿ lghq;=j, fhoSu kqiqÿiqh" Tjqkag kdhl;aj yelshd
fkdue;" Tjqka mjqf,a j.lSïj,g jeä m%uqL;djhla oshhq;=h
hkdoS u;su;dka;ro ia;%Skaf.a is;ai;ka ;=<uka me<moshï ù
we;' tn`ÿ ufkdauQ,sl ndOl;a Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh
wju lsÍug m%Odk ndOdjla ù ;sfí' uE;loS lrk ,o wOHhk
.Kkdjlg wkqj ia;%Skaf.a wvq foaYmd,k ksfhdackhg n,mdk
17
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
uQ,slu fya;=j ù we;af;a ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,nd oSfïoS
foaYmd,k mlaI mqreIhkag iudk whqßka ia;%Skag fkdie,lSuhs'
kQ;k Y%S ,dxlsl foaYmd,k l%uh ;=< foaYmd,k ksfhdað;hl=
ùu hkak b;d flá l,lska fmdfydi;a ùu i|yd we;s fyd|u
Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i ie,fla' Y%S ,dxlsl iudc yd wd¾Ól
fCIa;%j,oS fukau foaYmd,k fCIa;%fhaoS;a mqreI uQ,sl mßirhla
;=< tu wdodhï bmhSfï ud¾.hg wj;S¾K ùfï jru ysñlr
.kafka mqreIhkah' úfYaI wjia:djloS yereKq úg mqreIhka
Tjqkaf.a {d;s" ys;j;a fyda fjk;a iudc in|;d Ndú; fldg
kdufhdackd ,nd.ekSfïoS jeä jdis w;alr .kS' ia;%Ska ;SrK
.kakd uÜgïj, ksfhdackh ùfï jeo.;alu yd wjYH;djh
ms<sn|j mlaIj, ;SrK .kakd whj¨kag fukau Pkaoodhlhska
fndfyda fokdg;a meyeos,s wjfndaOhla fkdùu;a" mlaIj,
wNHka;r m%cd;ka;%jdohla fkdùu;a" Pkao fldÜGdY uÜgfï
mlaI ixúOdhlhskaf.a wksis n,mEu;a tn`ÿ ;;ajhla we;s ùug
uQ,sl jYfhka n,md ;sfí (Kiribamune, 1994, 1999; Kodikara, 2009; ,shkf.a" 1998; 2011; Liyanage, 1996, 1999)'
18
lu,d ,shkf.a
3
mx.= l%u kHdh( ia;%S-mqreI iudk foaYmd,k mqrjeis nj
ia;%S-mqreI iudk foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd mx.= l%u
y`ÿkajd oSu uE; ld,fhaoS iq,Nj olakg ,efí' kuq;a uQ,sl lreKq
folla ksid th ixlS¾K fukau újdod;aul ixjdohla njg
m;aù ;sfí' mx.= l%uh foi iuyreka n,kafka jHQyd;aul ndOl
ksid idOdrK n, ;r`.hlg bosßm;a ùug ft;sydislju iudk
bv m%ia:d fkd,enqKq" ke;skï tu ;r`.fhka fldka flreKq
iudc lKavdhulg idOdrK;ajh i|yd ,ndfok jkaoshla
jYfhks' ;j;a wh mx.= l%uh i,lkq ,nkafka iudkd;au;djh
yd idOdrK;ajh hk m%cd;ka;%jdoS ixl,am W,a,x>kh lsÍula
yd tla iudc lKavdhulg fjkiaj fyda úfYaIfldg ie,lSula
f,isks'
úúO rgj, mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oSu iy tksid ,enqKq m%;sM,
ms<sn| hï m%udKhlska fyda wOHhk flÍ we;af;a b;du;a w,am
jYfhks' tksid mx.= l%u kHdh m%cd;ka;%jdoh" mqrjeisnj"
ksfhdack l%u" iudkd;au;djh" idOdrK;ajh" hymd,kh yd
;sridr ixj¾Okh jeks ixl,am iu`. Rcqju ne|S we;s nj
iudcfha nyq;rhla wjfndaO lrf.k fkdue;' úfYaIfhkau
Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj, foaYmd,k mlaI kdhlhska" ck;d
ksfhdað;hska" rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lrkakka yd ls%hd;aul
lrkakka" isú,a iudc ls%hdldÍka yd Pkao odhlhskaf.ka
nyq;rhlg ;ju;a ta ms<sn| meyeos,s fyda m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla
fkdue;' thg uQ,sl fya;=j jkafka mx.= l%u ms<sn| idlÉPdfõoS
19
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
m%cd;ka;%jdoh" ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh" udkj whs;sjdislï
yd foaYmd,k mx.= l%u w;r we;s kHdhd;aul in|;djh ms<sn|
iudch wju wjOdkhla fhduqlr ;sîuhs'
mx.= l%uhla hkq l=ulao@
mx.= l%uhla fyda wkqmd; l%uhla hkq lsishï foaYmd,k
wdh;khl" lñgqjl fyda /lshd fCIa;%hl" wvqfjka ksfhdackh
jk ck lKavdhulg jeä ksfhdackhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd fjka
lrfokq ,nk mx.=jls' ke;skï m%;sY;hls' ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k
ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd fhdod.kakd Wml%uhla f,i
jHjia:dkql+,j fyda ue;sjrK kS;s u.ska fyda foaYmd,k mlaI
iafõÉPdfjka fjka lrk mx.= l%u ms<sn| l;sldjl kQ;k
foaYmd,k úoHd yd ia;%S wOHhkj, jeo.;a ud;Dldjla ù
;sfí' kuq;a mx.= l%uh ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd muKla
fkdj ;reK ksfhdackh" my;a hhs iïu; l=," iq¿ ck j¾.
ksfhdackh wdoshgo Ndú; flf¾' tfiau .=re" fyos jeks
/lshd fCIa;%j,g mqreIhka lsishï wkqmd;hla n|jd .;hq;=
hhs wkqmd;hla kshu lrk wjia:do ;sfí'
foaYmd,k wdh;kj,g fyda /lshdj,g f;dard .ekSfïoS
kshu lrk wkqmd; $ mx.= l%ufhka nr ;nkafka f;aÍ m;ajk
mqoa.,hdg fkdj n|jd .ekSfï ls%hdj,sh yiqrejk mqoa.,hkagh'
ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk
mx.= l%ufha uQ,sl wruqKq jkafka foaYmd,k wdh;kj,g
jeäfhka ia;%Ska n|jd .ekSu iy foaYmd,k fCIa;%fhaoS ia;%Ska
yqol,d fkdfõh hkak wjOdrKh lsÍuhs' ia;%Ska foaYmd,k
wdh;kj,g ksfhdackh ùfïoS n,mdk .eg¿ wju jk;dla"
;djld,sl mshjrla jYfhka mx.= l%uh Ndú;d flf¾'
20
lu,d ,shkf.a
iuyr kq;k rgj, ia;%S-mqreI uOHia: mx.= l%uo Ndú;
flf¾' tysoS ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIfhau wvq ksfhdackh ksjeros lsÍu
uQ,sl wruqK fõ' WodyrKhla jYfhka ia;%Ska fyda mqreIhka
f.ka wju jYfhka 40] la j;a ksfhdackh ùu w;HjYHh neõ
fuu l%ufha§ wjOdrKh flf¾'
mqreI ksfhdackh wju jk /lshd fCIa;%j, wksjd¾fhka
mqreIhka i|yd wkqmd;hla fjka lsÍuo isÿflf¾' WodyrKhla
f,i m%d:ñl mdie,aj, .=rejreka" fyoshka" we`.¿ï lïy,a
fiajlhska yd bf,lafg%dksla NdKav yd mß>kl wu;r fldgia
ksmojkakka w;r ia;%Skaf.a m%;sY;h b;d by< w.hla .kakd
wjia:dj, mqreIhka n|jd .ekSug mx.=jla Ndú;d lrhs'
foaYmd,k ksfhdackfhaoS mqreIhkaf.a m%;sY;h j¾Okh lsÍu
i|yd mx.= l%uh Ndú;d lrk wjia:d b;d úr,h' WodyrK
jYfhka fvkaud¾lfha iudcjdoS ck;d mlaIh mqreIhka i|yd
mx.=jla kshu lr ;sfí (Dahlerup, 1998).
mx.= l%u( kHdhd;aul úYaf,aIKh
m%cd;ka;%jdoh" ksoyi" iudkd;au;djh (equality)" iuidOdrK;ajh (equity)" udkj whs;sjdislï" mqrjeisnj"
foaYmd,k ksfhdackh" hymd,kh" ;sridr iduh yd ;sridr
ixj¾Okh hk iEu foaYmd,k yd iudc ixl,amhlau ia;%Skaf.a
foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï úfYaIfhkau ;SrK .ekSfïoS ksfhdackh
i|yd wehg we;s whs;shg Rcqju iïnkaOh' fïjd kHdhd;aul
jYfhka bosßm;a ù we;af;a ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh uOHia:
(Gender neutral) ixl,am f,ih' kuq;a m%dfhda.sl jYfhka
tu ixl,am mqreI flakaøSh ke;skï mqreIhkag mlaImd;S tajd
njg m;a ù we;' tfia ke;skï tu ixl,am mqreI w¾:l;kj,g
wkqj úia;r lsÍu ksid ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh hkakg
21
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
wjOdkh fhduq lr ke;' tlaflda thg wvq wjOdkhla fhduqlr
we;'
m%cd;ka;%jdoh
foaYmd,k l%uhla f,i ie,l+ úg m%cd;ka;%jdoh
hkafkka zzck;djf.a md,khZZ hk woyi w¾: .ekafõ' fuys
zzck;djZZ hkafkka yef`.kafka mqreIhka muKla fkdfõ'
ia;%Skao wksjd¾fhkau ck;djf.ka ke;skï rgl ck.yKfhka
wvla fyda thg jvd jeä fõ' fcdaka iS,s (John Seeley) g
wkqj zzm%cd;ka;%jdohZZ hkq ish¨u fokdg mx.=ldrlula we;s
wdKavqjls' tu mx.=ldrhska ish¨u fokdg iudk mqrjeisnj"
iudk whs;sjdislï" iudk ksoyi" iudk wkkH;djh"
iudk iïm;a yd bvm%ia:d ,eîu m%cd;ka;%jdofha uQ,sl wx.
,laIKhls' tajd iïnkaOfhka ia;%S-mqreI ,sx.sl;ajh" ck j¾.h"
j¾Kh" wd.u fyda NdIdj wdoS oE u; fjkialula l< fkdyels
ùu m%cd;ka;%jdoh iïnkaO kHdfha w;HjYH isoaOdka;hls
(Johari, 1999)' tfyhska ienE m%cd;ka;%jdoS wdKavq l%uhl oS
tys mx.=lrejka jk ish¨u ia;%Ska yd mqreIhkag iudk whqßka
tys md,khg iyNd.S ùfï yelshdj ;sìh hq;=h' ia;%S-mqreI
fomd¾Yjhgu tn`ÿ iudk mx.=ldrlula fkd,efí kï th
wiïmQ¾K m%cd;ka;%jdoS wdKavql%uhls'
rdcH
rdcH ms<sn| w¾:l;kfhaoS wdKavqj" N+ñh fukau
iajdêm;H yd ck.yKh;a tys w;HjYH wx. f,i ie,fla'
ish¨u m%cd;ka;%jdoS rgj, wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj
iajdêm;H ysñ jkafka trg ck;djghs' ck.yKh hkq hï
rgl iaÓrj ^mdrïmßlj fyda ,shdmosxÑ ùfuka& mosxÑ ù isák
22
lu,d ,shkf.a
ck;djhs' tu zzck;djZZ hk lKavdhugo wksjd¾fhkau ia;%S-
mqreI fomd¾Yjhu wh;a fõ' kQ;k ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoS
wdKavq l%uj, ck;d iajdêm;H i¾j ck Pkaoh u.ska" ksoyia
yd iajdëk jQ ue;sjrKhloS f;dard .kakd uyck ksfhdað;hskag
mejf¾' tu ksfhdað;hska Tjqkag mejrE iajdêm;H Ndú; fldg
ck;dj fjkqfjka lsishï ksYaÑ; ld, iSudjlg rg md,kh lrhs'
fuu kHdhkag wkqj iajdêm;H ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu ysñh'
tfia ;u iajdêm;H Ndú; fldg uyck ksfhdað;hska f;dard
.ekSug fukau" ksfhdackh ùug;a ia;%S-mqreI fomd¾Yjhgu
iudk whs;shla ysñfõ'
kQ;k iudc yd foaYmd,k kHdhkaysoS mqrjeishd hkafkka
ir, wre;ska yef`.kafka kS;Hdkql+,j lsishï rdcHhl
idudðlhl= ùu hkakhs' fuu kS;suh idudðl;ajh ia;%S fyda mqreI
jYfhka fnoSulg ,lafldg ke;' f,dj Ôj;a jk ish¨u ia;%Ska
yd mqreIhkag fuu mqrjeisNdjh hïlsis rdcHhla ;=< ,eî ;sfí
^irKd.;hska" ñksia fj<|dug n`ÿka jkakka yd kS;Hdkql+,
fkdjk ixl%uKslhska wdoSka yer&' tfyhska ish¨u mqrjeishkag
,sx. fNaohlska f;drj" wod< rfÜ isú,a" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k yd
iudc whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú|Sug kS;sfhka jrula ,efí' tfiau
tu rfÜ foaYmd,k m%cdfõ il%Sh ls%hdlrefjla ùugo" ia;%S-mqreI
fomlaIhgu iudk whs;shla ysñfõ' foaYmd,k mlaI" ue;sjrK
lghq;=" Pkaoh oSu" ksfhdackh ùu" wdKavqjg n,mEï lsÍu yd
úfõpkh lsÍu wdoS ls%hdldrlïj,g il%Shj iyNd.S ùugo tu
fomlaIhgu whs;sh ,efí ^Whkaf.dv" 2010&'
zzfoaYmd,k ksfhdackhZZ hkakg tla ir, wre;la
osh fkdyels jqj;a fmdÿfõ thska woyia jkafka zziuia;
mqrjeishkaf.a fyda thska fldgilf.a ke;skï nyq;rhlf.a
wdl,am" m%uqL;djhka" wdYdjka yd jqjukdjka fmdÿ wkque;shlska"
23
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
mqrjeishka fjkqfjka bosßm;a jk l=vd lKavdhula úiska
wdKavqfõ ls%hdldrlï njg m;a lsÍuhZZ(Encyclopedia of Democracy, 1995)' ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoS u;hg wkqj ish¨u
mqrjeishkag ia;%S-mqreI fNaohlska f;drj i¾jck Pkao n,h
ysñfõ' Tjqkag ksoyia yd idOdrK ue;sjrKhloS leu;s ia;%S
fyda mqreI ksfhdað;hl= ;uka fjkqfjka f;dard .ekSug whs;shla
;sfí (Ball, 1993)'
iudkd;au;djh RKd;aul yd Okd;aul iudkd;au;djh
f,i j¾.SlrKhlg ,la flf¾' RKd;aul iudkd;au;djh
hkafkka w¾:l;kh jkafka zz,sx.sl;ajh" wd.u" udkj j¾Kh"
j¾.h" NdIdj" l=,h" mx;sh yd fjk;a tn`ÿ fnoSula u;" lsis÷
wdldrhl fjkialula l< fkdyelshZZ hkakhs (Laski, 1951)' kuq;a tys Okd;aul w¾:l;khg wkqj zzish¨u ñksiqkag
iudk ksoyi yd bv m%ia:djka ysñh' tfy;a tlsfkldf.a mqoa.,
wjYH;d fyda ixj¾Okh i|yd fjkia jQ jqjukdjka mj;sk ksid"
ta wkqj fjkia jQ bv m%ia:d ,ndoSu o iudkd;au;djhZZ f,i
ie,fla (Benn and Peters, 1965)' WodyrK f,i mqreIhkaf.a yd
ia;%Skaf.a ixj¾Okh i|yd wjYH iEu ksoyila yd bv m%ia:djlau
iudk fkdfõ' Tjqkaf.a YdÍßl fyda iudÔh wjYH;d u; tajd
fjkia úh yelsh' tn`ÿ wjia:dj,oS tu fjkia jQ wjYH;djh
ie,ls,a,g f.k bv m%ia:d yd iïm;a wdosh ,ndosh hq;=h'
fuh iu idOdrK;ajh kñka o ye|skafõ' ia;%Ska yd mqreIhkag
iuidOdrK whqßka fkdi,ld iudkd;au;djh oskd.;
fkdyelsh' tn`ÿ iudkd;au;djh yd iu idOdrK;ajfhka f;dr
iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS fkdfõ'
udkj whs;sjdislï kHdhg wkqj ish¨u ia;%Ska yd
mqreIhskag iudc" ixialD;sl" wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï
iudkj ysñfõ' ´kEu ñksia Ôúhl=g ish meje;au" mqoa.,
24
lu,d ,shkf.a
ixj¾Okh" wkkH;djh wdrlaId lr .ekSu yd ksoyi N=la;s
ú|Su i|yd udkj whs;sjdislï w;HjYH fõ (Cranston, 1973)' fndfyda rgj, wdKavq l%u jHjia:d u.ska fuu udkj whs;sjdislï
;yjqre lr we;' ish¨u iudc" foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï
fmdÿ yd úYaùh jk w;r" tla whs;sjdislula ;fjlla fjkqfjka
fkdi,ld yeÍug fyda W,a,x>kh lsÍug fkdyelsh' WodyrK
f,i ia;%Ska ùu ksid Pkaoh oSfï whs;sh ysñfldg" ksfhdackh
i|yd we;s whs;sh fkdi,ld yeÍu udkj whs;sjdislï kHdhg
wkqj l< yelalla fkdfõ' hï iudchl tfia lghq;= lrkafka
kï tu iudc j, m%cd;ka;%jdoh wiïmQ¾Kh'
hy md,kh hk ixl,amho ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh"
udkj whs;sjdislï yd il%Sh iyNd.S;ajh iu`. Rcqju iïnkaO
fõ' md,kh hkafkka ir,j woyia jkafka rdcH lghq;=
ksisf,i l<ukdlrKh lsÍuhs' kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh;a"
tajd ls%hd;aul lsÍu;a thg wh;a fõ' ñksidf.a iudc" wd¾Ól
yd foaYmd,k Ôú;h .=Kd;aul w;ska jvd;a j¾Okh lsÍug
wjYH" wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ;yjqre lrk ,o udkj ysñlï
yd wfkl=;a fldkafoais ck;djg ,ndoSu md,kh hkafkka
yef`.k mq¿,a w¾:h fõ' ta wkqj hy md,kh hkafkka woyia
jkafka rdcH lghq;= b;d fyd|ska l<ukdlrKh lsÍu jk
w;r" úêu;aj ixúOdkh l< md,k wdh;k yryd" b;d iM,
whqßka ck;djf.a fN!;sl" iudc fukau udkisl hym;
ie,iSuhs (Panandiker, 2000)' zzhy md,khZZ hk ixl,amfha
w;HjYH wx. ,laIK w;r" iudkd;au;djh" udkj whs;sjdislï
wdrlaIdj yd iyNd.s;aj l%ufõoh úfYaI fõ' rgla hy md,kh
oskd .ekSug kï wksjd¾fhkau ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhg iudkj
ie,lSu" iudk whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú|Sug bv m%ia:d ,ndoSu yd
rdcH fukau isú,a iudc ls%hdldrlï i|yd iudkj iyNd.s
ùfï yelshdj ,ndoSu w;HjYH fõ' lsishï rgla Pkaoh m%ldY
25
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
lsÍu jeks m%d:ñl foaYmd,k l¾;jHhlg ia;%Skag bvlv ,nd
oS" ksfhdackh i|yd bv m%ia:d i,id fkdfokafka kï tu rgg
hy md,kh oskd .ekSug fkdyels fõ'
;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIfhau il%Sh
iyNd.S;ajh w;HjYH jk w;r" iudc yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha
b,lal oskd .ekSfïoS tu.ska mßj¾;kSh fjkilg u`. mEfoa
(Karl, 1995)' fuu iyNd.S;ajh hkafkka wre;a .ekafjkafka
ixj¾Ok wjYH;d y`ÿkd .ekSu" m%uqL;d fm< .eiaùu" wod<
ie,iqï iïmdokh" ls%hd;aul lsÍu" ksÍlaIKh" we.hSu
yd m%;s,dN N=la;s ú|Su hk ish¨u uÜgïj,oS ia;%S-mqreI
fomlaIfhau iyNd.S;ajhhs' ixj¾Ok ls%hdodufhaoS jeo.;a ;SrK
fndfyduhla .kq ,nkafka;a" úfYaIfhkau iïm;a fnod fokq
,nkafka;a foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh úisks' tfyhska ck.yKfhka
wvla jQ ia;%Ska foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=< ksfhdackh ùfuka iuia;
iudcfhau ixj¾Okhla isÿfõ' ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,sfhka 50] la jQ
ia;%Ska wE;a lr ;eìu cd;sl Y%uh wmf;a heùulao fõ' ia;%Skaf.a
Ôú;j, j¾Okh i|yd wod< ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,oS jeä
ia;S%ka m%udKhla ksfhdackh ùfuka iu;=,s; ixj¾Okhlgo
u`. mEfoa (Moser, 1993; Young 1993)'
1995" fnhsðx cd;Hka;r ia;%S iuq¿fõoS ia;%S-mqreI iudk
ksfhdackh ms<sn| woyi ms<s.ksñka ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh
uQ,m%jdylrKh (Gender Mainstreaming) ms<sn| tl`.;djh
m%ldYhg m;aúh' ta wkqj ´kEu kS;shla" m%;sm;a;shla fyda jev
ms<sfj,la ie,iqï lsÍfïoS;a" ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS;a" ksÍlaIKh
lsÍu yd we.hSfïoS;a ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhu ish¨u uÜgïj,oS
iyNd.s lr .ekSu fnhsðx ls%hdldÍ jev ie,eiafuka ;jÿrg;a
wjOdrKh lf<ah' cd;sl muKla fkdj" cd;Hka;r ;SrK
.ekSïj,oS;a ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wd¾Ól yd iudc ljqkais,h úiskao 1997 oS
ms<s.kq ,eîh' iudcfha ish¨u ñksiqkaf.a wjYH;d ie,ls,a,g
26
lu,d ,shkf.a
.ekSu yd tu.ska ia;%Skaf.a woyia" w;aoelSï" jqjukdjka yd
m%uqL;djkago wjOdkh fhduq fldg Tjqkaf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajfha
j¾Okhla l<yels nj fuysoS wjOdrKh flßKs (King, 2001)'
.egqï l<uKdlrkh yd iduh ia:dms; lsÍfïoS;a ia;%S-
mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;aùu yd wod< ls%hdldrlïj,g
iyNd.s ùug ia;%Skag we;s whs;sh cd;Hka;rj ms<sf.k ;sfí'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ia;%Skaf.a iu j¾Okh i|yd jQ tallfha
úfYaI{ jd¾;dj iy 2000 t'cd' 1325 fhdackdj,sh u.skao tu
whs;sh ;yjqre lr ;sfí (UNDAW and PRIO, 1996; UN 1325 Resolution, 2000)'
fï whqßka m%cd;ka;%jdohg iïnkaO ish¨u ixl,am
j,ska ;SrK .ekSfïoS ia;%S-mqreI iyNd.s;ajh wjOdrKh
flfrk w;r" tajd Y%S ,xldj we;=¿ fndfyda rgj,a cd;Hka;r
fukau cd;sl kS;s u.skao ;yjqre lr ;sfí' ia;%Ska ;SrK
.kakd uÜgïj,oS m%udKj;aj ksfhdackh ùu hkak ienE
m%cd;ka;%jdoh" iudkd;au;djh" iu idOdrK;ajh" hy
md,kh" ;sridr ixj¾Okh yd iduh hk oE oskd.ekSfïoS;a
w;HjYH idOlhka jk neõ fuhska meyeos,s fõ' ;SrK .ekSfï
ls%hdj,shg yd kS;s iy m%;sm;a;s j,g oefkk n,mEula lsÍug
´kEu ck lKavdhula wju jYfhka 33] - 35] w;r m%udKhl
ksfhdackhla úhhq;= njg zCritical Mass Theory” kHdfhka
fmkajd oS we;' ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh oskd.;a rgj,a w;ßka
by<skau isák iaùvkh" fkda¾fõ" fko¾,ka;h yd mska,ka;h
jeks ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a" tn`ÿ m%udKj;a ia;%S ksfhdackhla
u.ska ia;S%kaf.a Ôjk ;;ajfha úYd, j¾Okhla ,enQ rgj,g
fyd|u WodyrK fõ (Dahlerup, 1988). 1995 oS rgj,a 174 l
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy ixj¾Okh ms<sn| úYaf,aIKhla l<
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%.;s jd¾;djg wkqj
zzfoaYmd,k ls%hdj,sfhaoS ia;%Skaf.a n,mEu w¾:j;ah
27
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
hkak ;yjqre lsÍug kï" foaYmd,k wdh;kj, ia;%S
ksfhdackh 30] la j;a úhhq;=h hkak ;SrKd;aul
idOlhla f,i ie,lsh yelshZZ ^Wmqgd .;af;a Chusnul: 2003&'
mx.= l%uhla wjYH jkafka wehs@
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh mx.= l%uhla wjYH jkafka wehs@
hk idlÉPdfõoS jeo.;a lreKq lSmhla flf¾ wjOdkh fhduq
l< yelsh' iudkd;au;d m%;sm;a;s (equal policies) hkafkys
w¾:h zziudk bv m%ia:dZZ (equal opportunities) hkafkka
zziudk m%;sM,ZZ (equality of results) fyda zzm%;sM, j, iudk
njZZ hk fjkig ,la lsÍu mx.= l%ufhka w¾: .ekafjk
nj *s,smaia yd hxf.a woyihs (lshjkak, Phillips, 1995 iy Young, 1990)' zziudk ksfhdackhZZ (equal representation) iy zzidOdrK ksfhdackhZZ (fair representation) m%cd;ka;%jdoS
foaYmd,k l%uhl w;HjYH wx. ,laIK f,i ie,fla' kuq;a
zziudk ksfhdackhZZ hk isoaOdka;fha iudk nj yd idOdrK nj
ms<s.kakd fyda w.h lrk m%cd;ka;%jdoSka" ia;%S yd mqreI iudk
ksfhdackh ms<sn| b,a,Sï bosßm;a fjoaoS thg úreoaO fõ' thska
yef`.kafka iudk ksfhdackh hk isoaOdka;h Tjqka ms<s.;a;o"
iïm%odhsl wdl,am u; mokïj ia;%Ska foaYmd,kh jeks fmdÿ
lghq;a;lg iqÿiq fkdfõh hk u;hg wkqj mqreIhska lghq;=
lrk njhs' ta ksid ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh mx.= l%uh ia;%SjdoS
kHdhkaysoS muKla fkdj" m%cd;ka;%jdoS kHdfhaoS o uQ,sl jk
lreKls' ia;%S ksfhdackh jeo.;a jkafka ukao hkak idlÉPd
l<hq;= jkafka fuu miqìu ;=<hs'
1990 .Kkaj, isg" ;SrK .kakd ish¨u uÜgïj,oS
ia;%Ska ksfhdackh úhhq;=h hk ixjdoh foaYmd,kSlrKh ùu
28
lu,d ,shkf.a
werôks' ta iu. ia;%S ksfhdackfha jeo.;alu ms<sn| ;¾l
.Kkdjla ia;%SjdoS foaYmd,k yd iudc úoHd{hska úiska bosßm;a
lrkq ,eìKs' wEka *s,smaiag (Ann Phillips) wkqj ia;%S-mqreI
fomlaIhgu ysñ iudk whs;sjdislï ms<sn| ;¾lh ke;skï
idOdrK;ajh ms<sn| ;¾lh fïjd w;ßka m%uqL fõ (Phillips, 1995)' foaYmd,k ksfhdackhg we;s iudk whs;sh tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn| iïuq;sfha 25
jeks j.ka;sfhkq;a" ia;S%kag tfrys ish¨u wdldrfha fjkialï
ÿre lsÍfï iïuq;sfha 7 jeks j.ka;sfhkq;a ;yjqre lr ;sfí'
fuu ;¾lfhka wjOdrKh lrkafka fmdÿ lghq;= j,g ia;%Ska
iyNd.S lr .ekSfuka tajdfha fjkila isÿfõh hk woyi
fkdfõ' thska wjOdrKh lrkafka ia;%S-mqreI fomCIhgu
iudk whs;Ska" iudk yelshd yd olaI;d we;s w;r Tjqkag
iudk bvm%ia:d yd iïm;a ysñúh hq;=h hkakhs' tfyhska ia;%Ska
foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=< ksfhdackh fkdùu Rcq fyda jl% whqßka
Tjqkaj fjkilg ,la lsÍfï m%;sM,hls hk woyi thska m%ldY
flf¾ (Sawer, 2000)' iEu rglu ck.yKfhka wvla ia;%Ska
jk w;r" ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdofhaoS tu wv fkdi,ld yeßh
fkdyelsh' ia;%Ska jqjo" mqreIhka jqjo" ck.yKfhka 50] la
ksfhdackh fkdjk ;ekl ienE m%cd;ka;%jdohla ;sìh fkdyels
neõ fuu ;¾lfhka wjOdrKh flf¾'
Wmfhda.s;djh ms<sn| ;¾lfhka wjOdrKh lrkafka
;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj we;s" úúO w;a±lSï we;s" úúO oDIaÀkag
wkqj hï lreKl úúO me;slvhka ±lsh yels ia;%S-mqreI
fomCIhu tu ls%hdj,shg iyNd.S ùfuka jvd;a M,odhS ;SrK
.; yels njhs' foaYmd,k mlaIj, idudðlhskaf.a muKla
fkdj" idudðldjkaf.ao iyNd.S;ajh ;=<ska mCIhg fukau rgg
u kj fmkqula" kj oelaula" kj jHdmD;s yd kj m%;sm;a;s wdosh
ks¾udKh lsÍfï yelshdj we;s nj fuysoS ;¾l flf¾ (Sawer, 1999)'
29
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
ixfla;d;aul ;¾lh yrydo ia;%S ksfhdackhg mlaI
woyia lSmhla wjOdrKh flf¾' ia;%Ska ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,
ksfhdackh ùu tu ksfhdað;jßhkaf.ao" fjk;a fmdÿ ia;%Skaf.a
o ;;ajh j¾Okh ùug n,mdhs' ck lKavdhula f,i ia;%Skaf.a
ms<s.ekSu" wkkH;djh yd ;;a;ajh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd Tjqkaf.a
ksfhdackh wjYH neõ fuhska wjOdrKh flf¾' ia;%Skaf.a
wfmalaIdjka" m%;sm;a;s fyda jHdmD;sj,g mßj¾;kh lsÍugo
tu.ska bv ,efí' ;jo" ia;%Ska foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=< ksfhdackh
ùfuka tu wdh;kj, kS;Hdkql+, nj ke;skï iqcd; nj m%ldY
flf¾' tfiau iïm%odhslj foaYmd,k ls%hdldrlï j, we;s
r¿" m%pKavldÍ" ;r`.ldÍ yd ¥Is; iajNdjh ia;%Ska m%udKj;a
ixLHdjla thg we;=<;a lr .ekSfuka hï mßj¾;khlg ,la
fõ (Mansbridge, 1999)' úfYaIfhka ngysr hqfrdamd rgj,
foaYmd,k ksfhdað; wdh;kj, mej;s mqreI uQ,sl jHQyh"
kS;sÍ;s" myiqlï" yeisÍï yd wdl,am hï ;rulska fjkilg
,la lsÍug ia;%S ksfhdað;hskag yels ù ;sfí (Lovenduski and Karam, 2002)'
fm<Uùfï ;¾lh fyda wdo¾Y wdlD;s iemhSu ms<sn|
;¾lho ixfla;d;aul ;¾lh yd iïnkaO fõ' iïm%odhslj
ia;%Skag .DydY%s; jifï;a" mqreIhkag fmdÿ jifï;a lghq;=
mjrd oS ;snqK ;;a;ajhloS" ia;%Ska foaYmd,k lghq;=j, kshe,Su
;=<ska zzia;%Skag;a fmdÿ lghq;= l< yelshZZ hk wdo¾Yh iudchg
,nd osh yelsh' ta u.ska B,`. mrmqf¾ ia;%Skag wdo¾Y wdlD;s
fukau .=reyrelï yd Wmfoia fokakkao (Mentors) ks¾udKh
fõ' ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackfhka ,efnk jvd jeo.;au
m%;sM,h fuh neõ nfr,af.a woyihs (Burrell, 1994)' ;jo"
ia;S%ka mqreIhkag jvd iyfhda.Sj yd talu;slj foaYmd,k ;SrK
.ekSug fm<öu u.ska jvd;a m%cd;ka;%jdoS kdhl;aj wdlD;s
30
lu,d ,shkf.a
iudchg y`ÿkajd oshyelsh hk lreKo fuu ;¾lhg iïnkaO
flf¾' zztalu;sl;ajh i|yd ia;%Ska olajk Wkkaÿj yd leue;a;
Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k osúfhka oshyels jeo.;au wdo¾Yh iy
úYd,u odhl;ajhZZ neõ í,ela yd *s,smaia (Black and Phillips, 2000) ngysr ´iafÜ%,shdfõ uka;%Sjßhka 39 fofkla weiqßka
lrk ,o wOHhkhlska fmkajd oS ;sfí'
ksfhdackh fyda wdYdjka ms<sn| ;¾lh o fï iïnkaOfhka
bosßm;a ù we;s jvd;a m%uqL ;¾lhls' ia;%Skag n,mdk lreKq
ms<sn| jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍug;a" ia;%Skaf.a ;;a;ajh
j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd wod< kS;s" m%;sm;a;s yd jev ms<sfj,j,a
iïmdokhg;a ia;%S ksfhdað;hskag jeä yelshdjla we;s nj
wOHhk rdYshlska fmkajd oS we; (Dodson and Carroll, 1991; Carrol, 1994; Thomas, 1994; Tamerius, 1995 and Flammang, 1997).
ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj, md¾,sfïka;=j, ia;%S ksfhdackh
j¾Okh ùu ksid ia;%Skaf.a Ôú;j,g Rcqj iïnkaO lreKq ms<sn|
kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg;a" tu m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍug
wod< wdh;k ks¾udKhg;a" ;j ;j;a ia;%Ska foaYmd,khg n|jd
.ekSug;a jeä yelshdj;a ,enqKq neõ v,rema f.a wOHhk j,ska
fmkajd oS ;sfí (Dahlerup, 1988)' fuu foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=<
ksfhdað;jßhkaf.a m%udKh ixLHdfjka jeäj;au" foaYmd,k
N+ñld ms<sn| Tjqka ;=< mej;s iïm%odhsl wdl,am fjkilg
,lajQ nj;a" tksid foaYmd,k lghq;= j, kshe,Su fmrg jvd
myiq jQ nj;a lefrd,af.a wOHhk j,ska fmkajd fohs (Carroll, 2000)' ;jo" ia;%S foaYmd,lhska ms<sn| iudcfha mej;s wdl,am
j, hï wdldr Okd;aul fjkila isÿ jQ neõ ;j;a wOHhkhlska
fmkajd fohs (Karvonen and Selle, 1995).
31
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
Ôj úoHd;aulj fukau iudc úoHd;aulj;a ia;%Ska yd
mqreIhkaf.a iuyr jqjukdjka yd wdYdjka fjkiajk ksid
ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhu ;SrK .kakd uÜgï j,oS ksfhdackh
úhhq;= neõ fuu ;¾lfhka lshefõ' ´iafÜ%,shdkq fifkÜ
uKav,h weiqßka lrk ,o wOHhkhlska fmkajd oS we;af;a"
ia;%Skag jvd;a Rcqj iïnkaO lreKq ^iudk jegqma" m%iQ;s ksjdvq"
.Dyia: m%pKav;ajhg tfrys ùu& ms<sn| tys ksfhdað;jrekag
jvd mia .=Khlska ksfhdað;jßhka lreKq oelaùug bosßm;a
jk njhs ^Williamson, 2000)' tfiau ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh
iudcdkqfhdackh ksid;a" weh r`.mdk iajNdúl N+ñld ksid;a
ia;%Skaf.a w;a±lSï o mqreIhkag jvd fjkiah' tfyhska wod<
lreKq ms<sn| ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIh n,kafka oDIaÀ fldaK
follsks' fï wiudk wdYdjka" wfmaCIdjka yd w;aoelSï wdosh
;SrK .kakd ish¨u uÜgïj,§ ksfhdackh ùu ienE ksfhdack
m%cd;ka;%jdohlg w;HjYHh'
foaYmd,k wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%udKh wkqj
tys n,mEu r|d mj;sk nj idudkH u;hhs' kuq;a vDv v,rema
^1988& jeks ia;%SjdoS foaYmd,k úoHd{hska mjikafka “Critical Mass” ke;skï ;SrK .ekSug n,mEï l< yels ;rï m%udKhla
^30-35]& ia;%Ska ksfhdackh jqjfyd;a muKla ia;%Skaf.a Ôjk
;;ajfhys fõ.j;a j¾Okhla isÿjk njhs' kuq;a idudkHfhka
tla ia;%shla hï wdh;khla ;=< ksfhdackh jqj;a" tysoS;a
mqreIhkaf.a yeisÍu hï fjkilg ,lafjk njo weh fmkajd
fohs'
ixj¾Okh ms<sn| jk kQ;k ixjdofhaoS" ixj¾Okh;a
iu`. ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh ks¾udKh fõh hk woyi
ms<sfkd.kS' kuq;a iudc" wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k ixj¾Okh i|yd
ia;%Skag ksoyi ,nd§u ke;skï ia;%Skaf.a úuqla;sh iy ia;%Ska
32
lu,d ,shkf.a
ish¨u uÜgïj, fmdÿ lghq;=j,oS il%Shj iyNd.s ùu w;HjYH
idOl f,i i,lhs' fmdÿ lghq;= j,ska ia;%Skaj wE;a lsÍu" wrdì
rgj, foaYmd,k ixj¾Okhla isÿ fkdùug n,mdk tla uQ,sl
fya;=jla f,i tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sfha udkj
ixj¾Ok jd¾;dfjka fmkajd fohs (UNDP, 2003)' mYapd;a-hqO
jd;djrKhka mj;sk rgj, fyda m%cd;ka;%jdoh lrd mßj¾;kh
jk iuyr wrdì rgj, muKla fkdj fjk;a l,dm j,
ixj¾Okh jkakd jQ rgj,;a ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,g ia;%Skaj
iyNd.s lr .ekSfuka m%cd;ka;%jdofha j¾Okhla úhyels nj
fcdaYma iy ia,sfudaúlaia (Joseph and Slymovics, 2001) fmkajd
fohs'
mx.= l%uhg mlaI yd úmlaI ;¾l
m%cd;ka;%jdoh" iudkd;au;djh" iu idOdrK;ajh yd
ld¾hCIu nj hk m%fõY yryd mx.= l%uh we.hSulg ,la l<
yelsh' kHdhd;aulj thg mlaIj ;¾l bosßm;a lrkakka woyia
lSmhla bosßm;a lr ;sfí' tajd kï
• mx.= l%ufhka lsisu ck lKavdhula fjkilg ,la
lsÍula fyda jeä jdis iy.; ;;ajhlg m;a lsÍula isÿ
fkdfõ' mrïmrd .Kkdjla foaYmd,k fCIa;%fhka wE;a
lrk ,o ia;%Ska jeks ck lKavdhula bosßfha we;s ndOl
bj;a lsÍula thska isÿfõ' tu.ska m%udKd;aulj fukau
.=Kd;aulj fmrg jvd jeä ia;%S ksfhdackhla isÿfõ'
• foaYmd,k wdh;khla fyda ;SrK .kakd lñgqjl tla
ia;%shla isàfuka weh yqfola ixfla;hla njg m;afõ'
mqreI flakaøSh wdh;k ;=< mqreIhka .Kkdjla bosßfha
ia;%Skaf.a wjYH;d j,g wkqj lreKq bosßm;a lsÍug ;rï
33
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
bvlvla wehg fkd,efí' kuq;a mx.=jla wkqu; lsÍfuka
jeä ixLHdjla ia;%Ska ksfhdackh jqjfyd;a tfia yqol,d
fkdù" udkislj mSvdjg m;a fkdù wod< lreKq bosßm;a
lsÍfï yelshdjla Tjqkag ,efí'
• ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdofha uQ,sl wx.hla jQ foaYmd,k
ksfhdackhg we;s iu whs;sh fï u.ska ;yjqre fõ' tys
m%;sM,hla f,i wod< foaYmd,k l%uhg kS;Hdkql+,
njla ,efí' rdcHhl kS;Hdkql+, mqrjeisfhla f,i
ia;%shg we;s idudðl;;ajh o thska ;yjqre fõ' tfiau
th ia;%S-mqreI fomCIfhau m%idohgo ,la fõ'
• iyNd.S m%cd;ka;%jdofhaoS zzienE iyNd.s;ajhZZ hkak
kHdhd;aulj mqreIhskag muKla iSud lr fkdue;'
rgl ;SrK .ekSu yd tajd ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS" ish¨u
uÜgïj,oS ck.yKfhka wvla jk ia;%Ska wksjd¾fhkau
Tjqkaf.a jqjukdjka" wfmalaIdjka yd wdYdjka ksfhdackh
l< hq;=h'
• id¾:l m%cd;ka;%jdohla i|yd ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhu th
;uka úiska" ;uka i|yd lrkq ,nk md,khla (ownership - ;ukaf.a ysñlu& hk ye`.Sfuka lghq;= l< hq;=h'
md,khg we;s ysñlu ;=<ska ìysjk ;Dma;su;a mqrjeishka
isàu tn`ÿ m%cd;ka;%jdoS iudchl id¾:l;ajhg n,mdk
uQ,sl wx.hls' mqreIhka muKla ks¾udKh lrk kS;s"
m%;sm;a;s yd jev igyka yryd ia;%Skag tn`ÿ ;Dma;shla
fyda zz;ukaf.a md,khlahZZ hk ye`.Su we;s fkdfõ'
fomlaIhu tla ù ;SrK .;fyd;a ;Dma;sh muKla fkdj"
fomlaIhu tajd ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS iudk WoafHda.hlska"
j.lSulska yd lemùulska lghq;= lsÍugo fm<fò' túg
fjk;a md¾Yj fj; jro fkdmgjd" tajdfha m%;s,dN fyda
34
lu,d ,shkf.a
m%;súmdl N=la;s ú|Sug o fomlaIhgu yelsfõ'
• úúO wdh;kj, ;SrK .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk mqyqKqj"
w;aoelSï" wOHdmk iqÿiqlï" ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj"
olaI;d fukau kdhl;aj ,laIKo iuyr mqreIhkag
fukau ia;%Skago ;sfí' kuq;a mqreI flakaøSh foaYmd,k
wdh;kj,ska tn`ÿ olaI;d we;s ia;%Ska neyer lr ;sîfuka
ck.yKfhka 50] l ksfhdað;hskaf.a odhl;ajh cd;sl
ixj¾Okhg fkd,eî hhs' ta ksid ;sridr ixj¾Okhla
i|yd kï ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhu ;SrK .ekSfïoS odhl
lr.; hq;=h'
• ia;S%ka yd mqreIhka w;r ÔjúoHd;aulj fukau" Tjqka
,lajk fjkia jQ iudcdkqfhdack ls%hdj,Ska ksid iudc
úoHd;auljo fjkialï ;sfí' ta wkqj pß; ,laIK"
yeisÍï rgd yd wdl,am wdosh mjd fï fomlaIh ;=<
wNHka;ÍlrKh flfrkafka wiudk whqßks' tfyhska
Tjqkaf.a iuyr w;aoelSïo fjkiah' ia;%S-mqreI
fomlaIfhau fuu wiudk w;aoelSï" wdl,am yd woyia
wdosh ;SrK .ekSfïoS ksfhdackh ùfuka jvd;a iu;=,s;
;SrKhlg t<ôh yelsh'
• foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=< ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhu ksfhdackh
ùu ksid foaYmd,kh jeks mqreI uQ,sl fCIa;%hl mj;sk
r¿" ;r`.ldÍ" m%pKavldÍ yd ¥Is; iajNdjh fjkilg
,laùugo bv ;sfí' zzms<sl=,a iy.; foaYmd,khZZ hkak
ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,oS zziqNidOk foaYmd,khZZ
ke;skï zzck;djg ys;j;aZZ (people friendly) foaYmd,kh
njg mßj¾;kh ùug 30] lg jvd ia;%Ska ksfhdackh
ùu n,md ;sfí (Dahlerup, 1998)' tn`ÿ ;;ajhloS
35
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
foaYmd,kh flf¾ ck;dj ;=< we;s RKd;aul wdl,amo
hï ;rulska fyda fjkilg ,lafõ'
• iïm%odhsl iudcj, mej;s iudc yd wd¾Ól mßirhka u;
.DydY%s; fyda fm!oa.,sl jifï ish¨ ld¾hka ia;%shf.a
j.lSï f,i;a" fmdÿ jifï ld¾hka mqreIhdf.a j.lSï
f,i;a oeä fnoSulg ,la lr ;snqKs (Millett, 1972)' tfyhska" ia;%sh ys;du;du foaYmd,kfhka wE;alr ;snqKs
(Pateman, 1988)' kuq;a kQ;k iudcj, tu oDV fnÿu
úYd, fjkilg ,la ù we;' kQ;k iudcfha ia;%Ska fmdÿ
fCIa;%h ;=<" úfYaIfhkau wd¾Ól yd iudc lghq;= j,oS
jeo.;a N+ñldjla r`.mdhs' tfia kï fmdÿ fCIa;%hg wh;a
foaYmd,k lghq;=j,go il%Shj iyNd.S ùfï whs;sh"
yelshdj fukau wjYH;djho ld,Sk wjYH;djhla njg
m;aù we;' ia;%shf.a odhl;ajh mjqf,ka msg iudc" wd¾Ól
yd ixialD;sl hk fmdÿ fCIa;%j, j¾Okhg úYd,
n,mEula lrk kQ;k ;;ajh ;=<" foaYmd,k fCIa;%fhka
muKla weh neyer lr ;eîu m%cd;ka;%jdofha j¾Okhg
muKla fkdj" rfÜ iuia; ixj¾Okhgo úYd, ndOdjla
fõ'
• foaYmd,k mlaIhl fyda jHdmdrhl kdhl;ajh .;a
mqreIfhl=f.a yosis wNdjh fyda thska bj;a ùu jeks
lreKloS" tu ysoei msrùug tu mqreIhdf.a mjqf,a
ia;%shl f;dard .ekSu fndfyda úg isÿfõ' úfYaIfhkau
fuh ol=Kq wdishdjg fmdÿ lreKls' fuu ia;%shg tu
foaYmd,k jHdmdrh lvd fkdjeà bosßhg f.k hdfï
úYd, j.lSula mejf¾' tn`ÿ úfYaI wjia:dj,oS muKla
fkdj" idudkH wjia:dj,oS;a iuyr mqreIhkag iudkj
36
lu,d ,shkf.a
fyda mqreIhkag;a jvd olaI wdldrfhka foaYmd,k
jHdmdr bosßhg f.khdfï yelshdj iuyr ia;%Skago
we;' kdhl;aj .=Kdx. yd yelshd mqreIhdg muKla iSud
fkdfõ (Bond, 2007)' fomlaIhgu wh;a mqoa.,hka w;ßka
kdhlhska ks¾udKh fõ' biau;= fõ' kuq;a kdhlhska
f,i biau;= jQ ia;%Ska ue;sjrKj,g kdufhdackd
b,aÆ úg foaYmd,k mlaI j, wdik ixúOdhlhskaf.a
iïm%odhsl wdl,am ksid fyda tn`ÿ ia;%Ska mqreIhskag jvd
ckms%h fõhehs Tjqka ;=< we;s ìh ksid fndfyda úg tu
wjia:dj ia;%Skag ,nd fkdfoa' fuu .eg¨j úi|Sug kï
wksjd¾fhkau ia;%Ska yd mqreIhka i|yd kS;Hdkql+,j
mx.=jla fjka lsÍu w;HjYHh'
• mqreIhkag idfmalaIj ia;%Skag foaYmd,k lghq;= ms<sn|
we;s w;aoelSï" foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh iu`. we;s in|;d
yd foaYmd,k m%pdrl jHdmdr jeks lghq;= ixúOdkhg
we;s yelshdjka wdosh wvq fyda fjkia úh yelsh' mrïmrd
.Kkdjla ;siafia Tjqkaj .DydY%s; fCIa;%hg fldgqlr
;sîu yd mqreIhkag jvd fjkia whqßka iudcdkqfhdackhg
,lalsÍu thg uQ,sl fya;=jhs' kuq;a ;djld,sl mshjrla
f,i mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd oS ia;%Skag foaYmd,khg
we;=,aùfï jru ,nd ÿkfyd;a lsishï ld,mßÉfPaohla
;=<oS" Tjqkago wod< w;aoelSï yd olaI;d j¾Okh lr
.ekSug;a foaYmd,k in|;d f.dvk`.d .ekSug;a
yelsfõ' tys m%;sM,hla f,i m%udKd;aulj muKla
fkdj .=Kd;auljo ia;%S-mqreI iu;=,s; ksfhdackhlg
u`. mEfoa'
• kQ;k mrmqf¾ ia;%Ska tn`ÿ kdhl;ajhlska lghq;= l<fyd;a
B,`. mrmqf¾ oshKsjrekaf.a kdhl;aj j¾Okh flfrys
37
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
tu wdo¾Yh úYd, jYfhka Okd;aul n,mEula lrhs'
th ia;%Ska ms<sn|j iudch ;=< mej;s iïm%odhsl wdl,am
yd w.;s.dó ye`.Sïj, (stereotypes) fjkila i|ydo
n,mdhs' ta u.ska ia;%Skaf.a is;a i;ka ;=<u ;uka ms<sn|j
me<moshï ù mej;s RKd;aul wdl,amo fjkilg
,lafõ' tfiau kQ;k mrmqf¾ foaYmd,k kdhsldjkag
ish w;aoelSï yryd wkd.; mrmqr i|yd lKsIaGhskaj
fm<Uùug;a" Tjqkag .=re yrelï yd Wmfoia ,ndoSug;a
yelshdj ,efí'
mx.= l%uhlg tfrysjo ;¾l .Kkdjla bosßm;a fõ'
• m%cd;ka;%jdoS kHdfha m%Odk uQ,O¾uhla jQ iudkd;au;djh
hk isoaOdka;hg mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd oSfuka ydks isÿfõ'
th ia;S%kag ,ndfok úfYaI jrm%idohla ksid zziudk
bvm%ia:d yd iudk ;r`.hZZ hk woyig mx.= l%uh
mgyeks fõ'
• m%cd;ka;%jdohg wkqj ish¨u Pkaoodhlhskag iajdëkj
;u Pkaoh mdúÉÑ lsÍfï whs;sh ysñfõ' kuq;a
ue;sjrKhloS ia;%Skag wdik fjka lsÍu u.ska ia;s%hlg
Pkaoh ,nd fokakehs Pkaoodhlhd fj; jl% n,mEula
t,a, fõ' th iudk ksfhdackh hk isoaOdka;hg mgyeks
fõ'
• fndfyda Pkaoodhlhska ue;sjrKhloS Pkao wfmalaIlhdf.a
ia;%S-mqreI njg jvd" kdhl;aj ,laIK" olaI;d" iudc
in|;d yd yelshdjka ms<sn| jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrhs'
tn`ÿ ;;ajhloS" mx.= l%uhlska ia;%S-mqreI ,sx.sl;ajhg
m%uqL;ajh oSu u.ska wfkl=;a idOl fkdi,ld yeÍula
38
lu,d ,shkf.a
isÿfõ' túg jvd;a fyd|u wfmalaIlhd f;dard .ekSfï
ls%hdj,shg ndOdjla isÿfõ' tlaflda tys§ jvd;au iqÿiq
wfmalaIlhd mfilg ;,a¨ ù hdug bv ;sfí'
• ia;%S ,sx.sl;ajh ksid hï ;SrK .kakd wdh;khlg
ksfhdackh ùfï jrula kS;Hdkql+,j ,ndÿkfyd;a"
thska tu ksfhdað;hd wj;lafiarejlg ke;skï ;SrK
.kakd m%Odk m%jdyfhka (main steram) mfilg ;,a¨ ù
hdfï m%jK;djhla we;s ùug bv ;sfí' tla me;a;lska
wfkla ksfhdað;hskag idfmalaIj tn`ÿ ksfhdað;hskag
;SrK .ekSfï ld¾hg il%Sh whqßka iyNd.S ùfï yelshdj
fyda olaI;djh fkdue;s ùug bv we;' wfkla me;af;ka
mx.= l%uhla ksid f;aÍ m;ajqk ksfhdað;hska olaI;d yd
yelshdjka u; f;aÍ m;a fkdùh hk wdl,amh wod<
wdh;k j, wfkla ksfhdað;hska ;=< biau;=ùu ksid
m%Odk ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,ska Tjqkaj fldkaùfï
bvlvlao we;'
• mlaI we;=¿ fjk;a foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=< mdrïmßlju
mqreIhka uQ,sl;ajh .ekSu ksid Tjqka jrm%ido N=la;s
ú|sk ;;ajhl isà' kuq;a tajdg m%fõY ùug ia;%Skag
kS;Hdkql+, jrula ,ndoSfuka mqreIhka ;=< ia;%Ska flf¾
wukdmhla we;sùfï iïNdú;djh we;sfõ' mqreIhkag
ysñù ;snQ bvm%ia:d" iïm;a yd jrm%ido wysñ fõh hk ìh
fyda ;¾ckh we;sùfuka fomlaIh w;r .egqï we;sùug
mjd bvlv ;sfí' úfYaIfhka mx.= l%uhla hgf;a
ia;%Skag ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ndoSfïoS" ta fjkqfjka
fuf;la mqreIhkag ,ndÿka kdufhdackd m%udKfhka
hï fldgila lmd yeÍug fyda m%;slafIam lsÍug isÿ fõ'
tn`ÿ ;;ajhloS mlaI wNHka;r .egqï mjd Woa.; ùug
39
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
bv ;sfí'
kuq;a fuu ;¾lj,g ia;%SjdoS foaYmd,k yd iudc
úoHd{hska úiska úúO m%;s;¾l bosßm;a lrkq ,en ;sfí'
iudkd;au;djh hk ixl,amhg wkqj ish¨u mqoa.,hska yd ck
lKavdhïj,g iudk ksoyi yd whs;sh kS;Hdkql+,j muKla
,nd oSfuka iudk m%;sM, ,nd.ekSug fkdyels neõ Tjqkaf.a
u;hhs' ienE iudkd;au;djh oskd .ekSu i|yd m%dfhda.sl
jYfhka iudk bvm%ia:d yd iïm;a o ,ndosh hq;=h' iudch
úiska mdrïmßlju ia;%Skaj .Dyia: fCIa;%hg iSudlr ;eîfuka
Tjqkaj wiudk ;;ajhlg m;alrkq ,en ;sfí' tksid Tjqkag
mqreIhka iu`. iudk foaYmd,k ;r`.hlg m%fõY ùu i|yd
iudk bvm%ia:d ysñ fkdfõ' tfiau iudk iïm;a yd yelshdjka
o Tjqkag fkdue;' m%;sM,j, ienE iudkd;au;djhla we;slr
.ekSug kï fï iEu wxYhlskau ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIh iudk
;;ajhlg f.k wd hq;=h' ta i|yd m%fõYhla f,i os.=l,la
wjdis iy.;j isá lKavdhug" tkï ia;%Skag ;djld,sl
jYfhka lsishï ;,a¨jla ,nd osh hq;=h' oS¾> ld,hla ;siafia
m%Odk m%jdyfhka mfilg ;,a¨ ù isá lKavdhula i|yd
;djld,slj lrkq ,nk tu fm<Uùu ia;%Skag úfYaI jrm%idohla
fyda mqreIhskaf.a whs;Ska Wÿrd .ekSula jkafka ke;' ia;%Skaj
foaYmd,k fCIa;%fhka bj;alr oud" mqreIhska iyuq,skau th
Tjqkag muKla whs;s fCIa;%hla njg m;alrf.k ;sîfuka
b;sydih mqrdu ia;%Skaf.a whs;sjdislï úfYaIfhka ksfhdackhg
we;s whs;sh mqreIhska úiska Wÿrd .ekSula lrkq ,enqKs' tu
ft;sydisl je/oao" jevjiï iudc rgdfjka Tíng .sh kQ;k
,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoS iudc rgdjka ;=< ;jÿrg;a mj;ajd f.k
hdug wjYH fkdfõ' ia;%S-mqreI fnÿulska f;drj fm!oa.,sl -
fmdÿ fCIa;% foflau ld¾hhkag ls%hdYS,sj iyNd.sjk ck;djg"
,sx.slj fyda fjk;a fNaohlska f;drj ish¨u foaYmd,k
40
lu,d ,shkf.a
ls%hdldrlïj,g iyNd.s ùfïoS;a iudk bv m%ia:d wksjd¾fhkau
,ndosh hq;=h'
foaYmd,k ksfhdackfhaoS ia;%Ska i|yd wdik fjkalr oSu
fndfyda rgj,oS" ue;sjrKfhka ue;sjrKhg Pkao fldÜGdY
udrejk wdldrfhka isÿflf¾' WodyrK f,i bkaoshdfõ
mxpdh;s m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, 33'3] la ia;%Skag wdik fjka
lsÍu tla Pkao fldÜGdYhlg iSud fkdfõ' ue;sjrKfhka
ue;sjrKhg ia;%S Pkao fldÜGdY udre fõ' túg jrla ia;%Skag
fjkajQ wdikh B,`. ue;sjrKfhaoS fmdÿ wdikhla ke;skï
ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu bosßm;a úhyels wdikhla njg kï
flf¾' fuysoS ia;%shla ksfhdackh jQ fldÜGdYfhka B,`.
ue;sjrKfhaoS mqreIfhla ksfhdackh ùug wksjd¾fhkau bvla
,efí' ck.yKfhka wvla jk ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu túg
ienE ksfhdackhlg bvlv ,efí' tfiau mqreIhska w;ßka
fyd|u wfmalaIlhd f;aÍug fï;dla l,a Pkaoodhlhdg ysñj
;snQ wjia:dj ta whqßkau ia;%Ska w;ßka jvd;a fyd|u wfmalaIsldj
f;dard .ekSug Ndú; lsÍug bv ,efí' th ia;%shla f;dard
.ekSu i|yd Pkaoodhlhl=f.a leue;a; n,y;aldrfhka Wÿrd
.ekSula f,i ie,lsh fkdyelsh' ia;%Ska m%udKj;a ixLHdjlg
kdufhdackd ,nd fkdoS" Tjqka ys;du;du ;r`.fhka bj;a fldg"
mqreI wfmalaIlhska muKla ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a lsÍfuka
wo fndfyda rgj,§ isÿjkafkao mqreIhl=g Pkaoh oSu i|yd
Pkaoodhlhdg n,lsÍuls'
ia;%Skag fmrg jvd kdufhdackd ,ndoSfuka foaYmd,k
mlaI ;=< .egqï we;súh yelafla tajdfha wNHka;r m%cd;ka;%jdohla
fkd;sîu;a" ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh yd fomlaIfhau wjYH;d
ms<sn| m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla mlaI ls%hdldÍkag fkd;sîu;a
ksidh' mqreIhkaf.ka muKla iukaú; jQ" Tjqka muKla
41
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
odhl;ajh olajk mlaI f,dj lsisÿ iudchl fkdue;' ish¨u
foaYmd,k mlaIj, idudðlhska" ls%hdldÍka" wdOdrlrejka yd
Pkaoodhlhska w;r wksjd¾fhkau ia;%Syqo fj;s' ìï uÜgfï
isg by< uÜgï olajd ish¨u ;SrK .ekSïj,os tu ia;%Skq;a
iyNd.s lrjd .ekSu i|yd kj m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd oSug isÿfõ
kï th mlaI jHqyfha we;s ÿ¾j,;djhls' ienE m%cd;ka;%jdoS
mlaIhla kï ia;%S-mqreI idudðlhska ieuf.au ksfhdað;hska
;SrK .ekSfïoS iyNd.s lr.; hq;= nj;a" th mlaIhl w;HjYH
wx. ,laIKhla nj;a mdlaIslhskag wjfndaO lr osh hq;=h' úúO
fya;= ksid mlaI ;=< tn`ÿ wx. ,laIK wdrïNfha isg fkdjQfha
kï" tu mlaI kQ;k ,snr,a iudchg .e,fmk mßos ixfYdaOkh
lr .ekSu mlaI kdhl;ajh fukau" idudðl;ajfhao Ndr¥r
j.lSuls' tfyhska mlaIfha wNHka;r m%;sm;a;s u.ska ia;%S-
mqreI fomlaIhgu ;SrK .ekSug iyNd.s úhyels jk whqßka
tys jHQyh fjkia l< hq;=h' ta i|yd mlaIh ;=< iudkd;au;d
m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd oSu w;HjYH fõ' tfia m%cd;ka;%jdoS m%;sm;a;s
wkq.ukh lsÍfuka" mlaI fmrg jvd ck;djg ióm" ck;d
m%idoh oskd.;a" ia;%S-mqreI ysff;IS (gender - friendly) ;;ajhg
m;aùug we;s bvlv jeäh' wksjd¾fhkau ue;sjrK ;r`.j,oS"
tn`ÿ mlaIj,g jeä jdis w;alr .ekSfï yelshdjo we;'
mx.= l%u Ndú;d fldg f;dard .kakd ia;%Ska foaYmd,kfha
m%Odk m%fõYfhka bj;a ùfï yelshdj we;af;a uQ,sl lreKq
folla ksidh' m<uqjekak" tu ksfhdað;jßhkag ;SrK .kakd
uÜgfïoS ilS%hj lghq;= lsÍug m%udKj;a yelshdjla fkd;sîuhs'
fojekak" Tjqka iu`. tlg lghq;= lrk mqreIhska ta i|yd wjYH
mßirh wehg ,nd fkdoSuhs' ienE ksfhdackhla i|yd fuu
ndOl folu u`.yrjd .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' mx.= l%uh yqfola
kS;shla f,i Ndú; l<hq;= ksid ´kEu ia;s%hl ksfhdackh
i|yd bosßm;a lsÍfuka tys uQ,sl wruqK bgqfkdfõ' ;SrK
42
lu,d ,shkf.a
.kakd uÜgïj,oS M,odhS whqßka lghq;= l< yels ia;%Ska ta i|yd
f;dard .ekSfuka by; i|yka lrk ,o ndOl u`. yrjd .;
yelsh' tfiau iuyr wjia:dj,oS mqreIhkag idfmalaIj" fjkiajQ
wdldrhlska ls%hdlrk ia;s%hla foi" ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh flf¾
ixfõoS m%fõYhlska n,d fomlaIhu iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍuo
mx.= l%uhla id¾:l lr.ekSug w;HjYH idOlhla fõ' fuysoS
tfia lghq;= lsÍfï jeo.;alu ms<sn| mqreIhkag oekqj;a njla
yd fyd| wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;=h' Tjqka kùk úhhq;=h' tfia
jqjfyd;a fuu ndOl u`. yrjd f.k mx.= l%uhla u.ska ienE
iy iu;=,s; ksfhdackhla oskd.; yelsh'
ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd jk mx.= l%uh úiska
iudkd;au;djh hkak tla ixl,amhlska ;j;a ixl,amhlg
udre lsÍula lrkq ,nhs' ke;skï iïNdjH ixl,amhlska
kùk ixl,amhlg udre lrhs' iïNdjH ,snr,ajdohg wkqj
zziudkd;au;djhZZ hkq zziudk bv m%ia:dZZ fyda zz;r`.ldÍ
iudkd;au;djhZZ hk woyia .eíjQ ixl,amhls' ia;%Ska i|yd jQ
ndOd úêu;aj ÿre lsÍu" ke;skï Tjqkag i¾jck Pkao n,h
,nd oSu" fuu iudkd;au;djh oskd .ekSu i|yd m%udKj;a
nj;a" th oskd .ekSfï ld¾h mqoa.,slj ia;%shg mejfrk nj;a
,snr,ajdoSkaf.a u;h úh'
kuq;a miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;siafia ia;%SjdoSka ;¾l
lrkafka fufia úêu;aj ndOl ÿre lsÍfuka muKla ienE
iudkd;au;djh oskd.; fkdyels njhs' ia;%Skaj Rcqju
fjkialï j,g ,laùu;a" ixlS¾K jQ yd ie`.jqKq ndOl /
il n,mEula ksid ia;%shg iudk foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla
oskd.ekSug fkdyels ù we;s nj Tjqkaf.a woyihs' tksid mx.=
l%uh fyda fjk;a idOkSh ls%hdldrlï (positive actions) u.ska
zzm%;sM,j, iudkd;au;djhZZ (equality of results) oskd .;hq;=
43
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
nj ia;%SjdoSkaf.a ;¾lhhs' iudkd;au;djh iïnkaO fojeks
ixl,amh f,i ie,flk fuu ia;%SjdoS w¾:l;kh" miq.sh
oYl lSmh ;=<oS' ienE iudkd;au;djh i|yd jvd;a wod< tlla
f,i ckms%h fjñka mj;S' fuu ixl,amfhka ir,j m%ldY
jkafka yqfola úêu;a iudkd;au;d m%;sm;a;s u.ska muKla ienE
iudkd;au;djh oskd .; fkdyelsh' iudk m%;sM, oskd .ekSu
i|yd kï mx.= l%uh jeks jkaos f.ùfï Wml%u y`ÿkajd osh
hq;=h hkakhs (Dahlerup, 1988)' tkï mrïmrd .Kkla ;siafia
foaYmd,k lghq;=j,§ fjkilg ,lajqk ia;%Ska" ta i|yd ;,a¨
lsÍug ;djld,sl úfYaI mshjr y÷kajd Èh hq;= njhs'
mx.= l%u j¾.SlrKh
f,dj rgj,a 97 la muK ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha
j¾Okh i|yd jQ mx.= l%u Ndú; lsÍu uE; oYl lsysmh ;=<oS
wdrïN lr we;' tu mx.= l%u ;=ka wdldr j¾.SlrKhlg hg;a
l< yelsh' tajd kï
i. md¾,sfïka;=j fyda m<d;a md,k wdh;kfha wdik j,ska
lsishï wkqmd;hla kS;Hdkql+,j ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍfï
l%uh (System of Reserved Seats)fï hgf;a ksYaÑ; Pkao fldÜGdY ixLHdjla ke;skï
wdikj,ska lsishï wkqmd;hla ue;sjrK kS;s fyda wdKavql%u
jHjia:dj u.ska ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lrhs' tu wkqmd;fhka
m%ldYs; ksfhdað;jßhka ixLHdj Pkaofhka f;dard .ekSu fyda
m;a lsÍu isÿflf¾'
ii. jHjia:dms; mx.= l%uh (Legislative quotas)ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a jk ish¨u foaYmd,k mlaIj,
kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska fyda hï foaYmd,k wdh;khlg
f;aÍ m;ajk ksfhdað;hskaf.ka lsishï m%;sY;hla ia;%Ska i|yd
44
lu,d ,shkf.a
fjkalsÍu fï hgf;a isÿfõ' ue;sjrK kS;s fyda rfÜ wdKavql%u
jHjia:d kS;sfhka fuu m%;sY;h ia:dms; l< yelsh'
iii. iafõÉPd mx.= l%uh fyda foaYmd,k mlaI mx.= l%uh
(Voluntary quotas or Political party quotas)foaYmd,k mlaIj, jHjia:d u.ska fyda mlaI kS;s
u.ska fyda mlaIj,g n|jd .ekSu i|yd jk ls%hdms<sfj;a u.ska
ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,g iy mlaI ks,OdÍ u`vq,a,g
lsishï ia;%S-mqreI wkqmd;hla we;=<;a úhhq;= hhs kshu lsÍu
fuysoS isÿfõ (Norris: n.d)'
i. jHjia:dkql+,j wdik fjkalsÍfï l%uh
oekg f,dj rgj,a 13 la cd;sl md¾,sfïka;=fõ my<
uKav,h i|yd jHjia:dkql+,j wdik fjka lsÍfï l%uh
wkq.ukh lrhs' fudfrdlafldaj" fcda¾odkh" nx.,dfoaYh"
mlsia:dkh" fndiaÜjdkd" ;dhsjdka" f,fidaf;da iy gexidkshdj
ta w;r fõ' m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,ska bkaoshdfõ 33'3]" tß;s%hd
30]" f,fidaf;da 30]" rejkavd 30]" ol=Kq wms%ldj 50]" gexidkshd
25]" W.kavd 33]" mlsia:dkh 17'6] yd ms,smSkh 33] l wdik
ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍula tu rgj, wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska
fyda ue;sjrK kS;s u.ska y`ÿkajd oS we; ^j.= wxl( 6&'
fuu m%;sm;a;sh u.ska foaYmd,k ksfhdað; wdh;khg
f;aÍ m;aúh hq;= ia;%Skaf.a wju ixLHdjla kS;Hdkql+,j iy;sl
flf¾' fuysoS ia;%Ska i|yd lsishï m%;sY;hla fjkalrk Pkao
fldÜGdY" ue;sjrKfhka ue;sjrKhg udre flf¾' fufia
ia;S%ka i|yd fjka fkdl< wdik fmdÿ wdik f,i ie,flk
w;r" tajdhska ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a úh
yelsh'
45
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
fuu l%uh hgf;a iuyr rgj, jl% Pkao l%uhlska uyck
ksfhdað;jßhka f;darhs' WodyrK jYfhka md¾,sfïka;=jg
Pkaofhka f;dard.;a fmdÿ ksfhdað;hska úiska fjkal< wdik
i|yd ia;%Skaj f;dard .kq ,efí' ;j;a rgj, fjk;a uyck
ksfhdað;hska f;dard .kakd whqßkau fuu wdik i|yd;a idudkH
ue;sjrKhloS ia;%Skaj f;dard .kS' ;j;a rgj, w.ue;s úiska
fyda w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg kdñl úOdhlh úiska fyda wod<
mlaIfha kdhlhd úiska fjka l< wdik i|yd ksfhdað;jßhka
f;dard m;alrkq ,nhs'
ksfhdað; wdh;khl isáh hq;= ia;%Skaf.a wju m%;sY;h
fuu l%uh hgf;a kS;Hdkql+, ms<s.ekSulg ,laùu tys we;s
úYd,u jdishhs' tfy;a hï foaYmd,k mlaIhl kdhlhd fyda
w.ue;sjrhd m;a lrk ksfhdað;jßhla m%cd;ka;%jdoSj f;dard
.ekqfka ke; hk wj;lafiarejg fyda fpdaokdjg ,laùugo
fuysoS bv ;sfí' tfiau wod< ksfhdað;jßh ck;dj ksfhdackh
lsÍu fjkqjg ;uka m;al< kdhlhdf.a wjYH;d wkqj lghq;=
lsÍfï iïNdú;djho fuysoS biau;= ùug bv ;sfí' ;jo" wdKavq
mlaIfha Yla;sh ;yjqre lr .ekSug fufia f;dard m;alrk
ksfhdað;jßhka Ndú; lsÍfï bvlvo ;sfí' udkj whs;Ska
ksisf,i N=la;s ú|Sfï bvlv wvq" úOdhlh fj; n,;,
flakaø.; lr.kakd foaYmd,k l%uj, úOdhlfha wjYH;d
i|yd fuu ksfhdað;jßhka fhdod .ekSfï bvlv jeäh'
tfyhska fjkal< wdik i|yd ksfhdað;jßhka m;a lsÍfïoS"
hï uÜgulg iajdëkj lghq;= l< yels" mlaI kdhlhdf.a
w;fld¿jla ù yqfola ta fjkqfjka muKla fmkS fkdisák
ia;%Skaj f;dard .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' tfia fkdjqjfyd;a fuu
mx.= l%ufhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu wiSre fõ'
46
lu,d ,shkf.a
ii. jHjia:dms; mx.= l%uh
md¾,sfïka;= fyda m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKhlg bosßm;a
jk wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=j,ska fyda tu wdh;kj,g f;aÍ m;ajk
ksfhdað;hska w;=ßka ia;%Ska i|yd wju wkqmd;hla kS;sfhka
ksYaph lsÍu fuu l%ufhka isÿfõ' fuu wkqmd;h fjka lsÍuo
md¾,sfïka;= kS;shla fyda wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka isÿflf¾'
ia;%Ska i|yd muKla fkdj iq¿ ck lKavdhï" ;reKhska yd
my;a hhs iïu; l=, wdosh ksfhdackh i|ydo fuu mx.= l%uh
Ndú; fõ' fn,aðhu" m%xYh yd b;d,sh jeks iuyr hqfrdamd
rgj,;a fmare" wd¾ckaákdj" fulaisfldaj" fjksishq,dj"
fnd,Súhd yd n%iS,h jeks ,;ska weußldkq rgj,a /il;a ia;%S
ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd fuu l%uh Ndú;d flf¾ ^j.= wxl(
7&' md¾,sfïka;= lñgq yd WmfoaYl lñgqj, ia;%S ksfhdackh
j¾Okh i|ydo mska,ka;h yd fkda¾fõ jeks rgj,a fuu mx.=
l%uh fhdod .kS'
fuu Wml%ufha id¾:l;ajhg n,mdk lreKq lSmhls' tajd
kï foaYmd,k mlaI bosßm;a lrk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= újD;
o ke;skï wdjD; o" ue;sjrK wfmalaIl wfmalaIsldjka iudk
wdldrfhka kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j ;=< fm<.iajhso" ke;skï
,ehsia;=fõ my< fkdjeo.;a ia:dkhl wfmalaIsldjka ia:dk.;
lrhso" hï mlaIhla mx.= l%u kS;shg wkqj kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=
ilia fkdl<fyd;a ta i|yd ,efnk o`vqju l=ulao@ hkdosh ta
w;ßka uQ,sl fõ'
iii. iafõÉPd mx.= l%uh
foaYmd,k mlaI j, jHjia:dj u.ska fyda mlaI kS;sÍ;s
u.ska fyda iïm%odhla f,i ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= j,ska
lsishï m%;sY;hla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍu fuu l%ufhka isÿfõ'
m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd ue;sjrK iydh i|yd cd;Hka;r wdh;kh
47
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
(International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assiistance) úiska iïmdokh lrk ,o ia;%Ska i|yd jk mx.= l%uj, f,dal
o;a; tl;=jg (Global Database of Quotas for Women) wkqj
oekg rgj,a 73 l foaYmd,k mlaI 163 la úiska fuu iafõÉPd
mx.= l%uh Ndú; lrkq ,efí (http://www.idea.int/gender/updated_quota.cfm). ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a" ngysr hqfrdamh
yd iuyr ,;ska weußldkq rgj, iafõÉPd mx.= l%u Ndú;
lrhs' kuq;a tajd ls%hd;aul jkafka úúO whqßks' kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=j, mqreIfhla" ia;s%hla jYfhka iudkj ia;%S$mqreI
wfmalaIlhska wkqms<sfj,ska ia:dk.; lrk l%uh Zip l%uh
(Zipper System) f,i y`ÿkajhs' fuu l%ufhaoS ue;sjrKfhka
miqj kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ wfmalaIlhska ia:dk .;l<
wkqms<sfj, fjkia lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,
mlaI /ila úiska Ndú;d lrkq ,nk fuu l%uh jvd;a M,odhs
l%uhla f,i ie,fla' kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= j, my< ia:dkhl
ia;%Ska ia:dk.; lsÍfuka isÿjk wjdish fuysoS u`. yef¾'
tfiau fuu l%uh Ndú;fhaoS hï wfmalaIlhl=g kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=fõ ,ndoS ;snQ ia:dkh ue;sjrKfhka miqj mlaI
kdhl;ajfha leue;a; u; udre l< fkdyelsfõ' ;jo" ia;%S-
mqreI fomlaIhu ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a ù ck;d Pkaofhka f;aÍ
m;ajk ksid tu ksfhdað;jßhka wj;lafiarejg ,laùfï bvlv
yd mlaI kdhlhdf.a w;fld¿jla njg m;a ùfï iïNdú;djho
wvqh' tla Pkao fldÜGdYhlska mqreIfhla yd ia;s%hla jYfhka
ksfhdað;hska fofofkla f;dard .ekSfï ksjqka l%uho (Twinned System) iuyr rgj, Ndú; fõ' ;j;a iuyr rgj, mlaI
^mska,ka;h" fkda¾fõ& kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ 60] lg jvd
mqreIhka we;=<;a fkdúh hq;=h hkqfjka kshu lr we;' túg
wksjd¾fhkau b;sß 40] ia;%Ska úhhq;=h' ;j;a rgj, mlaI
úiska" ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIfhka ljr mlaIhlaj;a kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=fjka 60] fkdblauúh hq;= njg ;SrKh lr ;sfí' th
48
lu,d ,shkf.a
ia;%S-mqreI uOHia: mx.= l%uh (Gender-neutral quotas) f,i
y`ÿkajhs'
by; i|yka l< ;=ka wdldr mx.= l%uj,ska l%u folla
iuyr rgj,a Ndú;d lrhs' ;j;a iuyrla tla l%uhla Ndú;d
lrhs' ia;%Ska i|yd jk mx.= l%ufha f,dal o;a; tl;=jg wkqj
f,dj rgj,a 97 l fuu mx.= l%u tlla fyda folla Ndú;d
fõ' thska rgj,a 13 l" wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjkau ksfhdað;
wdh;kj, wdikj,ska lsishï mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalr
we;' rgj,a 37 la ue;sjrK kS;s u.ska jHjia:dms; mx.= l%u
y`ÿkajd oS ;sfí' rgj,a 73 l mlaI jHjia:d fyda ue;sjrK kS;s
u.ska mx.= l%uh ia:dms; fldg we;' fuu rgj,a 97 ka 20] l
ia;%Ska i|yd kS;sfhka wdik fjkalr ;sfí' 38] l f;aÍ m;ajk
ksfhdað;hska fyda kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska mx.=jla ia;%Skag
fjkalr ;sfí' 61] l kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska mx.=jla mlaI
jHjia:d fyda m%;sm;a;s u.ska ia;%Skag fjkalr oS ;sfí (Pande and Ford, 2011) ^igyk(1 n,kak&'
49
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
igy
k( 1
f,dj
Ndú
;d jk
mx.
= l%u
mx.
= l%u
j¾.
SlrK
h
úi
a;rh
y`ÿk
ajd ÿk
a mok
u ^w
dKav
q
l%u
jHji
a:dj
" ue;
sjrK
kS;
s" m
laI
m%;
sm;
a;s f
yda
kS;
s&
wfm
alaI
s; m
%;sM,$w
Nsfh
da.
foaY
md,
k
ksfhdað
;
wdh
;k
fha
wdi
k
fjk
alsÍu( hï
wdi
k
m%;sY;hl
a
ia;%Sk
a i|yd
fjk
a lsÍu
ue;
sjrK
fhaoS
ish¨
wdi
kj,sk
a lsishï m
%;sY;hl
a
ia;%S w
fmal
aIl
hsk
a i|yd
muK
la f
jk
a lsÍu' tu
wdi
kj,sk
a ia;%Sk
a muK
la
ksfhdað
;hsk
a f,i w
od<
wdh
;k
hg f
;aÍ m
;afõ' túg
tu w
dik
j, P
kaoo
dhl
hsk
ag
Pk
aoh o
sh y
elafl
a ia;%Sk
ag
muK
s'
k
uq;a f
uu w
dik
ue;
sjrK
fhk
a ue;
sjrK
hg
fjk
ia l
< y
el'
fuu m
x.=j f
jk
a
lsÍu w
dKavql
%u
jHjia:dj
fyda
ue;
sjrK
kS;s u
`.sk
a
isÿ
fl
f¾' ish¨u
ml
aI i
a;%Sk
a i|yd
fjk
al< w
dik
j,g
ia;%S w
fmal
aIl
hsk
af.a
kï m
uK
la w
e;=<;a
kdu
fhdac
kd bosß
m;a
l< h
q;=h'
fuu k
S;sh i
sh¨ m
laIj,g
fmdÿ
fõ' th k
sis f
,i
ls%hd;
aul
l<fyd;
a ia;%S
ksfhdac
kfha i
xLHd;
aul
j¾Ok
hl
a isÿf
õ' k
uq;a
ia;%Sk
ag m
uK
la P
kaoh
fok
f,i P
kaoo
dhl
hdg
n,l
sÍul
a fï l
%uh u
`.sk
a
isÿf
õ h
hs t
hg t
frysj
fpdao
kd k
ef`.
a" ia;%Sk
ag
fjk
al< w
dik
hg"
mqreI
hk
ag P
kao
50
lu,d ,shkf.a
wfmal
aIl
hsk
a f,i
bosß
m;aùu ;
yk
ï l
sÍu
iudk
whs;sjdi
slï
W,a,x>
khl
a f,io
ie,
fl
a' k
uq;a w
fk
la
wdi
kj,sk
a ksfhdac
kh j
k
nyq;rh
ksiel
ju
mqreI
hk
a ùu k
sid hï
wdh
;k
hl
iuia;
ksfhdac
kfhaoS
th
mqreI
hk
ag w
jdi
s iy.;j
n, f
kdm
dhs' ia;%Sk
ag j
rla
fjk
a l< w
dik
h B
,`.
ue;
sjrK
fhaoS
ia;%S-m
qreI
fom
laIhg f
mdÿ
wdi
khl
a
lsÍf
uk
a fuu w
jdi
sh u
`.
yef
¾'
51
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
wdi
k f
jk
a
lsÍu - l
sishï
wdi
k
ixL
Hdj
lsk
a
ia;%S-m
qreI
ksfhdað
;hsk
a
fof
ofk
la
Pk
aofhk
a
f;dar
d .ek
Su
fuysoS
Pk
aoodh
lhdg
Pk
ao 2
la y
sñfõ' tajd tl
a
wfmal
aIl
hl
= yd
wfmal
aIsl
djl
fjk
qfjk
a
mdú
ÉÑ l
< h
q;=h' fuysoS
jeä
u
Pk
ao ,nd .;a m
qreI
hd yd
ia;s%h k
sfhdað
;hsk
a f,i
f;dar
d m;a f
lf¾'
ue;
sjrK
kS;sfhk
a
fuu w
dik
fjk
a
fl
f¾'
fjk
alrk
,o
wdi
kj,
ia;%S-m
qreI
iudk
ksfhdac
khl
a we;
s ùfuk
a
iuia; k
sfhdac
khg
n,mEu
la i
sÿfõ' tfyhsk
a
ksfhdac
khg w
e;s i
u
whs;sh ;
yqjre
fõ' k
uq;a
hï w
dik
hl
ia;%Sk
a w;ßk
a
jeä
u P
kao
,nd.
;a
wfmal
aIsl
djg j
vd jeä
Pk
ao ,nd .;a
wfmal
aIl
fhl
= isáhfyd;
a
th n
yq;r
leu
e;a; h
k
ixl
,amhg m
gyek
s hhs
iuyre
;¾l
lr;
s' tfy;a
ia;%Sk
a mdr
ïmßl
ju
wjdi
siy.; ;
;ajhl
g m
;a
ù i
sàu k
sid Tjqk
aj t
hsk
a
uqoj
d .ek
Sug f
un`ÿ
;dj
ld,
sl k
S;s w
jYH f
õ'
52
lu,d ,shkf.a
k
sYaÑ; w
dik
ixL
Hdj
la
fjk
a lsÍu(
mrdð
;hk
a
w;ßk
a fyda
jeä
u P
kao
,en
Q
wfmal
aIsl
djk
a
ixL
Hdj
f;dar
d
.ek
Su
foaY
md,
k k
sfhdað
;
wdh
;k
fha w
dik
20
la
ia;%Sk
ag f
jk
a lf<a k
ï t
u
ixL
Hdj
mqreI
hk
ag j
vd jeä
Pk
ao ,en
Q fyda fk
d,en
Q
wfmaCI
lhsk
a w;ßk
a f;aÍu'
fuysoS
ia;%Sk
a i|yd wdi
k
fjk
a fk
fl
frk
w;r
foaY
md,
k w
dh;k
;=<
ksfhdað
;jßhk
a fumuK
ixL
Hdj
la i
sáh h
q;=h h
k
wjuh k
shu f
lf¾' f
uysoS
ish¨u w
dik
j,sk
a jeä
u P
kao
,en
Q ia;%Sk
a w;=ßk
a 20
f;dar
d
.ef
ka' iuyr ú
g t
fia f
;aÍ
m;ajqk
ia;%Sk
ag j
vd jeä
Pk
ao
,nd .;a m
qreI
hk
a hï h
ï
wdi
kj, i
sáho
Tjqk
aj f
;dar
d
fk
d.ef
ka'
wdK
avql
%u j
Hjia:dj
fyda ue;
sjrK
kS;sfhk
a ia:dm
s;
fl
f¾'
fuu l
%ufhk
a ia;%S
ksfhdac
kfha i
xLHd;
aul
j¾Ok
hl
a isÿf
õ' k
uq;a
nyq;r l
eue;
a; f
kdi
,l
d
yef
¾ h
k f
pdao
kdj
thg
tfrysjo
kef
`.a'
53
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
wdi
k f
jk
a
lsÍu(
ksfhdað
;jßh
ka j
l%
Pk
aohl
a u`.
ska
f;dar
d .ek
Su
fyda m;a l
sÍu
hï f
oaYmd,
k w
dh;k
hl
ksfhdac
kfhk
a ksYaÑ;
m%;sY;hl
a ia;%Sk
a i|y
d fjk
a
lr
Tjqk
aj j
l% P
kao
l%uhl
ska
f;aÍu' Wod
( jHjia:do
dhl
hg
Pk
aofhk
a f;dar
d .k
akd
ksfhdað
;hsk
af.a j
eä
Pk
aofhk
a f;aÍu
" k
e;sk
ï
ia;%Sk
af.a k
ï w
e;=<;a" l
,sk
a
iïmdo
s; ú
fYaI f
lá
,eh
sia;=jl
ska c
kdê
m;sjrh
d
fyda k
dñl
úOdh
lh ú
isk
a
ksfhdað
;jßh
ka f
;dar
d m;a
lr.
kq ,
eîu
wdK
avql
%u j
Hjia:dj
fyda ue;
sjrK
kS;s
u`.
ska i
a:dm
s; f
lf¾'
ksfhdað
;jßh
ka
ixL
Hdj
yd Tjqk
a
f;dar
d .k
akd fyda
m;al
rk w
dldr
h;a"
m;a l
sÍfï n
,h y
sñ
mqoa.
,hd fyda
uK
av,h m
s<sn|j
;a
kS;sfhk
a ksYaÑ;j
m%l
dY f
lf¾'
fuu l
%ufhk
a ia;%S
ksfhdac
kfha j
¾Ok
hl
a
wk
sjd¾
fhk
au i
sÿfõ' k
uq;a
fuu k
sfhdað
;jßh
ka
ien
úk
au i
a;%Sk
af.a
wjYH;d k
sfhdac
kh
lrh
so" k
e;sk
ï m
laIh
fyda Tjqk
aj m
;a l
rk
mqoa.
,hdf
.a w
;fl
d¿ n
jg
m;afõo
hk
.eg
¨j f
uysoS
u;=fõ' ;jo" m
laIh f
yda
wod
< m
qoa.,hdg
iïnk
aO
m%N+ i
a;%Sk
a m;aùug w
e;s
bvl
v o
fuys§
jeä
h'
tfiau j
l% w
hqßk
a f;dar
d
.;a f
yda m;al
< i
a;%Sk
a
ksid fuu
ksfhdað
;jßh
kaj
wj;l
afiarej
g ,
laùugo
bv ;
sfí
54
lu,d ,shkf.a
ue;
sjrK
kdu
fhdac
kd
,eh
sia;=j,sk
a
lsishï
wk
qmd;
hl
a
ia;%Sk
a i|yd
fjk
alsÍu$k
ï
we;
=<;a l
sÍfï
wk
qms<sfj,l
a
kshu
fk
dlsÍu
iEu
foaY
md,
k m
laIhl
skau
ue;
sjrK
hg b
osßm;a l
rk
kdu
fhdac
kd ,eh
sia;=j,g
ia;%Sk
a ksYaÑ; w
kqmd;
hl
a
we;
=<;a l
<hq;= h
hs k
shu
lsÍu' k
uq;a t
u i
a;%Sk
af.a k
ï
kdu
fhdac
kd ,eh
sia;=fõ l
jr
whqßk
a ia:dk
.; l
< h
q;=o"
fyda tu i
a:dk
.; l
sÍfï
wk
qms<sfj, m
s<sn|j f
yda l
sisÿ
kshuhl
a tu k
S;sfhk
a m%l
dY
fk
dfõ' fuysoS
újD;
kdu
fhdac
kd ,eh
sia;= l
%uh
Ndú
; f
lf¾'
ue;
sjrK
kS;s u
`.sk
a
ish¨u m
laIj,g
n,mdk
kS;shl
a f,i
fuu k
shuh i
a:dm
s;
l< y
elsh' tfiau
ml
aI w
NHk
a;r
m%;sm;a;s u
`.sk
ao wod
<
ml
aIh i
|yd tn`ÿ
kshuhl
a mek
úh
yel
sh' ;jo" m
laI
;SrK
hl
a u;
iïm%od
hl
a f,io
fuu l
%uh w
kq.uk
h
l< y
elsh'
fuu l
%uhg w
kqj
ue;
sjrK
fhaoS
tl
u
wdi
khg i
a;%S-m
qreI
fom
laIhgu b
osßm;a ú
h
yel
sh' tysoS
iïm%od
hsl
fya;= k
sid mqreI
hk
ag
idf
mal
aIj" ia;%Sk
a wjdi
s iy.; ;
;ajhl
isák
fyhsk
a ia;%Sk
af.a
ch.ek
Sfï i
ïNdú
;dj
h
wvqúh y
elsh' tfyhsk
a ia;%Sk
af.a k
sfhdac
kh
j¾Ok
h i
|yd fuu
l%ufhk
a isÿj
k n
,mEu
wvqh' k
uq;a w
vq j
Yfhk
a ue;
sjrK
hg b
osßm;a ù
fï
wjia:dj
fyda ia;%Sk
ag
,eî
u k
sid Tjqk
ag ,
efnk
foaY
md,
k w
;aoe
lSï
os.=l
d,Sk
j M
,od
hS ú
h
yel
sh'
55
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
ue;
sjrK
kdu
fhdac
kd
,eh
sia;=j,sk
a
lsishï
wk
qmd;
hl
a
ia;%Sk
a i|y
d
fjk
a lsÍu -
ia;%S-m
qreI
kï
we;
=<;a ú
hhq;=
wk
qms<sfj,
ms<sn|
kS;sfhk
a
m%l
dY ù
u
foaY
md,
k m
laI ú
isk
a bosß
m;a
lrk
q ,nk
kdu
fhdac
kd
,eh
sia;=j, m
qreI
fhl
a-ia;s%hl
a-
mqreI
fhl
a hk
wk
qms<sfj,g
50] n
e.sk
a ia;%S-m
qreI
fom
laIhgu f
nfok
whqßk
a
fuysoS
kï w
e;=<;a f
lf¾'
fuh z
ippe
r yd z
ebra
l%u
f,io
y`ÿk
ajhs' ;jo" k
du
fhdac
kd ,eh
sia;=j,sk
a 30]
la
fjk
a lsÍuo
l< y
elsh' tysoS
,eh
sia;=fõ ;
=kajek
akd"
yhjek
akd"
kjjek
akd ia;s%hl
a
úhhq;=hs k
shu f
lfrk
wjia:do
;sfí' k
dufhdac
kd
,eh
sia;=fõ k
ï i
a:dk
.; l
<
wk
qms<sfj, u
e;sjrK
fhk
a
miqj f
jk
ia l
< f
kdy
elsh'
fuh w
djD;
kdu
fhdac
kd
,eh
sia;= f
,i y
e|sk
afõ'
ue;
sjrK
kS;s f
yda
ml
aI w
NHk
a;r
m%;sm;a;s u
`.sk
a fuu
l%uh y
`ÿk
ajd osh
yel
sh' ml
aI
iïm%od
hl
a f,io
fuu l
%uh N
dú; l
<
yel
sh'
wdi
k f
jk
a lsÍu
yd
iioo
aoS fuu l
%uh i
xlS¾K
núk
a wvqh' ia;%S-m
qreI
fom
laIhgu i
udk
bvm%ia:dj
la
kdu
fhdac
kdj
,sk
a ,ef
nk
ksid tl
sfk
ldf
.a y
elshd
wk
qj P
kao
oskd .ek
Sug
bv ,
efí' k
dufhdac
kd
,eh
sia;=fõ k
ï
ue;
sjrK
fhk
a miqj
fjk
ia l
sÍfï y
elshdj
fk
due;
s ksid ú
jD;
,eh
sia;= l
%uhg j
vd ia;%Sk
a
ksfhdac
kh ù
fï
iïNdú
;dj
h j
eäh'
56
lu,d ,shkf.a
ia;%S ksfhdackh jvd;a M,odhS ùug n,mdk idOl
mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd oSfuka muKla M,odhS ia;%S
ksfhdackhla fõ hhs wfmalaId l< fkdyelsh' ia;%S ksfhdackh
yryd" ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okh jk whqßka ienE fjkila
we;s lsÍu i|yd mx.= l%uhg wu;r fjk;a idOl .Kkdjlao
n,mdhs' foaYmd,k ksfhdað; wdh;kh ls%hd;aul jk foaYmd,k
ikao¾Nh" f;aÍ m;ajk ia;%Ska ixLHdj" tu ia;%Skaf.a iajNdjh iy
foaYmd,k n, ;r`.hg wod< kS;sÍ;s" iïm%odhka" jHjydrhka"
wúêu;a ls%hdldrlï" tu wdh;k ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh iy
foaYmd,k l%uh ms<sn| iudcfha mj;sk wdl,am" wfmalaId"
idrO¾u yd úYajdi wdosh fï w;ßka m%Odk fõ' ;jo" ksfhdað;
wdh;k ;=< kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lrk ls%hdj,sh" Y%uh
fnfok wdldrh" wdh;k jHQyh yd OQrdj,Ska" úkh" wNHka;r
in|;d" mj;sk iïm;a yd ia;%Ska i|yd jk myiqlï wdosho ia;%S
ksfhdackh M,odhS ùug n,mdhs'
ia;%S ksfhdackh u.ska ia;%Skaf.a;a" foaYmd,k wdh;kj,;a"
rfÜ;a mj;sk ;;ajfha fjkila wfmalaId lrkafka kï
ksfhdað;jßhka fuu idOl ish,a,u ms<sn| ukdj wOHhkh
fldg tajd ms<sn| fyd|ska oekqj;a úh hq;=h' tfiau tu
wdh;kj,g wod< kS;s" m%;sm;a;s" jHjydrhka yd iïm%odhka
wdosh ksis whqßka Ndú; l< hq;=h' tfiau wjYH wjia:dj,oS
tajd fjkia l< hq;=h' tn÷ fjkila we;s lsÍu i|yd i;r
wdldrhl Wml%u Ndú; l< yelsh'
mx.= l%uhla u.ska ia;%Ska m%udKj;a ixLHdjla ;SrK
.kakd wdh;kj,g ksfhdackh ùfuka m%udKd;aul fjkila
isÿù wdh;kfha jHQyd;aul fjkila muKla isÿfõ' th
.=Kd;aul fjkila njg m;a lsÍug wjYH kï fï i;rdldr
57
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
Wml%uo wksjd¾fhkau Ndú;d l< hq;=h' (Lovenduski and Karam, 1998)4
i. wdh;kd;aul $ ls%hdmámdàkays fjkialï
ksfhdað; wdh;kh ;=< jvd;a ia;%S ysff;IS (women-friendly) iajNdjhla" ke;skï tn`ÿ mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍug
wod< mshjr .ekSu fuysoS l< hq;=fõ' fmdÿfõ foaYmd,k
wdh;kj, iajNdjh mqreI flakaøSh fõ' th fjkia lsÍu
w;HjYHh' wdh;kfha úúO ls%hdmámdàkag ia;%Skaj wka;¾
.%yKh lr.ekSu i|yd úúO úêu;a fukau wúêu;a Wml%uo
Ndú; l< hq;=h' ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh flf¾ wdh;kfha
ish¨u ksfhdað;hska ;=< ixfõoS njla we;s lsÍu i|yd jk
mqyqKq jevigyka ls%hd;aul lsÍuo w;HjYHh' úYaùh jYfhka
ia;%Ska tla fmdÿ lKavdhula fkdjk nj;a" ck j¾.h" j¾Kh"
l=,h" wd.u" jhi" mx;sh yd YdÍßl yelshdjka u; Tjqka
w;ro mqreIhkag iudk whqßka fjkialï mj;sk nj;a" wod<
wdh;kfha ksfhdað;hskag wjfndaO ùug ;rï m%udKj;a ixfõoS
njla Tjqka ;=< cks; l< hq;=h'
ii. ksfhdackfha fjki
mx.= l%ufhka ksfhdackh i|yd m%fõYh ,o ia;%Skaj
Wkkaÿ lsÍu" fcaHIaG ksfhdað;hska u.ska .=reyrelï yd Wmfoia
,ndoSu" ue;sjrK kS;s fjkia fldg ;r`.fhaoS iudk bvlv
,ndoSfï ;;ajhka ks¾udKh lsÍu yd ksfhdað; wdh;k ;=<g
ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh wruqKq lr.;a kS;s fr.=,dis y`ÿkajd
oSu wdosh yryd ia;%S ksfhdackh wdrlaId lsÍug" ;yjqre lsÍug
yd jHdma; lsÍug wod< lghq;= l< hq;=h' ;jo" md¾,sfïka;=
ia:djr lñgq yd Wm lñgq iy mlaIj, lD;HdêldÍ uKav,"
4 fuu mßÉfPaofha wka;¾.; lreKqj,g uQ,sl jYfhka mokï jQfha
Lovenduski yd Karam, (1998) f.a woyiah'
58
lu,d ,shkf.a
mlaI l%shdldß lñgq ke;skï mCI fldali (caucus) jeks
oE i|yd ia;%Skaj f;dard .ekSfukao fuu fjkig u`. mEfoa'
md¾,sfïka;=j fyda fjk;a ksfhdað; wdh;khlg f;areKq ia;%Ska
fjku ixiohla msysgqjd" tu.ska ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okhg yd
ksfhdackh jeä lsÍug wod< lghq;= lsÍu;a" wfkHdkH jYfhka
Wmldr lrñka Tjqkaf.a lghq;= id¾:l lr.ekSug úúO Wml%u
Ndú;d lsÍu;a fuysoS jeo.;a fõ'
iii. ksuejqï i|yd n,mEufuhska woyia jkafka ksfhdað; wdh;kj,ska iïmdokh
lrk kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s ia;%SlrKhlg ,la lsÍuhs' WodyrK
jYfhka jHjia:dodhlfhka fi!LH m%;sm;a;shla iïmdokh
lrkafka kï ia;%S-mqreI wjYH;d u; th ieliSu" tys m%;s,dN
fomd¾Yjhgu ,efnk wdldrfhka ie,iqï lsÍu yd th
ls%hd;aul lsÍug fomd¾Yjhu iyNd.s lrjd .ekSu jeks oE i|yd
ksfhdað;jßhka n,mEï l< hq;=h' Tjqka ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh
flf¾ jvd ixfõoSj fjk;a ksfhdað;hskao fmd<Ujd f.k ia;%S-
mqreI iudkd;au;d m%;sm;a;s wdrïN lsÍug" wka wh bosßm;a
lrk mK;aj,g ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh wka;¾.; lsÍug yd
mqreI uQ,sl m%;sm;a;s fjkia lsÍug uQ,sl;ajh .; hq;=h' wod<
wdh;kj, kHdh m;%" yd jev ie,iqï ;=<g ia;%Skag iïnkaO
lreKq we;=,;a lsÍug" ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIfhau wjYH;d wkqj
whjeh iïmdokhg yd iïm;a iunrj fjka lsÍug fuu
ksfhdað;jßhka n,mEï l< hq;=h' tu kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s wdosh
ksisf,i ls%hd;aul fõoehs ksÍlaIKh lsÍug;a" tajd we.hSulg
,lafldg ÿ¾j,;d u`. yrjd .ekSug;a ksfhdað;jßhka uQ,sl;ajh
.; hq;=h' kS;s iïmdokh" whjeh lrKh yd mßmd,kh hkdosh
ia;%S-ysff;IS úhhq;= nj Tjqka wjOdrKh l< hq;=h' mx.= l%uhla
hgf;a f;dard .kakd ksfhdað;jßhka tfia lghq;= fkdl<fyd;a
wfmalaIs; .=Kd;aul fjki isÿfkdfõ'
59
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
iv. l;sldjf;a fjkifoaYmd,kh ms<sn| l;sldj;" ksfhdað; wdh;kh fyda
mlaIh ;=< fukau thska msg;;a fjkilg ,lal< hq;=h' ta i|yd
ksfhdað;jßhkag úYd, j.lSula mejf¾' ksfhdað; wdh;kfha
úkh" ikaksfõokh" Ndú;d lrk NdIdj yd yeisfrk wdldrh
wdosfhys mqreI flakaøSh ;;ajhka fjkia lsÍug ksfhdað;jßhka
lghq;= l<hq;=h' ;¾ckh" m%pKav;ajh" ¥IKh jeks foaYmd,khg
Rcqj iïnkaO oE fjkqjg ia;%Ska" <uqka" mSvdjg m;ajQjka wdoSkaf.a
wjYH;d" iqNidOkh yd fjk;a ld,Sk iudc yd wd¾Ól m%Yak
ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrñka foaYmd,kh ms<sn| ck;dj ;=<
we;s RKd;aul wdl,am fjkilg ,la lsÍug ksfhdað;jßhka
lghq;= l< hq;=fõ' md¾,sfïka;= ieisjdrj, woyia oelaùu"
mK;a bosßm;a lsÍu" whjeh" újdohg iyNd.S ùu yd ldrl
iNd lñgqj,g odhl ùu jeks lghq;=j,oS ia;%Skaf.a m%Yak yd
wjYH;d ms<sn| iuia; wdh;kfhau wjOdkh oskd .ekSugo
Tjqka lghq;= l< hq;=h' ksfhdað; wdh;kfhka mßndysr m%isoaO
foaYk" idlÉPd" wdrdê; W;aij yd udOH jevigyka wdosfhaoS;a
ia;%Skaf.a m%Yak úi|Su i|yd foaYmd,kh ;=< ia;%Skau ksfhdackh
ùfï jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lsÍu w;HjYHh' ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k
kdhl;ajh yd yelshd ms<sn| ck;dj oekqj;a lrùug fukau
ia;%S iyNd.s;ajfhka foaYmd,kfha lsishï Okd;aul fjkila
isÿfõ hhs idlaIs iys;j fmkajd oSug ksfhdað;jßhka mshjr
.; hq;=h' ta yryd zzfoaYmd,khZZ fukau zzia;%S iyNd.s;ajhZZ
ms<sn| jk ixjdo fyda l;sldj, l%ñl fjkilg u`. mEfoa'
th hï iudchl ia;S%kaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okhg muKla fkdj
foaYmd,kh ms<sn| ck;dj ;=< we;s RKd;aul wdl,am yd mlaI
foaYmd,kfha ¥Is;" ;r`.ldÍ iy zzms<sl=,a iy.;ZZ iajNdjh hï
fjkilg ,la lsÍugo ksielju fya;=N+; jkq we; ^igyk( 2
yd 3 n,kak&'
60
lu,d ,shkf.a
igy
k( 2
ia;
%Skaf.
a ien
E k
sfhdac
kh
g n
,m
dk i
dOl
i. wdh
;k
d;aul
yd
ls%hdm
ámdà
kaf.a f
jk
i
ia;%S-m
qreI
iudc
Ndj
h m
s<sn| o
ekqj;a l
sÍï y
ryd k
sfhdað
;
wdh
;k
h j
vd;
a ia;%S-y
sff;IS ;
;ajhl
g m
;a l
sÍu'
ii.
ksfhdac
kfha f
jk
i
ksfhdað
;jßhk
af.a m
%fõYh j
vd;
a ;yjqre l
sÍu y
d jHdm
a; l
sÍu -
ksfhdað
;jßhk
a Wk
kaÿ
lsÍu" ;k
;=re ,nd oSu
" ue;
sjrK
m%pdr
Khg W
ml
dr l
sÍu" idO
drK
ue;
sjrK
kS;s y
`ÿk
ajd oSu
" ia;%S-
mqreI
iudk
d;au;d k
S;s y
d m%;sm;a;s y
`ÿk
ajd oSu
iii.
ksuej
qu i
|yd n,mEu
k
S;s y
d m%;sm;a;s i
ïmdo
kh i
a;%Sl
rK
h l
sÍu-i
a;%Sk
af.a m
%Yak
yd
wjYH;d ms<sn| w
jOdk
h f
hdu
q lsÍu
iv.
l;sl
dj $
ixj
doh
ia;%S m
%fõYhl
ska f
oaYmd,
kh f
oi n
e,Su - i
a;%S i
yNd.
S;ajh m
s<sn|
ck
;d wdl
,am f
jk
il
g ,
la l
sÍusg l
ghq;= l
sÍu
uQ,dY
%h(
Love
ndus
ki a
nd K
aram
, 199
8
61
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
igy
k( 2
ia;
%Skaf.
a ien
E k
sfhdac
kh
g n
,m
dk i
dOl
i. wdh
;k
d;aul
yd
ls%hdm
ámdà
kaf.a f
jk
i
ia;%S-m
qreI
iudc
Ndj
h m
s<sn| o
ekqj;a l
sÍï y
ryd k
sfhdað
;
wdh
;k
h j
vd;
a ia;%S-y
sff;IS ;
;ajhl
g m
;a l
sÍu'
ii.
ksfhdac
kfha f
jk
i
ksfhdað
;jßhk
af.a m
%fõYh j
vd;
a ;yjqre l
sÍu y
d jHdm
a; l
sÍu -
ksfhdað
;jßhk
a Wk
kaÿ
lsÍu" ;k
;=re ,nd oSu
" ue;
sjrK
m%pdr
Khg W
ml
dr l
sÍu" idO
drK
ue;
sjrK
kS;s y
`ÿk
ajd oSu
" ia;%S-
mqreI
iudk
d;au;d k
S;s y
d m%;sm;a;s y
`ÿk
ajd oSu
iii.
ksuej
qu i
|yd n,mEu
k
S;s y
d m%;sm;a;s i
ïmdo
kh i
a;%Sl
rK
h l
sÍu-i
a;%Sk
af.a m
%Yak
yd
wjYH;d ms<sn| w
jOdk
h f
hdu
q lsÍu
iv.
l;sl
dj $
ixj
doh
ia;%S m
%fõYhl
ska f
oaYmd,
kh f
oi n
e,Su - i
a;%S i
yNd.
S;ajh m
s<sn|
ck
;d wdl
,am f
jk
il
g ,
la l
sÍusg l
ghq;= l
sÍu
uQ,dY
%h(
Love
ndus
ki a
nd K
aram
, 199
8
igy
k( 3
ksfh
dack
h y
ry
d i
a;%Sk
ag l
<y
els n
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Eu
w
dh;
kd;
aul
$ls%h
dmámdà
ka y
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kfh
a fjk
i
ksuej
qï i
|y
d n
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Eu i
y l
;sl
dj;
kS;
s fr.
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s
iïm%odh
ka w
doS o
E
bf.
k .
ekSu $
tajd ms<sn| f
yd|
wjfndaO
hl
a ,nd
.ek
Su
fmry
qre
yd mqy
qKq j
evigy
kaj,g i
yN
d.s
ùu ^k
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; w
dh;
kfha k
S;s f
r.
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s"
iïm%odh
ka" mK
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osßm;
a lsÍu" idl
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ms<sn| b
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62
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kS;
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k
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dh;
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skd .
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64
lu,d ,shkf.a
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a i|y
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m;
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do ú
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q
bosßm;
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sfhdað
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ag b
vm%ia:d
^ld,
h f
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d ta i
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ska i
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tal
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fiaúl
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a uqy
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( Lo
vend
uski
and
Kar
am, 1
998
65
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
újdo
hg .
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a i|y
d wdh
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kHd
h
m;
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vl
a fjk
a lrjd .
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wdh
;k
fha i
dlÉPd" j
do ú
jdo
j,oS l
reK
q
bosßm;
a lsÍug k
sfhdað
;jßhk
ag b
vm%ia:d
^ld,
h f
jk
a lr o
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d ta i
|y
d
fm<Uùu
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nj f
mk
ajd oSu& - tu.
ska i
a;%Sk
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a jk
tal
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a ;;
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( Lo
vend
uski
and
Kar
am, 1
998
4
ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd mx.= l%u yd fjk;a
Wml%u Ndú;h( úfoia w;aoelSï
oekg f,dj rgj,a 97 la muK ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh
i|yd mx.= l%u yd fjk;a Wml%u Ndú;d lrhs' tys m%;sM,hla f,i
fndfyduhla rgj, ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul
fjkila isÿ ù ;sfí' fuu mßÉfPaofhaoS hqfrdamdj yd iuyr
ixj¾ê; rgj,a" wdishd *eismsla rgj,a" ,;ska wußldkq" wms%ldkq
yd wrdì rgj,a mx.= l%u iy fjk;a Wml%u Ndú; lrk wdldrh
yd tajdfha n,mEu" wfmalaIs; wruqKq lrd hdfïoS uqyqK fok
.eg¿" wNsfhda. iy úfYaIfhka mx.= l%u oskd .ekSu i|yd
Ndú; l< úúO Wml%u ms<sn|j idlÉPd flf¾'
mx.= l%u yd fjk;a Wml%u Ndú;h iïnkaO w;aoelSï
ráka rgg fjkiah' kuq;a N+f.da,Sh l,dm wkqj" nyq;rhla
rgj,a Ndú;d lrk mx.= l%uj, hï wdldr iudk njla osiafõ'
l,dm wkqj foaYmd,k l%uj, b;sydifha mj;sk iudklï"
foaYmd,k l%uj, mj;sk iudk ,laIK yd tu l,dmfha tla
rgla mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd ÿka miq th ;j;a rgla wkqlrKh
lsÍu jeks oE thg fya;= úh yelsh'
mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSfï mqfrda.dóka f,i ie,flkafka
fkda¾äla rgj,ah' 1975 oS fkda¾fõys iudcjdoS jfï mlaIh
(Scocialist Left Party)" kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 40] laj;a
ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< hq;=h hk wNHka;r m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd oSu
tys wdrïNhhs' thska miq fkda¾fõys fjk;a mlaI;a" fvkaud¾la
66
lu,d ,shkf.a
yd iaùvkfha iuyr mlaI;a fuu m%;sm;a;shu wkq.ukh
lf<ah' kuq;a tys m%;sM,hla f,i fuu rgj, ia;%S ksfhdackfha
/äl,a fjkila iefKlska isÿ fkdùh' ia;%S ksfhdackh l%ñlj
25] muK olajd j¾Okh jQ miq iuyr fkd¾äla rgj,a ia;%S
ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd mx.= l%u m%;sm;a;s kS;sfhka ;yjqre
lf<ah (Ballington and Binda, 2005)'
fndfyduhla ngysr hqfrdamd rgj,a" lekvdj yd
´iafÜ%,shdj mlaI m%;sm;a;s u.ska iafõpPd mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd
oS ;sfí' kef.kysr hqfrdamd rgj,a mx.= l%u Ndú; lrkafka
wvqfjks' kuq;a fpla ckrch yd yxf.aßhdjo iafõpPd mx.= l%u
Ndú;d lrhs'
,;ska wußldkq rgj,a 1990 .Kka uq, isg mx.= l%u ms<sn|
jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrhs' nyq;rhla ,;ska wußldkq rgj,a
y`ÿkajd oS we;af;a kS;Hdkql+,j kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= j,ska
ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla fjka lsÍfï l%uhhs' 1991 oS wd¾ckaákdj
fuu l%uh m%:ufhkau y`ÿkajd ÿks' bkamiq fulaisfldaj
^1996&" fmare ^1997&" mekud ^1997&" fnd,Súhd ^1997&" n%iS,h
^1997& yd fjksishq,d ^1998& wdoS jYfhka rgj,a 10 la muK
mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿks' fuu rgj,a fndfyduhl 1980 .Kkaj,oS
m%cd;ka;%jdoS foaYmd,k l%u ia:dms; ùu" tu foaYmd,k jHdmdr
yryd ia;%S ixúOdk $ jHdmdr biau;= ùu iy tajdg fjk;a isú,a
whs;sjdislï jHdmdr j, iydh ,eîu" mx.= l%uh oskd .ekSfï
ls%hdj,shg jeä myiqlula iemhSh (Ballington, 2003)'
miq.sh oYlh ;=< wms%ldkq rgj,a .Kkdjlao úúO mx.=
l%u y`ÿkajd ÿks' ol=Kq wms%ldfõ" wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ih"
trg m%:u mYapd;a-wemd¾;Sâ m%cd;ka;%jdoS ue;sjrKfhaoS"
kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lf<ah'
67
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
tu.ska iafõÉPd mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSfï l,dmSh mqfrda.dóhd
njg ol=Kq wms%ldj m;a úh (Ballington, 2004)' W.kavdj 1986
oS jHjia:dkql+,j ia;%Ska i|yd md¾,sfïka;= wdik fjkalsÍu
y`ÿkajd oSfuka tu l,dmh ;=<oS m%uqL;ajh .;af;ah' bkamiq
iuyr kef.kysr wms%ldkq rgj,ao ^äðnqÜ" tß;s%hd" fidaud,shd
iy iQvdka& tu m%;sm;a;sh wkq.ukh lf<ah'
ueofmros. rgj, ia;%S ksfhdackh ms<sn| wjOdkh
fjk;a l,dmj,g idfmalaIj wvq jqj;a" Bðma;=j yd fcda¾odkh
ia;%Ska i|yd md¾,sfïka;= wdik j,ska mx.=jla fjkalr oS we;'
BY%dh,fha foaYmd,k mlaI iafõpPd mx.= l%uh Ndú;d lrhs
(International IDEA Reports, 2007)'
wdishdkq l,dmh ;=<" úfYaIfhkau ol=Kq wdishd;sl
rgj, m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, wdikj,ska ia;%Skag mx.=jla
fjka lsÍu fmdÿ fohla ù we;' bkaoshdj" mlsia:dkh" fkamd,h"
nx.,dfoaYh yd we*a.ksia:dkh thg ksoiqka fõ' cd;sl ue;sjrK
i|yd jk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska ia;%Skag mx.=jla fjkalsÍu
bkaÿkSishdj" ms,smSkh yd fkamd,h jeks rgj, ls%hd;aul fõ
(International IDEA, 2002)'
hqfrdamd yd ngysr ixj¾ê; rgj, w;aoelSï
ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackfhaoS f,dj by<u m%;sY;h
oskdf.k we;af;a ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,ah' ta w;ßkq;a iaùvkh
uE;la jk;=reu f,dj jeäu m%udKhla ia;%Ska md¾,sfïka;=j ;=<
ksfhdackh lrk rg njg m;a ù ;sìKs' ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a
fuu ;;ajh oskdf.k we;af;a mx.= l%uh ksid njg fmdÿ u;hla
;sfí (Phillips, 1995)' kuq;a lsisÿ mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd oSug fmr
1970 .Kkaj, isg tu rgj, ia;%S ksfhdackfha j¾Okhla isÿjQ
68
lu,d ,shkf.a
w;r" th 1980 oYlfha uq, fjoaoS 20-30] w;r m%;sY;hl mej;s
nj;a" bka miqj ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj, iuyr foaYmd,k mlaI
iafõpPd mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿka nj;a" ;j;a u;hlska m%ldY fõ
(Dahlerup, 1988, 1998, 2003 and 2006; Dahlerup and Friedenvall, 2003)' iaùvkfha ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh jQfha mx.= l%u ksid
fkdj fjk;a idOkSh m%;sm;a;s yd ls%hdldrlï (Affirmative actions) ksid nj ;j;a u;hlska m%ldY fõ (Caul, 2001)'
tfyhska 1970 .Kkaj, isg iaùvkh wkq.ukh l<
tu ls%hdldrlï ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍu jvd;a m%fhdackj;ah'
1970 oS iaùvka md¾,sfïka;=fõ ia;%S ksfhdackh 14] la jQ w;r"
tys j¾Okh wdrïN jQfha 1970 .Kkaj, isgh' 1988 oS tu
m%;sY;h 38] lg;a" 2000 .Kkaj,oS 43] lg;a" 2012 oS 48] lg;a
l%ñlj j¾Okh ù ;sfí' thg n,mE fya;= .Kkdjla jk w;r"
wdh;kd;aul" iudc-wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl idOl f,i tajd
j¾. flf¾' ue;sjrK l%uh" Pkao fldÜGdYj, N+ñ m%udKh"
mlaI kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j, úfYaI ,laIK" mlaI ú{dkh yd
mlaI kS;s fr.=,dis fuhska m<uq .Khg .efka' ia;%Skaf.a Y%u
odhl;ajh" wOHdmk uÜgï by< hdu iy iudc iqNidOk l%uh
hk oE iudc-wd¾Ól idOl w;ßka uQ,sl fõ' f;jeks .Khg
wh;a jkafka wkd.ñl foaYmd,k mlaI" wd.ñl n,mEï ksid
ia;%Ska yd mqreIhkag iudkj ie,lSu yd ia;%Ska iïnkaOfhka
iaùvka iudcfha mj;sk wdl,am yd idrO¾uhs' ia;%S ksfhdackh
i|yd foaYmd,k mlaI olajk leue;a; yd m%;sm;a;s fuu idOl
w;ßka m%uqL fõ (Fridenvall, 2003)'
iaùvka foaYmd,k mlaI 1970 .Kkaj, isgu" ia;%Skaf.a
ksfhdackfha wjYH;djh wjfndaO lr.;a w;r" ia;%S ksfhdackh
wju ùu iudc yd foaYmd,k .eg¿jla nj;a" th úi|Sug mshjr
.;hq;= nj;a ms<s.;s' 1980 .Kka jk;=re iaùvka mlaI mx.= l%u
69
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
Ndú;d lf<a ke;' kuq;a ia;%S ksfhdackfha b,lal y\qkd f.k"
tajd m%ldY fldg ia;%Skag jeä kdufhdackd oSfï m%;sm;a;sh
wkq.ukh lf<ah' úfYaIfhkau olaIsKdxYsl yd uOHia:
mlaIj, wruqKq yd b,lal ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg úYd,
n,mEula lf<ah' 1972 oS ,snr,a mlaIh" tys wNHka;r lñgqj,
ia;%Ska iy mqreIhka wju jYfhka 40] laj;a ksfhdackh úhhq;=h
hk m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks' 1974 oS" tla ue;sjrK kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=jlg" wju jYfhka tla ia;s%hlaj;a ^Pkaoh ch .ekSfï
iïNdú;djh we;s wdikhlg& wka;¾.; úhhq;=h hk ;SrKhg
t<ôKs' 1988 oS ,snr,a mlaIh mlaI m%;sm;a;shla f,i zipper l%uh5 y`ÿkajd ÿka w;r kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ m<uqjekakd
mqreIfhla yd fojekakd ia;s%hl jYfhka ,ehsia;=fjka wvla
mqreIhkag;a b;sß wv ia;%Skag;a fjka lsÍu wdrïN lf<ah'
1987 ls%ia;shdks m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=j,g wju jYfhka 40] laj;a ia;%Ska yd mqreIhka
wka;¾.; l< hq;=h hk m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks'
iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh" 1970 .Kkaj,oS ia;%S
ksfhdackfha wruqKq yd wNsm%dhkao" 1980 .Kkaj,oS tys b,lalo
m%ldYhg m;a lf<ah' 1994 oS tu mlaIh zipper l%uh ke;skï
iSn%d (zebra) l%uh6 y`ÿkajd ÿks' ta wkqj iEu kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=jlu m<uq kug mqreIfhla yd fojeks kug ia;s%hla
jYfhka wka;¾.; úhhq;= w;r kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j, zzia;%S-
mqreI iudk ksfhdackhZZ hk m%;sm;a;sh m%ldYhg m;a lf<ah'
5 zipper l%uh f,i ye|skafjkafka we`ÿï yd nE.a wdoshg fhdok Isma
tfla ^.dxpqj& tlla yer tlla f,i fhdod we;s wkq fldgiaj,g
iudk wdldrhlska kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=jg ia;s%hla yd mqreIfhla
jYfhka kï we;=<;a lsÍfï l%uhhs'
6 zebra l%uh f,i ye|skafjkafka iSn%df.a ifuys we;s l¨ yd ly
bßj,g iudk whqßka kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,g ia;s%hla yd mqreIfhla
jYfhka tla kula yer wksla ku we;=<;a lsÍfï l%uhhs'
70
lu,d ,shkf.a
1981 oS .%Ska mlaIh;a (Green Party) 1987 oS jdudxYsl
mlaIh;a (Left Party) mlaI wNHka;r lñgq i|yd wju jYfhka
40] laj;a ia;%Ska ksfhdackh úhhq;=h hk m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd
ÿks' 1987 oS .%Ska mlaIh ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= i|ydo
tu l%uh Ndú; lf<ah' 1989 oS .%Ska mlaIh;a" 1997 oS jdudxYsl
mlaIh;a tu m%;sY;h 50] olajd jeä lf<ah'
iaùvka foaYmd,k mlaI y`ÿkajd ÿka fuu wNHka;r
m%;sm;a;s j,g wu;rj" ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd wruqKq
lr.;a b,lal lrd hdug fjk;a wdldrfha Wml%uo Ndú;d
lf<ah' WodyrK jYfhka iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh" ia;%Skag
fjkia fldg ie,lSfï fya;=j ksid mlaI ;=<;a" cd;sl yd m<d;a
md,k ksfhdað; wdh;k ;=<;a m%udKj;a ia;%S ksfhdackhla
fkdue; hk .eg¿j jeo.;a iudc yd foaYmd,k .eg¿jlah
hk lreK 1970 uq, .Kkaj,oS wjfndaO lr .;af;ah' bkamiq
1972 oS tu .eg¿jg ms<shï fiùfï ld¾h wdrïN lf<ah' mlaI
ljqkais,h fuysoS m%ldY lf<a ia;%S-mqreI ksfhdackfha fjkig
uQ,sl fya;=j zziïm%odhsl wdl,am yd idrO¾uZZ jk njhs' ta ksid
kdufhdackd uKav, yd wod< ls%hdms<sfj;a iïnkaOfhka ia;%S-
mqreI uOHia: (Gender-neutral) m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lsÍu mlaIh
úiska wdrïN lrk ,oS' fuu lreK iïnkaOfhka úúO wOHhk
iólaIK lsÍug iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh úfYaIfhkau
ia;%SjdoSkaj fm<U jQ w;r" Tjqka 1970-80 oYlj,oS tu wOHhk
u.ska ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg wod< úúO ks¾foaY bosßm;a
lf<ah' ta wkqj iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh" cd;sl fukau
cd;Hka;r ckms%h;djho wruqKq lrf.k" mlaI m%;sm;a;s yd
ue;sjrK m%ldYk yryd ia;%Skaf.a m%Yak flf¾ jeä wjOdkhla
fhduq lf<ah'
71
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
1993 oS iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh fï iïnkaOfhka
blauKska lghq;= l<hq;= wxY 3 la m%ldYhg m;a lf<ah' tajd
kï ia;%S-mqreI jegqma wiudk;d ;=rka lsÍu" ia;%Skag tfrys
,sx.sl m%pKav;ajh ;=rka lsÍu yd mlaIh ;=< ia;%S ksfhdackh
j¾Okh lsÍuhs' ta iïnkaOfhka bosßm;a l< jd¾;dfõ§ mCIh
m%ldY lf<aa zzmjq," jevlrk ia:dkh yd foaYmd,kh wdoS
ish¨u iudc fCIa;%j,oS mqreIhkag idfmalaIj ia;%Ska wj m%Odk
;;ajhl isà' fuh wyïfnka isÿjQjla fkdfõ' mqreI uQ,sl
iudch ks¾udKh lsÍug m%Odk jYfhka odhl ù we;af;a ia;%Ska
yd mqreIhka w;r wiudk f,i n,h fnoS ;sîuhsZZhkqfjks
^Wmqgd .;af;a Fridenvall, 2003)' ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhg iudk
foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ysñ jqj;a" foaYmd,khg we;s leue;a;"
Wkkaÿj" yelshdjka" w;aoelSï" bv m%ia:d yd iïm;a wdosh w;ska
ia;%Ska yd mqreIhska w;r úYd, fjkila we;s neõo" ta flfrys
mlaIfha wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;= neõo" tu jd¾;dfjka ;jÿrg;a
wjOdrKh flßKs'
fuhg iuld,Skj ia;%S mlaIhla msysgqjd n,mEï lsÍfï
;¾ckhgo iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIhg uqyqK oSug isÿúh'
iaùvkfha ia;%SjdoS ixúOdk cd,hla jQ iafgdlska jHdmdrhg Woõ
lsÍfï jHdmdrh (support stockings movement) fï wjia:dfõoS
fmruqK .;s' iaùvka mlaI 1994 md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKfhaoS ia;%S
ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd ksis mshjr fkd.;fyd;a fjku ia;%S
mlaIhla msysgqjd tu ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a jk njg tu jHdmdrh
;¾ckh lf<ah' úfYaIfhkau fuh iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh
ms<sn|j ia;%Ska ;=< mej;s úYajdih ì| jeàula f,i y`ÿkd .;a
w;r" ia;%Skaf.a odhl;ajfhka f;drj mlaIhg ch.%yKh l<
fkdyels njo mlaIh wjfndaO lr .;s' fï jkúg .%Ska mlaIh
yd ,snr,a mlaIh zipper l%uh y`ÿkajd oS ;snQ w;r" ia;%S jHdmdrh
fkdkj;ajdu tn`ÿ m%;sm;a;shla i|yd n,mEï lf<ah' fuu
72
lu,d ,shkf.a
mßirh ;=< zzia;%Skaf.a odhl;ajh wysñùu hk ;¾ckh yd ìhZZ
ksid iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIfha fldx.%ihg zipper l%uh hk
m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd oSug isÿúh' kuq;a uQ,sl lreKq 3la ksid zzmx.=
l%uhZZ hk moh Ndú; lsÍfuka mlaIh is;d u;du je<l=ks' m<uq
fya;=j jQfha ia;%Skaj wj;lafiarejg ,lafõ hhs Wml,amkh
lsÍuhs' fojeks lreK jQfha m%cd;ka;%jdofha uQ,sl ,laIKhla
jQ iy iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIfha m%Odk m%;sm;a;shla jQ ia;%S-
mqreI iudkd;au;djh hkak flf¾ fuf;la mlaIh wjOdkh
fhduq fkdlf<ah hk wmjdofhka .e,ùug ;snQ wjYH;djhhs'
f;jekak jQfha kdufhdackd j,ska zzmx.=jlaZZ ia;%Skag fjka lsÍu
i|yd kj m%;sm;a;shla y`ÿkajd oSfuka" mqreIhskag fjkia f,i
fyda wiudk f,i ie,lSh hk u;h jHdma; ùu je<elaùfï
wNsm%dhhs' fuysoS iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh wjOdrKh lf<a"
iïm%odhsl fya;= ksid ue;sjrK ;r`.fhaoS ia;%Skag uqyqKq oSug
úhyels ndOd ;=rka lsÍug jHQyd;aul$wdh;kd;aul jkaoshla
jYfhka zipper l%uh y`ÿkajd fok njhs' fï wkqj iaùvkfha
iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh;a" .%Ska mlaIh yd ls%ia;shdks
m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh;a md¾,sfïka;=" m%dfoaYSh yd m<d;a md,k
fukau hqfrdamd md¾,sfïka;=" ue;sjrKh i|yd;a zipper l%uh
y`ÿkajd oS ;sfí'
iaùvka fldkai¾fjáõ mlaIfha ia;%S f*vf¾Ikh 1970
.Kkaj, uq, isg foaYmd,kfhaoS ia;%S ksfhdackfha jeo.;alu
ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lf<ah' mlaIfha ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;d
m%;sm;a;sh ms<sn|jo fuu f*vf¾Ikh úiska m%Yak lrk ,o
w;r" th oskd .ekSug n,mdk úYd,u ndOlh foaYmd,k
wdh;kj, ia;%Ska m%udKj;a whqßka ksfhdackh fkdùu neõ
fmkajd ÿks' fuu lreK iïnkaOfhka ia;%S f*vf¾Ikh wjia:d
.KkdjloS úúO fhdackdo mlaIhg bosßm;a lf<ah' 1975 oS tn`ÿ
fhdackdjla bosßm;a lrñka" mlaIfha ia;%Skag kdufhdackd ,nd
73
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
.ekSug Wmldr lsÍfï iy kdufhdackd ,nd.;a ia;%Skaj mqyqKq
lsÍfï uOHia:dkhla f,i lghq;= lsÍug fuu ia;%S f*vf¾Ikh
wjir b,a,d isáfhah' kuq;a ta i|yd ;ju;a ksis ld,h meñK
ke;s nj mjiñka mlaIh tu fhdackdj m%;sfCIam lf<ah' fï
whqßka mlaIh yd ia;%S f*vf¾Ikh w;r yg.;a wr.,h" 1990
.Kka olajdu fkdlvjd mej;=ks' fuu ;;ajh" mlaIfha ia;%Ska
yd mqreIhka fjku kHdh m;% u; jev lsÍug;a" mlaIfha ckms%h
nj yd ia;%S Pkao wvqùug;a" mlaIh ms<sn|j Pkaoodhlhska ;=<
mej;s m%;srEmh hï uÜgulska ì| jeàug;a n,mEï lf<ah
(Dahlerup, 1986)' fuu mßirh ;=<" fldkai¾fjáõ mlaIhg
kùk yd m%.;sYS,s mlaIhla nj m%o¾Ykh lsÍfï iy Pkaoodhl
wdl¾IKh oskd .ekSfï wjYH;djh mek ke.=Ks' fï ksid mx.=
l%uhla y`ÿkajd oSu fjkqjg" mlaIh úfYaIfhkau m<d;a md,k
uÜgfïoS ia;%Skag fmrg jvd jeäfhka kdufhdackd ,ndoSug;a"
mlaI yd md¾,sfïka;= lñgqj, ia;%S ksfhdackh jeälsÍug;a"
foaYmd,k mqyqKqj yd ue;sjrK wdOdr jeks oE ia;%Skag
,ndoSug;a ;SrKh lf<ah' fldkai¾fjáõ mlaIh ksfhdackh
lrk md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßhkaf.a m%;sY;h iaúvkays wfkla
mlaIj,g idfmalaIj my< uÜgul mej;sh;a" tys m<d;a md,k
wdh;k ;=< yd mlaI wNHka;r lñgqj, ia;%S ksfhdackh by<
uÜgul mj;S (Ingelhart and Norris, 2003)'
c¾uksfha my< uKav,hg ksfhdað;hska f;dard .kafka
ñY% ksfhdack l%uhlska jk w;r" thska wvla Pkaoodhl fldÜGdY
l%uhla mokï lrf.ko" b;sß wv ,ehsia;= l%uhg wkqjo f;dard
.kS' fuu ñY% Pkao l%uh ia;%S ksfhdackfha j¾Okhg Rcqj
n,mdk neõ fmdÿ u;hhs (Norris, n.d)' c¾uksfha m%Odk mlaI
mfyka ;=kla" tajdfha wNHka;r m%;sm;a;sj,g wkqj kdufhdackd
j,ska 40-50] w;r m%udKhla ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalr ;sfí' iudc
jHdmdrhla f,i mej;s mßir jHdmdrh" 1980 oS .%Ska mlaIh f,i
74
lu,d ,shkf.a
ia:dms; ùfïoS zipper l%uh u.ska ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu 50]
ne.ska kdufhdackd oSfï m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks' 1988 oS iudc
m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh ish¨u mlaI wNHka;r ;k;=rej,ska 1$3
la ia;%Ska úhhq;= neõ ;SrKh lf<ah' 1994 isg" mlaIfha ish¨u
;k;=rej,ska 40] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< hq;= neõ ;SrKh
lf<ah'
1996 oS ls%ia;shdks äfudl%ála mlaIh quorum l%uh
fyj;a ish¨u mlaI ;k;=re yd kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska
30] ia;%Skag fjka lsÍfï m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks' ngysr
yd kef.kysr c¾uksh tlai;a jQ miqj kef.kysr c¾uka
fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh zipper l%uh yryd ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu
50] ne.ska kdufhdackd fjkalsÍfï m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks'
kuq;a nefõßhdkq fidhqßhkaf.a mlaIh ̂ Bavarian Sister’s Party& yd oCIsKdxYsl mlaIh fuu m%;sm;a;s m%;slafIam lrhs' 2009
ue;sjrK m%;sM, j,g wkqj c¾uka cd;sl jHjia:dodhlfha ia;%S
ksfhdackh 32'9] ls'
oekg c¾uksfha jeäu ia;%Ska m%udKhla jHjia:dodhlh
;=< ksfhdackh lrkafka .%Ska mlaIhhs ̂57]&' ls%ia;shdks äfudl%ála
mlaIfha cd;sl ksfhdackh 19'5] ls' iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIfha
35] ls' c¾uksfha m%Odk mlaI kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 40-50]
w;r m%udKhla ia;%Skag ,ndoSug ;SrKh l<o" fndfyda mlaI tu
uQ,sl b,lal lrd ;ju;a ,`.d ù fkdue;' jHQyd;aul fjkialï
lrkq ,enqjo" iudÔh fjkialï ta yd iudka;rj isÿ fkdùu
thg uQ,sl fya;=jhs (IPU, 1997)'
ì%;dkHfha f,an¾ mlaIh 1980 oS" mlaI ;k;=rej,ska mx.=jla
ia;%Skag fjka lsÍug tl`. úh' md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKfhaoS b;d
iq¿ m%;sY;hla" tkï wju jYfhka kdu fhdackd ,ehsia;=jlg
75
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
tla ia;s%hlf.a kula we;=<;a úhhq;= hehs ;SrKh lf<ah' 1993 oS
úY%du hk uka;%Sjrekaf.a wiqkaj,ska wvla ia;%Skag fjkalsÍug;a"
f,an¾ mdlaIsl wfmalaIsldjka iuia:h w;=ßka f;dard.kq ,enQ
ia;%Skaf.ka iukaú; flá ,ehsia;=jla (short list) weiqßka kdu
fhdackd ,ehsia;= ieliSug;a ;SrKh flßKs' fuys m%;sM,hla
f,i" 1992-97 w;r ld,fhaoS ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=fõ f,an¾
uka;%Sjßhkaf.a ixLHdj fo.=Khla úh' tfy;a fuu m%;sm;a;shg
tfrysj wd kS;suh wNsfhda. ksid miqj th w;aysgqùug isÿúh
(Norris and Lovenduski, 1995)'
iafldÜ,ka; md¾,sfïka;=j yd fõ,aia wefiïì,sh i|yd jQ
m%:u ue;sjrKfhaoS f,an¾ mlaIh zzksjqka l%uhZZ (twinned system) y`ÿkajd ÿks' ta wkqj tla wdikhlg ióm ;j;a wdikhla iu`.
wdik folla noaO flf¾' tysoS Pkaoodhlhdg Pkao folla ysñjk
w;r jeäu Pkao ,enQ wfmalaIlhd yd wfmalaIsldj ksfhdað;hska
f,i f;dard .efka' fuu wdh;k folu w¨;ska msysgjQ ksid
m%:u jHjia:dfjkau tfia ia;%S-mqreI iudk m%;sm;a;shla y`ÿkajd
oSu fnfyúka myiqjla úh' fuu l%ufha m%;sM,hla f,i"
iafldÜ,ka; md¾,sfïka;=jg f,an¾ mlaI ksfhdað;hska w;=ßka
ia;%Ska 48] lao" fõ,aia wefiïì,shg 54] lao f;aÍ m;ajqks' 2000
uehs uioS ,kavka k.r iNd ue;sjrKfhaoS o fuu l%uh Ndú;
l< w;r" tysoS 44] ksfhdað;jßhka f;aÍ m;aúh'
ì%;dkHh ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIho kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=j,ska wju jYfhka 1$3 l ne.ska ia;%Ska yd mqreIhkag
fjkalr ;sfí' b;sßh fmdÿ kdufhdackd f,i ie,fla'
m%xYfha 1982 oS mej;s iudcjdoS wdKavqj m<d;a md,k
ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 25] ia;%Skag fjka flfrk
kS;shla iïu; lf<ah' kuq;a tu.ska iudkd;au;djh ;yjqre
76
lu,d ,shkf.a
lsÍu i|yd wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ia:dms; uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
ms<sn| j.ka;sh W,a,x>kh fõ hhs m%ldY lrñka' wdKavql%u
jHjia:d ljqkais,hg fm;aiula bosßm;a flßks' bkamiq th
wj,x.= flßks'
kuq;a 1999 oS ue;sjrK kS;s ixfYdaOkh lrñka"
ksfhdackh i|yd ia;%Ska yd mqreIhkag we;s iu whs;sh ;yjqre
flfrk wdldrfha kS;shla iïu; lf<ah' 2007 ue;sjrK
m%;sM, j,g wkqj m%xY jHjia:dodhlfha my< uKav,fha ia;%S
ksfhdackh 18'9] ls' fojeks uKav,fha 22'2] ls' 1999 kS;shg
wkqj m%dfoaYSh" m<d;a md,k fukau hqfrdamd md¾,sfïka;=
ue;sjrKh i|yd;a ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh ;yjqre jk
whqßka kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= ieliSug ;SrKh flßks' fuu
kS;shg wkqj iïmdokh fkdl< kdu fhdackd ,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam
fõ' hï mlaIhla kS;shg msgqmd cd;sl ue;sjrKj,g tn`ÿ kdu
fhdackd bosßm;a l<fyd;a" tu mlaIhg uqo,ska jkaoshla f.ùfï
o`vqjug hg;aùug isÿfõ' ia;%S-mqreI kdufhdackd ixLHdjka w;r
mr;rh úYd, kï" tu mr;rfhka wvlg iudk m%udKhla rch
u.ska mlaIhg ,ndfok m%;smdokj,ska lmd yef¾' fuu l%ufha
m%;sM,hla f,i" 2001 ud¾;= m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKfhka 25] l
mej;s ia;%S ksfhdackh 47] olajd j¾Okh úh' kuq;a 2002 cQks
cd;sl ue;sjrKfhaoS ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h j¾Okh jQfha
1'4] lska muKs' thg uQ,sl fya;=j jQfha ;ks uka;%S wdik i|yd
wfmalaIsldjka f;aÍfïoS" ch.ekSfï iïNdú;h wvq wdik j,g
ia;%Ska bosßm;a lsÍuhs' tfiau" ia;%S-mqreI kdufhdackd iudk
ke;s kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= bosßm;a l< mlaI j,g kS;sfhka
kshu l< wdldrhg o`vqjï ,nd fkd§u o tu thg n,mEfõh'
kS;shg wkqj ia;%S-mqreI wiudk;ajh 100] fõ kï" ke;skï
kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ mqreIhska muKla we;=<;a kï mCIhg
,efnk rdcH m%;smdokj,ska 50] la lmd yef¾' kuq;a
77
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
m%dfhda.sl jYfhka tu o`vqju m%udKj;a fkdùh' ukao" tla
ia;%shlgj;a kdufhdackd ,nd fkdÿka mlaIj,go 50] lska
rdcH wdOdr ysñùu ksihs'
1985 oS lekvdfõ kj m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh" f*vr,a
ue;sjrKj,oS kdufhdackdj,ska 50] la ia;%Skag ,ndoSug ;SrKh
lf<ah' mlaIfha ish¨u úOdhl ;k;=rej,ska yd mlaI lñgq j,
idudðl;ajfhkao 50] la ia;%Ska úhhq;= nj wNHka;r m%;sm;a;s
u.ska ;Skaÿ lf<ah' mlaIfha iNdm;s yd Wm iNdm;s ;k;=reo
ia;%shla yd mqreIfhla w;r fnosh hq;= njg ;SrKh úh'
fn,aðhu" 1994 uehs ue;sjrK mK; iïu; lrñka lsisu
ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=jl 2$3 lg jvd mqreIhka fyda
ia;%Ska we;=<;a fkdúh hq;= neõ ;SrKh lf<ah' tu kS;sfhka
ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIh i|ydu kdu fhdackdj,ska ,eìhhq;= wju
m%;sY;h kshu flßKs' 1999 hqfrdamd md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKfhaoS
o" fn,aðhu fuu kS;sh Ndú; l< w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,i
18'5] laj mej;s ia;%S ksfhdackh 23'3] olajd j¾Okh úh'
´iafÜ%,shdfõo jdudxYsl mlaI ia;%Ska i|yd mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd
ÿkS' kuq;a" olaIsKdxYsl mlaI thg fjkiaj hñka kdhl;aj
mqyqKqj yd ue;sjrK Wmfoia oSu jeks ia;%Skaf.a mqoa.,sl;ajh
yd ne`ÿkq .eg¿ úi|Su wruqKq lr.;a Wml%u Ndú;d lrhs'
jdudxYsl u;jdo w.hk mlaI ia;%S ksfhdackh ms<sn| .eg¿j
mlaI ixúOdk jHQyfha m%Yakhla f,i i,lk w;r thg kS;suh
fyda m%;sm;a;suh jYfhka úi`ÿï oSug jeäfhka fm<fò' 1994 oS
´iafÜ%,shdkq lïlre mlaIh" tys md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S ksfhdackh
2002 jk úg 35] úhhq;= hhs b,lal lr .;s' lïlre mlaI
kdhsldjla jQ lduka f,darkaia m%uqL ls%hdldÍ ia;%Ska" iudkd;au;d
yd Wmfhda.S;d ;¾l bosßm;a lrñka" ia;%Ska ksfhdackh i|yd
ia;%Skaju f;dard m;alr .;hq;= njg fuysoS wjOdrKh lf<ah'
78
lu,d ,shkf.a
1995 oS lïlre mlaIfha laùkaia,ka; YdLdfõ ls%hdldßkshka
lKavdhula ́ iafÜ%,shdkq ia;%S mlaIh (Australian Women’s Party) msysgqjd ta yryd fuu lreK iïnkaOfhka mlaIhg n,mEï
lf<ah' lïlre mlaIfha ysgmq m%dka; w.ue;sjßhka fofofkla
wußldfõ tñ,s ,ehsia;=jg (EMILY’s List) iudk wdh;khla
msysgqjd" tu.ska m%cd;ka;%jdohg mlaI wfmalaIsldjkag ue;sjrK
lghq;= i|yd m%;smdok yd fjk;a wdOdr ,ndoSu wdrïN lf<ah'
tu wfmalaIsldjka ch.;fyd;a" ia;%Skaf.a m%Yak úi|Su i|yd
lghq;= lrk njg fmdfrdkaÿ jQ m%ldYko Tjqkaf.ka ,nd
.;s' tfiau" fuu tñ,s wdh;kh ch.;a ia;%Ska iu`. ksrka;r
in|;d mj;ajñka" ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okh i|yd wod< kS;s yd
m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg o Tjqka fmd<Ujhs'
;jo" 1981 oS msysgjQ ́ iafÜ%,shdkq f*vr,a md¾,sfïka;=fõ
lïlre mlaI ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh ms<sn| lñgqj (Federal Parliamentary Labour Party Status of Women Committee) úiska ia;%Skag wod< kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu ksÍlaIKh
lf<ah' md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S l%shdldß lñgqjo ^fldalih& ta yd
iudk N+ñldjla r`. mdñka" mlaI fNaohlska f;drj tu m%;sm;a;s
j,ska id¾:l m%;sM, oskd .ekSug úúO whqßka n,mEï lf<ah'
´iafÜ%,shdkq ia;%S jHdmdr" ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd Ndú;
l< Wml%u rdYshls' tajd w;ßka" ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg
wod< úfYaIs; wdh;k msysgqùu" tu.ska fuu .eg¨j ms<sn|
ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu" m%:u fm< mqrjeishka jYfhka ia;%Skag
we;s foaYmd,k j.lSï ms<sn| wjfndaO lroSu" ta i|yd Tjqkaj
fm<Uùu" fuu .eg¿j úi|Su i|yd mlaI kdhlhskag n,mEï
lsÍu" wOHhk iólaIK lr jd¾;d yd ks¾foaY mlaIhg bosßm;a
lsÍu" ia;%Skag foaYmd,k kdhl;aj mqyqKqj ,ndoSu" ue;sjrK
m%pdrKh i|yd uqo,a yd fjk;a iïm;a u.ska Wmldr lsÍu" iy
Tjqka ch.;a miq ia;%SjdoS woyia w.h lrk kdhsldjka yd cd,.;
79
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
fldg ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okh lsÍfï wruqKq u; ieliqKq
kHdh m;% yd jevms<sfj,j,a Tjqka ,jd ls%hd;aul lrùu wdosh
jvd;a iM, Wml%u jYfhka ie,lsh yelsh'
lïlre mlaIfha uQ,sl;ajfhka muKla fkdj ́ iafÜ%,shdkq
ia;%SjdoS jHdmdrh mokï fldgf.ko" fun`ÿ n,mEï lKavdhï
f.dv ke`.=Ks' ia;%S ue;sjrK WoafoaYk ^n,mEï& lKavdhu
(Women’s Electoral Lobby) thg fyd|u WodyrKhls' fuu
lKavdhu ia;%S-mqreI ksfhdackfha wiudk nj hk .eg¿j
ms<sn|" ´iafÜ%,shdkq foaYmd,k mlaIj, kdhl;ajhg we;s
oekqu yd th úi|Sug Tjqka ;=< we;s leue;a; yd Wkkaÿj
ms<sn|j ;=,kd;aulj wOHhk fldg wod< jd¾;d mlaI j,g
iemhSh' tu.ska lïlre mlaIh jeks mlaI fuu m%Yakh úi|Sug
idfmalaIj jeä Wkkaÿjla olajk neõ o;a; iys;j fmkajd ÿks'
´iafÜ%,shdkq m%Odk mlaI w;ßka lïlre mlaIfha ia;%S ksfhdackh
by< m%;sY;hla oskd .ekSu úfYaI;ajhla f,i wjOdrKh l<
fuu lKavdhu ta iïnkaOfhka ;jÿrg;a m%.;sYS,S mshjr
.kakd f,i b,a,ñka mlaIhg n,mEï lf<ah' tla me;a;lska
th mlaIfha jdishg fya;= úh' wksla me;af;ka mlaIh ta ksid
ia;%Skaf.a .eg¿jg jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍugo fm<UqKs' 1972
´iafÜ%,shdkq cd;sl ue;sjrKfhaoS fuu WoafoaYk lKavdhu
bosßm;a l< zzia;%S m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| kHdh m;%hZZ" trg mlaIj,g
úfYaIfhkau lïlre mlaIhg úYd, n,mEula t,a, l< w;r"
thska fndfyduhla m%;sm;a;s" ue;sjrKfhka miqj ls%hd;aul
lsÍugo iuyr mlaI fm<UqKs' ´iafÜ%,shdkq uka;%Sjßhka
fndfyduhlao ia;%Ska yd iïnkaO m%Yak md¾,sfïka;=jg bosßm;a
lrñka" tajd ms<sn| y`vla k`.ñka" wod< kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s
iïmdokh wdrïN lf<ah' tfiau Tjqka uka;S%jrekaj oekqj;a
fldg" hï hï wjia:dj,oS Tjqkaf.a iyfhda.ho wod< mK;a
iïu; lsÍu i|yd ,nd.;s (Sawer, 2000; Bean, 1991)'
80
lu,d ,shkf.a
´iafÜ%,shdkq uka;%Sjßhka w;=ßka ia;%Skaf.a m%Yak úi|Sug
jeäu odhl;ajhla oelajQjkag zzw¾ks iïudkhZZ (Ernie Award) jeks oE" jd¾Islj ixúOdkh flfrk iïudk Wf<,loS m%odkh
lsÍu u.skao Tjqkaf.a jeä iydh ,nd.ekSug fm<Uùula lf<ah
(Sawer and Simms, 1993; Whip, 1991)'
fï wdldrfhka l%shd;aul jQ úúO l%shdldrlï yd
n,mEïj, m%;sM,hla f,i ´iafÜ%,shdfõ ia;%S ksfhdackh hï
m%udKhlska j¾Okh ù ;sfí' 2010 wf.daia;= ui jk úg cd;sl
md¾,sfïka;=fõ m%:u uKav,h ;=< ia;%Ska 24'7] l o" fojeks
uKav,h ;=< 37'9] l o m%;sY;hla ksfhdackh úh (www.ipu.org/wmn-e/c/assif.htm) '
wdishd meis*sla rgj, w;aoelSï
wdishd meis*sla l,dmh ;=< ia;%Syq cd;sl foaYmd,khg
jvd m<d;a md,k foaYmd,kfhaoS il%Sh N+ñldjla r`.md;s'
(UNICEF, 2006)' wdishdkq l,dmh ;=< mx.= l%uh u.ska ia;%Skaf.a
ksfhdackfha" úfYaIfhkau m<d;a md,k uÜgfïoS m%udKd;aul
fukau .=Kd;aul j¾Okh jeäfhkau oskdf.k we;s rg f,i
bkaoshdj ie,fla (Pande and Ford, 2011; Singh, 2005)' mx.= l%uh
ms<sn| bkaoshdkq l;sldjf;a b;sydih 1920 .Kka olajd osjhhs'
ì%;dkH wêrdcHjdoSkag tfrysj ixúOdkh jQ bkaoshdkq cd;sl
jHdmdrh ;=<ska" bkaoshdkq ia;%Skag foaYmd,k ksfhdackfhaoS
mx.=jla wjYHhhs hk woyi m%:ufhkau bosßm;a úh' kuq;a
i¾jck Pkaoh yd ksfhdackfha iu whs;sh oskd.ekSu i|yd
ia;S%ka m%uqL;ajh ÿka ksid mx.= l%uh ms<sn| fhdackdj mfilg
;,a¨ úh' ;jo my;a hhs iïu; f.da;% yd l=,j,g md¾,sfïka;=
ksfhdackfhka mx.=jla fjkal< hq;=h hk idlÉPdjo ksoyiska
miq jHdma; úh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i" 1950 bkaoshdkq wdKavql%u
81
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
jHjia:dj u.ska tu ck lKavdhï i|yd md¾,sfïka;= wdikj,ska
mx.=jla kshu lsÍfï ld¾hg m%uqL;ajh ÿks (Raman, 2002)'
ia;%S ksfhdackh i|yd mx.= l%uhl wjYH;djh ms<sn|
l;sldj; kej; biau;= jkafka 1974 bkaoshdkq ia;%Skaf.a
;;ajh ms<sn| fidhd ne,Sug m;al< lñgqfõ jd¾;dj bosßm;a
ùu;a iu`.h' bkaoshdkq m%dka; wdKavqj, iy uOHu wdKavq
md¾,sfïka;=fõ ia;%S ksfhdackfha wvq ùula" miq.sh 25 jir ;=<
isÿù we;s nj fuu jd¾;dfjka fmkajd ÿks' ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh
j¾Okh lsÍu fukau" .%dóh m%foaYj, ixj¾Okh o wruqKq
lrf.k" foaYmd,k ksfhdað; wdh;kj, wju jYfhka 1$3
laj;a ia;%S ksfhdackhla we;s lsÍu i|yd bkaoshdkq rch mshjr
.;hq;= nj fuu jd¾;dfjka ks¾foaY lf<ah' tu ks¾foaYh;a
iu`. bkaoshdkq ia;%S jHdmdrh yd isú,a ixúOdk" wju jYfhka
m<d;a md,k uÜgfïoSj;a ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd
mx.=jla fjka lrjd .ekSu w;HjYH hk u;h oeäj wjOdrKh
lsÍug mgka .;ay' ia;%S ksfhdackfha wvq nj hk m%Yakh ms<sn|j
mlaI kdhlhska" md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;hska yd ck;dj oekqj;a
lsÍug ia;%S ixúOdk úiska úúO ls%hdud¾. wkq.ukh lrk ,oS'
/iaùï" idlÉPd" úfYaI foaYk" wOHhk jd¾;d bosßm;a lsÍu"
/<s yd fm<md,s meje;aùu" ldgqka yd Ñ;% m%o¾Yk ixúOdkh
lsÍu kdgH yd isxÿ wdosh u.ska ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu yd ;SrK
.kakkag n,mEï lsÍu i|yd ,sms" fm;aiï yd ixfoaY heùu
wdosh tu ls%hdud¾. w;=ßka jvd;a wdl¾IKSh úh' WodyrK
jYfhka flar< ia;%Ska" tlu fõ,djloS l¿ idßj,ska ieriS"
l=vd lKavdhï f,i úúO k.r yd .ïj, fm<md,s yd /iaùï
mj;ajd n,mEï lsÍu jeks oE fnfyúka M,odhS ls%hdldrlï úh
(Agrawal, 2006; Subramanian and Thomas, 2001)'
82
lu,d ,shkf.a
fuu n,mEïj, m%;sM,hla f,i" 1993 wdKavql%u jHjia:d
ixfYdaOkhlska ia;%Ska i|yd mx.= l%uhla ia:dms; flßKs' kuq;a
thg fmro" bkaoshdfõ m%dka; foll m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,
mx.= l%uh Ndú; flßKs' 1984 oS uyd rdIag% m%dka;h m<d;a
md,k wdh;kj, ksfhdackfhka 30] la ia;%Skag fjka lf<ah'
bkamiqj l¾kdgl m%dka;h úiskao 25] la fjka lrk ,oS'
th iuia; bkaoshdfõ ia;%S ksfhdackfha j¾Okhg m%udKj;a
n,mEula fkdl<o" mx.= l%uhla b,a,Su i|yd fjk;a m%dka; j,
ia;%Skag thska hï fm<Uùula isÿúh' úfYaIfhka m<d;a md,k
wdh;k uÜgfïoS ia;%S ksfhdackfha j¾Okh w;HjYH nj;a" ta
i|yd 30] l mx.=jla fjkal< hq;= njg;a" 1974 ia;%Ska ms<sn|
lñgq jd¾;dfjka ks¾foaY lr ;sìKs' 1988-2000" ia;%Ska i|yd
jQ cd;sl ie,eiafukao" ish¨u uyck ksfhdað; wdh;kj,
ksfhdackfhka 30] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka l<hq;= nj m%ldY úh'
kuq;a ia;%S ixúOdk m<d;a md,k uÜgfï ia;%S ksfhdackhg
m%uqL;ajh oshhq;= nj wjOdrKh l<y (CWDS, 1995)'
1970 ueo Nd.fha isg 1990 .Kka olajdu" bkaoshdkq
ia;%S ixúOdk fkdlvjd mlaI kdhlhska yd md¾,sfïka;=
ksfhdað;jrekag n,mEï lf<ah' tjlg w.ue;sj isá rÔõ .dkaê
yd fldx.%ia mlaIh;a" md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßhka nyq;rhl=;a
fuu lreK flf¾ úfYaI wjOdkhla oelaùu 1993 oS mx.=
l%uhla oskd .ekSug n,mE uQ,sl fya;=jla úh (Rai, 1995)' 1992 oS wdKavql%u jHjia:djg 73 jeks ixfYdaOkh bosßm;a fldg"
tu.ska mxpdh;srdca m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,ska 1$3 la ia;%Ska
i|yd fjka lsÍu" bkaoshdkq ia;%Ska oskd.;a úYd, ch.%yKhla
úh' kuq;a 1995" 97 yd 2011 hk wjia:d ;=kloS" md¾,sfïka;=
ksfhdackfhka ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla fjkalrjd .ekSug wod<
mK;a jHjia:dodhlhg bosßm;a l<o" fuf;la th id¾:l ù
fkdue;'
83
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
bkaoshdkq wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 73 jeks ixfYdaOkh
^1992& u.ska y`ÿkajd ÿka n,h úuOH.; lsÍu ms<sn| jQ kS;s
1993 oS ls%hd;aul ùu wdrïN úh' jvd;a Yla;su;aj yd fõ.j;aj
bosßhg hk .ï uÜgfï m%cd;ka;%jdohla bkaoshdj ;=< ks¾udKh
lsÍu fuu ixfYdaOkfha uQ,sl wruqKla úh' m%dfoaYSh ck;djg"
;ukaf.a .ï ixj¾Okh lr.ekSug jeä n,hla ,ndoSu" .fï
ixj¾Ok lghq;= j,oS Tjqkaf.a il%Sh iyNd.s;ajh ,nd .ekSu
iy mßmd,kh .u olajd úuOH.; lsÍu jeks wruqKqo ta msgqmi
;sìKs' iuia:hla f,i .;a l< foaYmd,k ;SrK .ekSïj,oS"
.%dóh ck;djf.a iyNd.s;ajh ,nd fkd.ekSu hk ÿ¾j,;djh
u`. yßñka" .ï uÜgfï mßmd,k ls%hdj,shg ia;%Ska yd my;a
hhs iïu; ck lKavdhïj, iyNd.S;ajh ,nd.ekSu fuu
ixfYdaOkfha uQ,slu wruqK úh (Jain, 1996)' fuu 73 jeks
ixfYdaOkfha m%Odk wka;¾.;hka jQfha(
i. ish¨u mxpdh;S rdca wdh;kj, ^osia;s%la" ;Æla (Taluk) yd
.ï uÜgfï .%du mxpdh;s" mxpdh;s iñ;s yd osia;s%la mxpdh;s
(Zilla Panchayati) wdikj,ska 1$3 la ^33'3]& ia;%Ska i|yd
fjka lsÍu
ii. my;a hhs iïu; l=, yd f.da;% i|yd fjka l< wdik 1$3
kao" ia;%Skag 1$3 wdik fjka lsÍu
iii. ish¨u uÜgfï mxpdh;s rdca wdh;kj, iNdm;sjrekaf.ka
1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍu
hk oEhs'
iuia: ia;%Skaf.ka muKla fkdj" my;a hhs iïu;
l=, yd f.da;% j, ia;%Skaf.kao 1$3 lg fkdwvq ksfhdackhla
m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ;sìh hq;= neõ fuu wdKavql%u jHjia:d
ixfYdaOkfhka meyeos,sju m%ldY lf<ah' kuq;a m<d;a md,k
wdh;kj, iNdm;s ;k;=rej,ska wvqu jYfhka 1$3 la fmdÿfõ
84
lu,d ,shkf.a
iuia: ia;%Skaf.ka ksfhdackh úhhq;= neõ jHjia:dfõ 243 D^4&
j.ka;sfhka m%ldY flßks' iNdm;s ;k;=re i|yd my;a hhs
iïu; l=, fyda f.da;% j, ia;%Skag mx.=jla fjkalr fkd;sìKs'
m<d;a md,k wdh;khl ia;%Ska fjkqfjka fjka lrk wdik
ue;sjrKfhka ue;sjrKhg udre l<hq;= fõ' ta wkqj jrla
ia;%Skag fjkal< wdikhla B,`. ue;sjrKfhaoS fmdÿ wdikhla
f,i kï flf¾' iNdm;s ;k;=re ia;%Skag fjkalsÍu mxpdh;s rdca
wdh;kfhka wdh;khg jßka jr udre fõ' úfYaIfhkau ia;%Ska
i|yd fjkal< wdik udre lsÍfuka wfmalaId lf<a" tu fjkal<
wdikfhka wdOqksl wfmalaIsldjlg ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a ùug
wjia:dj ,ndoSuhs' tla fjka l< wdikhlska m%:u jrg f;aÍ
m;ajk ia;%shla fyda ia;%Ska B,`. ue;sjrKfhaoS fmdÿ wdikhlska
ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a ùu i|yd miqìu thska ielfia' túg tu
ia;%shg fkdlvjd ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a ùfï bv m%ia:dj ,efíú
hhs fuhska wfmalaId flßKs' ia;%Skag fjkalrk wdikh B,`.
ue;sjrKfhaoS fjk;a wdikhlg udreùfuka" tu bv m%ia:dj
fjk;a wdikhl kjl ia;s%hl fyda ia;%Skag ,efí' fï whqßka
tlu wdikhlska fkdj" ia;%Ska i|yd jßka jr fjka lrk
wdik .Kkdjla u.ska ia;%Ska úYd, ixLHdjlg ue;sjrKfhka
f;aÍ m;aùug os.=ld,Skj bv ,efí (Buch, 2001)'
bkaoshdfõ fuu wdik fjkalsÍfï l%ufha hï hï ÿ¾j,;d
we;;a" ia;%Skaf.a m<d;a md,k ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul yd
.=Kd;aul j¾Okhlg th u. mdod we;' jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka
miqj" 2000 oS meje;ajQ fojeks m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKfha m%;sM,
j,g wkqj" 2001 jk úg .%du mxpdh;ays 31'37]" mxpdh;a iñ;s
20'71] yd osia;s%la mxpdh;ays 31'80] la ia;%Ska ksfhdackh úh' kuq;a
fuu ;;ajh m%dka; wkqj fjkia úh' l¾kdgl m%dka;fha .%du
mxpdh;a j, ia;%S ksfhdackh 43'79]" flar< 37'81]" uksmQ¾ 37'2]"
f.dajd 36'53] yd Tßiaidys 35'27] la úh' mxpdh;s iñ;s j, ia;%S
85
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
ksfhdackfhkao l¾kdgl ^41'21]&" wdkaød m%foaY ^37'01]&" flar<
^36'39]&" Tßiaid ^35'5]& yd uOH m%foaY ^34'84]& by< m%;sY;hla
oskd.;s' osia;s%la mxpdh;a wdh;kj,ska jeäu m%;sY;hla oskd
.;af;a udksmQ¾ ^36'7]& o" l¾kdgl ^36'45]&" ;ñ,akdvq ^34'72]&"
flar< ^34'67]&" ;s%mqr ^34'29]& yd ngysr fnx.d,h ^34'19]& hk
m%dka;hs'
2000 w. jk úg bkaoSh m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ia;%S
ksfhdackh ixLHd;aulj ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh úh' ñ,shk 5 l
muK ia;%Ska m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKhg 2010-2011 w;roS bosßm;a
jQ w;r oekg ñ,shk 1'3 la muK ^uq¨ ksfhdað;hska ñ,shk 3'3
la muK& ksfhdað;jßhka f,i f;aÍ m;a ù isà' 1993 jHjia:d
ixfYdaOkhg fmr bkaoshdkq m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ia;%S
ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h 4'5] la úh' th 2010 jk úg 33-48] w;r
m%udKhlg j¾Okh ù ;sfí (Singh, 2001)'
bkaoshdkq m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh
j¾Okh ùfuka .ï uÜgfï foaYmd,kh;a" ia;%Skaf.a Ôú;;a"
úfYaIfhkau .%dóh m%foaY;a" hï .=Kd;aul fjkilg ,lajQ
neõ úúO wOHhk u.ska fmkajd os ;sfí' foaYmd,k ksfhdackh
i|yd ia;%Skag we;s whs;sh fmrg jvd jeäfhka ;yjqre ùu" ia;%Ska
foaYmd,k jYfhka n,.ekaùu" .ï uÜgfïoS fmrg jvd ia;%Skag
f.!rjkSh ;;ajhla ysñùu yd ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh yd
ksoyi u; mokï jQ iudc idOdrK;ajh hï m%udKhlska oskd
.ekSu .eñ ia;%Ska ,o úYd, ch.%yK f,i ie,fla (Gaur, Rana and Gaur, 2005)'
1993 m<d;a md,k jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfha m%;sM,hla
f,i" fndfyda ia;%Ska úfYaIfhkau rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk j,o
wdOdrfhka foaYmd,k kdhl;aj mqyqKqj ,eîu yd foaYmd,khg
86
lu,d ,shkf.a
wj;S¾K ùu ksid fuf;la .ï uÜgfï foaYmd,kfha mej;s
mqreI flakaøSh n, jHQyfha hïlsis fjkila lsÍug Tjqkag
yelsù ;sfí' mxpdh;S rdca ksfhdað;jßhka" tu wdh;kj,
ls%hdldß;ajhg jeo.;a n,mEula l< nj;a" jeisls<s" <sx" .%dóh
mdrj,a ieoSu" m%d:ñl mdie,aj,g .=rejreka m;a lsÍu" iqrdie,a
jeiSu" ia;%Skag bvï mjrd oSu yd .%dóh ikSmdrlaIl fiajd
iemhSu jeks lghq;=j,g Tjqka m%uqL;ajh ÿka nj;a fl!Islaf.a
wOHhkj,ska fmkajd fohs (Kaushik, 2006)' m<d;a md,k
wdh;kj, iNdm;sjßhka mdkSh c, m%Yakh" m%d:ñl wOHdmkh"
or ms<sn| .eg¿j" ikSmdrlaIl .eg¿" orejkaf.a fmdaIKh" wvq
wdodhï ,dNSkaf.a ksjdi m%Yakh" u;aøjH ksjdrKh yd ,sx.sl
w;jr jeks lreKq ms<sn| jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍug mgka
.;a neõ w.%jd,af.a wOHhkj,ska o fmkajd os ;sfí' fuu m%Yak
úi|Sug iNdm;sjßhka lghq;= lsÍfïoS tu wdh;kj, wfkla
ksfhdað;jßhka Tjqkag oelajQ iydh .%dóh m%foaYj, ixj¾Okhg
muKla fkdj mlaI foaYmd,kfha mej;s RKd;aul .;s ,laIK
j, hï fjkila i|ydo n,mEï l< neõ w.%jd,af.a woyihs
(Agrawal, 2005)'
ia;%Ska úYd, ixLHdjlg .ï uÜgfï foaYmd,k ;SrK
.ekSfï bvm%ia:dj ,nd oSfuka" .fï md,kfha .=Kd;aul
fjkila isÿùu" 1993 jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfha jeo.;au m%;sM,h
f,i ;j;a wOHhkhlska yqjd oelafõ (Singh, 2005)' .ï uÜgfï
mej;s mqreI uQ,sl n, jHQyh yd n, in|;d ksid ia;%Ska u;
mej;s iudc" wd¾Ól yd udkisl mSvkh hï ;rulska fjkilg
,la lsÍugo fuu ixfYdaOk ksid yels úh (Agrawal, Mayank and Agrawal, 2005)' ia;%Skag iudcfhka ysñlr oS ;sfnk
mjq,g iïnkaO N+ñld fjkilg ,la l< yels nj bkaoshdkq
mxpdh;s rdca ksfhdað;jßhka fmkajd oS we;s w;r" Tjqkaf.ka
fndfyduhla ia;%Ska mqreI uQ,sl foaYmd,k fCIa;%hg ßx.d we;s
87
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
nj iy id¾:l ;SrK .kakka yd mßmd,lhska ù we;s njo"
bkaoshdkq wOHhkj,ska fmkajd oS ;sfí (Saxena, 2005)' id¾:l
yd M,odhS kdhsldjka" fmrg jvd jeä wd;au úYajdihla iys;j
ks¾udKYS,sj yd ffO¾hu;aj" wdo¾Yu;a f,i wfkla ia;%Skag
bosßhg taug u`. mdod we;s nj;a" ia;%Skag Tjqkaf.a Yla;Ska yd
yelshdjka wjfndaO lr.ekSfï wjia:dj fï ksid ,eî we;s
nj;a" ;jÿrg;a tu wOHhkfhka fmkajd ÿks' mxpdh;s rdca
wdh;kj,g f;aÍ m;ajqk ksfhdað;jßhka bkaoshdfõ ;reK
mrmqf¾ .eyeKq orejkag wdo¾Y wdlD;s imhd we;s nj ;j;a
wOHhkhlska fmkajd oS ;sfí (Manju Devi, 2005)' fndfyda
ksfhdað;jßhkaf.a kdhl;ajh" id¾:l;ajh yd Yla;sh
bkaÈhdfõ .eyeKq orejkaj wOHdmk lghq;=j,g fhduqlsÍfï§
yd Tjqkaf.a kdhl;ajh j¾Okh lr.ekSfï§ jeä fm<Uùula
we;s lsÍug fya;= ù we;s nj;a thska fmkajd fohs'
fuu Okd;aul m%;sM, oskd.ekSfïoS" úfYaIfhkau
bkaoshdkq rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj,ska bgql< fufyh úYd,
n,mEula lf<ah' 1993 jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka miqj ia;%Skag
kdhl;aj mqyqKqj yd foaYmd,k oekqu ,ndoSu" mlaI kdhlhska
yd uyck ksfhdað;jreka iu`. idlÉPd meje;aùu iy Tjqkag
n,mEï lsÍu" Pkaoodhlhska oekqj;a lsÍu" ia;%Skaj Wkkaÿ fldg
wfmalaIsldjka f,i bosßm;a lrùu" ue;sjrK m%pdrl lghq;=j,g
Wmfoia yd wdOdr oSu iy Tjqka mxpdh;s rdca wdh;kj,g f;aÍ
m;ajqkq miq tu wdh;kj, mßmd,kh ms<sn| oekqj;a lsÍu yd
tu lghq;= lrf.k hdfïoS Wmfoia ,nd oSu jeks fufyhka tajd
w;ßka jvd;a jeo.;a fõ (Agrawal, 2006)'
ia;%Skaf.a ksfhdackh j¾Okh ùu ksid fun`ÿ
id¾:l;ajhka m%ldY jqjo" bkaoshdkq mxpdh;S rdca wdh;kj,ska
yd ia;%Ska ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍfuka wfmalaIs; ish¨ wruqKq
88
lu,d ,shkf.a
bgqjQjd hhs hful=g lsj fkdyelsh' úfYaIfhkau .%dóh
ia;%Skaf.a fkdoekqj;alu" úêu;a wOHdmkhla fkd,eîu" wvq
wd;au úYajdih" m%pKavldÍ foaYmd,k ixialD;sh" ia;%Ska uqyqKq
fok wkdrlaIs; ;;ajh" wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d yd ;jÿrg;a uq,a nei
f.k we;s mqreI flakaøSh wdh;k jHQyh wdoS lreKq thg fya;=
ù ;sfí' fndfyduhla mxpdh;s rdca ksfhdað;jßhka" ;ju;a
Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, fyda mlaIj, mqreIhkaf.a wjYH;dj,g wkqj
lghq;= lsÍu iy Tjqkaf.a md,khg k;=ùu" wfmalaIs; .=Kd;aul
fjki oskd.ekSug we;s úYd,u ndOlh neõ w.%jd,af.a woyihs'
(Agrawal, 2005)'
mx.= l%uh mlsia;dkhg w¨;a fohla fkdfõ' trg 1956"
1962" 1970" 1973 iy 1985 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj,ska m%dka; fukau
cd;sl uÜgfï foaYmd,k wdh;kj, wdikj,ska o ia;%Skag
mx.=jla fjkalr ;snqKs' kuq;a th b;d iq¿ m%;sY;hla jQ w;r 5]
isg 10] olajd m%udKhla úh' fjka l< wdikj,ska ksfhdað;jßhka
f;dark ,oafoa" tu ksfhdað; wdh;kj,g ue;sjrKfhka f;dard
.;a uka;%Sjreka úisks' tfyhska th jl% Pkao l%uhla úh' 1985
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka kshu lrk ,o wdik fjkalsÍu 1988
oS kj;d oeñKs' 1997 ue;sjrKfhaoS ia;%Skaf.a ksfhdackh wju
jQ w;r m<d;a iNdj, m%;sY;h 4]" fifkÜ uKav,h 2] yd
cd;sl wefiïì,sh ^uKav,h& 4] jYfhka úh' m<d;a md,k
wdh;kj,ska fjkal< m%;sY;h tlsfklg fjkia jQ w;r th 5]
isg 12] olajd mrdihl mej;=Ks' 1993 ue;sjrKfha m%;sM, wkqj
m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh 10] la úh' fï ksid
ia;%Skaf.a cd;sl jHdmdrhla wdrïN fldg m%udKj;a ixLHdjlska
wdik fjka lrjd .ekSug n,mEï lsÍu mlsia;dkq ia;%Ska úiska
wdrïN lrk ,oS'
fuu mßirh ;=<" mlsia;dk rch" iudk" ksoyia yd
il%Sh foaYmd,k iyNd.S;ajhla oskd .ekSu i|yd ia;%Ska ork
89
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
W;aidyh yd lemùu ms<sn| cd;sl jd¾;d lSmhloSu wjOdrKh
lf<ah' 1997 oS ia;%Ska ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su i|yd m;alrk ,o
fldñIka jd¾;dfõ;a (Report of the Commission of Inquiry for Women)" 1998 ls%hdldrlï i|yd jQ cd;sl ie,eiafï;a (National Plan for Action)" 2002 ia;%Skaf.a j¾Okh yd n,.ekaùu i|yd
jQ cd;sl m%;sm;a;sfha;a (National Policy for Development and Empowerment of Women) ta ms<sn|j i|yka úh' 2001 iïu;
lrk ,o n,h fnoSu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sfhka cd;sl yd
m<d;a md,k ksfhdað; wdh;kj, wdikj,ska 33] la ia;%Ska
i|yd fjka fldg" Tjqkaj taldnoaO wdikj,ska Rcq Pkaofhka
f;dard .ekSu wdrïN lf<ah (NRB, 2006; Anjum, 2001; Bari, 2001)'
2000 oS mlsia;dk ñ,sgß wdKavqj n,h úuOH.; lsÍfï
ie,eiaula ls%hd;aul lf<ah' fuu ie,eiafuka osia;s%lal"
f;is,a (Tesil) yd hqkshka (Union) ljqkais,j, ksfhdackfhka
33] la ia;%Skag fjka lf<ah' hqkshka ljqkais,h yer wfkla
ljqkais, fofla fjkal< wdikj,g ia;%Ska f;dard .;af;a jl%
Pkao l%uhlsks' hqkshka ljqkais,hg ue;sjrKfhka f;dard .;a
ksfhdað;hskaf.ka iukaú; Pkaoodhl úoHd,hla u.ska fuu
ksfhdað;jßhka f;dard .efka'
ia;%Ska i|yd fjka l< wdikj,ska muKla fkdj fmdÿ
wdikj,skao Tjqkag ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a úh yelsh' ngysr
m%dka;fha wka;jdoS wd.ñl lKavdhïj, n,mEu ksid tu
m%dka;fhaoS 2002 oS meje;ajQ ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a ùug ia;%Skag
fkdyels úh' tksid wdik 650 lg ia;%Ska f;aÍ m;a fkdjqks'
kuq;a ia;%Skag fjkal< iuia; wdikj,ska wdik 40"049 ka
36"187 lg ksfhdað;jßhka f;aÍ m;ajqks'
90
lu,d ,shkf.a
fuu mx.= l%uh ksid ia;%Ska úYd, ixLHdjlg m<d;a md,k
wdh;kj, foaYmd,khg iyNd.s ùug yelsúh' uqo,a" fjk;a
iïm;a yd m%pKav;ajh u; mokï jQ foaYmd,k ksfhdackh"
mlsia;dkh ;=< iuia;hla jYfhka" foaYmd,khg iïnkaO m%N+
mjq,aj, mqreIhkag iSud ù ;sìKs' kuq;a tn`ÿ mokula ke;s
.eñ" kQ.;a yd my;a hhs iïu; ck fldgiaj, ia;%Skag mjd
ksfhdackh ùug yelshdjla ,eîu fuu mx.= l%ufha jeo.;au
m%;sM,h úh' tfiau" ;reK ia;%Ska m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd m<d;a
md,k foaYmd,kh flf¾ úYajdihlska thg wj;S¾K ùuo
fuhska ,o ;j;a m%;sM,hls' f;aÍ m;ajqk ksfhdað;jßhkaf.ka
57] la jhi wjq( 45 g wvqùu ksid ;reK ia;%Ska" úfYaIfhkau
.%dóh yd m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,kfha fjkila lsÍug bosßm;a ùu
jeo.;a lreKls' tfiau tu ksfhdað;jßhkaf.ka 73'7] la
.DyKshka ùfuka m%ldY jQfha ia;s%hg mejÍ ;snqk m%ckk ld¾h
yd .Dyia: N+ñldfjka weh hï ;rulg fyda wE;a ù fmdÿ
fCIa;%fha lghq;=j,g bosßm;a ùug olajk ,eoshdjhs' iudc
fjkila i|yd tacka;jreka jYfhka bosßm;aùug .eñ ia;%Ska
;=< we;s leue;a;o thska m%ldY úh'
kuq;a fuu ksfhdað;jßhkaf.ka 53] la idlaIr;djh
fkdue;s wh ùu ksid ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okfhka wfmalaIs;
wruqKq m%dfhda.sl jYfhka bgqlr .ekSfïoS wNsfhda. t,a,
úh' Tjqkag foaYmd,k oekqu yd w;aoelSï fkdue;s ùuo thg
n,mE ;j;a ndOdjla úh' m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g m%udKj;a
m%;smdok fkdue;sùu ksid fuu ksfhdað;jßhkag u`. úhoï
yd ld¾hd, fyda fjk;a myiqlï lsisjlao fkd,eìKs' Tjqkag
wjYH mqyqKq lsÍï ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Sug mlsia;dk wdKavqj
wOHhk iólaIK yd idlÉPd meje;ajqjo" Tjqkag m%udKj;a
mqyqKqjla o fkd,eìKs' fndfyda ksfhdað;jßhka bosßm;a l<
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s i|yd m%;smdok fjka fkdl< ksid tajdo
91
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
yßyeá ls%hd;aul l< fkdyels úh (Reyes, 2003) '
wdik fjkalsÍug n,mEï l< ia;%S cd;sl jHdmdrh"
2001 oS kej; Woaf>daIK jHdmdrhla wrUd cd;sl uÜgfï
ksfhdað; wdh;kj,skao 33] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lrk f,i
b,a,d isáfhah (Aurat Foundation, 2001)' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i"
mlsia;dka foaYmd,k mlaI 11 la m%dka; yd cd;sl ue;sjrKj,oS
kdufhdackdj,ska 30] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalsÍug leue;a;
m< l<y' oS¾> idlÉPd yd jdo újdoj,ska miqj" mlsia;dkfha
cd;sl kej; f.dv ke`.Sfï ìhqfrdaj (National Reconstruction Bureau) fifkÜ uKav,fha wdik 100 ka 17 la ^17]& iy cd;sl
wefiïì,sfha wdik 342 ka 60 la ̂ 18]& ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lf<ah'
kuq;a 1998 isg ia;%Ska i|yd wdik fjkalsÍfï cd;sl jHdmdrh"
33] l mx.=jla ms<sn|j lrk ,o b,a,Su yd 2001 oS ia;%Ska yd
ixj¾Okh ms<sn| wud;HxYh iu. ia;%S ixúOdk úiska lrk ,o
idlÉPd hkdosh cd;sl kej; f.dvke`.Sfï ìhqfrdaj fkdi,ld
yer we;s njg úúO fpdaokd t,a, úh'
j;auka mlsia;dkfha cd;sl wefiïì,shg ksfhdað;jßhka
60 la f;dard .kafka iudkqmd;sl ue;sjrK l%uh u;h' tla tla
mlaIhg ,enqKq Pkao m%udKh wkqj ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< wdik
fnod yef¾' kuq;a mlsia;dk ia;%S ixúOdkj,ska fndfyduhla fuu
l%uh wkqu; fkdlrhs' trg foaYmd,k mlaI mqreI uQ,sl jHQyhla
u; lghq;= lrk ksid fufia f;dark ksfhdað;jßhka yqfola
mlaIfha w;fld¿ jk nj;a" Tjqkag ia;%Skaj ksfhdackh lsÍfï
ksoyi yd bvm%ia:dj ysñ fkdjk nj;a fuu ixúOdkj, u;hhs'
;jo" foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=<oS fojeks .Kfha ksfhdað;hska f,i
ia;%Skaj ie,flk ksid Tjqkag ;SrK .ekSu i|yd we;s n,ho
idfmalaIj wvq nj fuu ixúOdk fmkajd fohs' mlsia;dkfha
úYd, Pkao fldÜGdY fyda idudkH m%udKfha Pkao fldÜGdY
92
lu,d ,shkf.a
folla tlafldg" úfYaI Pkao fldÜGdY ks¾udKh lrta u.ska
ia;%Ska i|yd wdik fjka lrk f,i fuu ixúOdk b,a,d isà' tu
wdikj,g kdufhdackd bosßm;a lsÍfïoS ia;%Skaf.a ,ehsia;=jla
yd fmdÿ wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=jla bosßm;a úhhq;= njo" thska
wfmalaIsldjl yd wfmalaIlhl= f;dard .ekSug Pkaoodhlhdg
yelsjk whqßka ue;sjrK kS;s ixfYdaOkh l< hq;= njo" ia;%S
ixúOdk j, woyihs' tu wdikj, Pkaoodhlhskag Pkao 2 la
ysñfldg tajdhska tla Pkaohla ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< wdikfha
wfmalaIsldjl yd wfkl fmdÿ ,ehsia;=fõ wfmalaIlhl=
fjkqfjka Ndú;d lsÍu fhda.H nj Tjqka fmkajd fohs' (Bari, 2002)'
mlsia;dkfha 2008 ue;sjrKfhka miq cd;sl
jHjia:dodhlfha m%:u uKav,fha ia;%S ksfhdackh 22'5] ls'
fojeks uKav,fha tu m%;sY;h 16'3] la fõ' m<d;a md,k
wdh;kj, th 27-32] w;r m%udKhlg j¾Okh úh (www.ipu.org/wmn-c/classif.htm)' mx.= l%ufhka wdik 39"964 la ia;%Skag
fjkal< w;r thska 36"105 lska ia;%Ska f;dard m;alr .eKqks
(Alam, 2004; Yazdani, 2003)' mx.= l%uh ksid trg iEu uÜgulu
foaYmd,k wdh;kj, ksfhdackh ixLHd;aulj j¾Okhla isÿ jQ
nj wOHhk /ilska fmkajd oS ;sfí (Reyes, 2002; Naz, 2001; Alam, 2004; Yazdani, 2002, 2003; CIET, 2004)'
2002 oS m%cd;ka;%jdoh iy ue;sjrK wdOdr i|yd
jQ cd;Hka;r wdh;kfha (IDEA) uQ,sl;ajfhka lrk ,o
wOHhkhlska fmkajd ÿkafka mlsia;dkh ;=< ienE iy mQ¾K
ia;%S yd mqreI iudkd;au;djhla foaYmd,k ksfhdackfhaoS we;s
lsÍug kï mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSu muKla m%udKj;a fkdjk
njhs' jHQyd;aul fjkialï u.ska w¾:j;a yd ienE fjkila
lsÍug kï wdl,amuh fjkila fukau" ia;%Skaf.a Odß;d j¾Okho
93
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
ta yd iu.dój isÿúh hq;= nj tu wOHhkfhka fmkajd fohs'
ia;%S ksfhdackfha jeo.;alu" wju jYfhka 33] laj;a ia;%Ska
ksfhdackh jqjfyd;a tu.ska foaYmd,k wdh;kj, yd tajdfhaoS
.kakd ;SrKj, fjkila l< yels nj iy ksfhdackh yd fjk;a
foaYmd,k ls%hdldrlïj,g il%Shj iyNd.sùu i|yd ia;%Skago
whs;sjdislï ysñjk nj hkdosh ms<sn|j ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍug
cd;sl jYfhka mq¿,a oekqj;a lsÍfï jHdmdrhla wdrïN l<hq;=
nj fuu wOHhkfhka ks¾foaY lrhs' tfukau woshr ;=kloS
ia;%Skaf.a Odß;d j¾Okh l<hq;= njo thska fmkajd fohs' m%:u
fm< mqrjeishka f,i ia;%Skaf.a Pkaoh Ndú; lsÍu ms<sn|j;a"
Pkao wfmalaIsldjka f,i ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a ùu ms<sn|j;a"
f;aÍ m;ajqk ksfhdað;jßhka f,i id¾:lj lghq;= lsÍug;a
wod< mqyqKqj ia;%Skag ,ndosh hq;= nj;a thska fhdackd flf¾'
úfYaIfhkau ;reK ia;%Skag fuu mqyqKqj ,ndoSu jvd;a M,odhS
neõ fuu wOHhkfhka fmkajd fohs'
ia;%S ksfhdackfha ixLHd;aul j¾Okh ksid ia;%Skaf.a
Ôú;j, isÿjk .=Kd;aul j¾Okh ms<sn|j iy foaYmd,k
wdh;kj, iajNdjh" jHQyhka" ;k;=re" ;SrK" iïm%odhka yd
tajdg wod< kS;sÍ;s yd kHdh m;% wdosh iudc ys;ldó iy
ia;%S ys;ldó whqßka fjkiajk wdldrh ms<sn|j ;jÿrg;a
wOHhkh fldg wod< f;dr;=re iudcfha úúO fldÜGdY w;r
fnodyeÍfuka jvd;a fyd| .=Kd;aul m%;sM, w;am;a lr.;
yelsnjo tu wOHhkfhka fmkajd fohs (Reyes, 2003)'
wfmalaIs; .=Kd;aul m%;sM, ta whqßkau ,eî ke;;a
mlsia;dkfha ia;%S ksfhdackh m%udKd;aulj j¾Okh ùug
úfYaIfhkau trg ia;%S ixúOdkj, n,mEu fnfyúka fya;=
úh' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sh (UNDP)" wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j (ADB) iy lefkaähdkq cd;Hka;r
94
lu,d ,shkf.a
ixj¾Ok wdOdr (CIDA) jeks cd;Hka;r wdh;kj, fm<Uùu
yd wdOdr cd;sl isú,a yd ia;%S ixúOdkj, ls%hdldß;ajhg Rcqj
n,md ;sfí (Jabeen and Jadoon, 2009)' mlsia;dk m<d;a md,k
wdh;kj,g f;aÍ m;ajqk ksfhdað;jßhka wfmalaIs; wdldrfha
mqyqKqjla Tjqkag fkd,enqK;a" rdcH wdh;k" iuyr foaYmd,k
mlaI yd isú,a ixúOdk úiska ixúOdkh lrk ,o ck;dj
oekqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka yd mqyqKq jevuq¿o hï m%udKhlg
fuu j¾Okhg n,mEï lf<ah (CIET, 2004; Aurat Foundation, 2001)' tfy;a j;auka ^2012& mlsia;dk wdKavqj m<d;a md,k
wdh;k úiqrejd yer" wod< ue;sjrK wúksYaÑ; f,i l,aoud
;sîu ksid" mej;s mx.= l%uh mjd oekg wl%Sh ù ;sfí'
nx.,dfoaYfha ^1972& wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka cd;sl
md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdik 315 ka 15 la ia;%Skag fjkalr oS ;sìKs'
1976 jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhlska th wdik 30 olajd jeälr jir
10 l ld,hlg muKla tu kS;sh iSud flßKs' fuu wdik
30 g" ksfhdað;jßhkaj f;dard .ekqfka jl% Pkao l%uhlsks'
ue;sjrKfhaoS fmdÿ wdikj,ska Rcq Pkaofhka f;dard .;a
ksfhdað;hskaf.ka ieos Pkaoodhl úoHd,hla u.ska" fuu fjka
l< wdik i|yd ksfhdað;jßhka f;dard .eKsks' fuu wdik
fjkalsÍfï kS;sh ls%hd;aul ùu 1987 oS wjika úh'
fuu mßirh ;=< ia;%S ixúOdk;a" ia;%S ksfhdackh ms<sn|
Wkkaÿjla olajk ia;%Syq;a idlÉPd" iïuka;%K" ,sms yd fm;aiï
wdosh u.ska wdKavqjg n,mEï lrñka nx.,dfoaYfha mßmd,k
tall 64 g tla ksfhdað;jßh ne.ska m;alsÍu i|yd wdik
fjkalrk f,i b,a,d isáhy' ;jo" tu ksfhdað;jßhka Rcq
Pkaofhka f;dard .kakd f,io" tu.ska foaYmd,kfha m%Odk
m%jdyhg m%fõY ùug ia;%Skag bvm%ia:d i,id fok f,io Tjqyq
b,a,d isáhy' iuyr ia;%S ixúOdk foaYmd,k mlaIj,ska b,a,d
95
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
isáfha ue;sjrKj, kdufhdackd j,ska 10-20] w;r m%udKhla
ia;%Skag ,ndfok f,ihs' tu n,mEïj, m%;sM,hla f,i" 1990
jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhla u.ska kej; wdik fjkalsÍu jir 10
la i|yd oS¾> flßKs' 1991 yd 2001 ue;sjrK w;r;=r ld,fhaoS
nx.,dfoaYfha m%Odk ia;%S ixúOdk 20 la muK uys,d m¾Ioa
ixúOdkfha uQ,sl;ajfhka mx.= l%uhla oskd .ekSu i|yd
jvd;a úêu;aj yd Yla;su;aj n,mEï l<y' ia;%S ksfhdackfha
wjYH;djh ms<sn| idlÉPd" foaYk" m%isoaO újdo yd iïuka;%K
wdosh u.ska Tjqyq ck;dj oekqj;a l<y' tfiau" wdKavqjg"
foaYmd,k mlaI j,g yd fuu m%Yakh ms<sn| ixfõoS md¾,sfïka;=
ksfhdað;jrekag fkdlvjd n,mEï lsÍuo Tjqyq lrf.k .shy'
;jo" úfrdaO;d jHdmdr" uyck /<s yd ñksia oïje,a ixúOdkh
lrñka m%Odk ud¾. wìhi§ Tjqyq úúO ls%hdldrlï ixúOdkh
l<y (Chowdhury, 2001)'
kuq;a fjka lrk ,o wdikj,ska f;aÍ m;ajqk
ksfhdað;jßhkaf.ka fndfyduhla fokd Rcq Pkao l%uh
b,a,d isàug tl`. fkdjQy' Tjqka m%ldY lf<a ue;sjrKhla
meje;aùfïoS ia;%Ska w;ru mjd wkjYH .egqï yd m%pKavldÍ
ls%hd isÿùug bvlv we;s nj;a" ue;sjrK i|yd úYd, úhoula
oeÍug ia;%Skag yelshdjla fkdue;s nj;ah' tfyhska jl% Pkao
l%uhlska ksfhdað;jßhka f;aÍu jvd;a iqÿiq nj Tjqkaf.a woyi
úh'
nx.,dfoaYfha m%:u ue;sjrKfhaoSu ^1973& ia;%Skag wdik
fjka lr ;sîu ksid" ia;%Skaj ksfhdað;hska f,i f;aÍ m;aùug
kï tn`ÿ jHjia:dkql+, m%;sm;a;shla w;HjYHfhkau ;sìh
hq;=h hk wdl,amh trg iudch ;=< ia:dms; úh' ta ksid" fmdÿ
wdik j,ska ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIfhau wfmalaIlhskag ue;sjrKhg
bosßm;a ùfï kS;Hdkql+, whs;sh we;;a" tajd ;jÿrg;a
96
lu,d ,shkf.a
mqreIhkaf.a taldêldrhla fyda mqreIhkag wh;a fohla muKla
f,i i,lkq ,eìks' tys m%;sM,hla f,i" tu wdikj,ska ia;%Skag
kdufhdackd ,nd fkdÿks' ;jo" f;aÍ m;ajqk ksfhdað;jßhka
i|yd nx.,dfoaY md¾,sfuka;=fõ fjku wdik meKùu ksid
Tjqka yqol,d ;;ajhlgo m;aúh (Chowdhury, 1994)'
kuq;a fuu wdik fjkalsÍu ksid oYl 3 l ld,h ;=<oS"
b;d fyñka jqj;a 2'5] la mej;s md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S ksfhdackh 19'7]
^2008& olajd j¾Okh ù ;sfí (www.ipu.org/wmn-c/classif.htm)' tfiau f;aÍ m;ajqKq ksfhdað;jßhka jeäfokd md¾,sfïka;=j
;=< kdhl;aj ;k;=re ,nd.ekSu" ldrl iNdj, idudðlhska
f,i lghq;= lsÍu yd Tjqkaf.a Pkao fldÜGdYj, ixj¾Okhg
úfYaIfhkau ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okhg wod< jHdmD;s
i|yd m%;smdok ,nd .ekSu jeks oE yryd lsishï .=Kd;aul
j¾Okhlgo odhl ù ;sfí' fuu ksfhdað;jßhka w;=ßka ál
fofkl= cd;sl uÜgfï foaYmd,kfhaoS jeo.;a N+ñld r`.mdk
;;ajhlgo m;aúh' WodyrK jYfhka tla uka;%Sjßhla mqoa.,sl
uka;%S mK;la bosßm;a fldg" md¾,sfïka;= wdikj,ska" leìkÜ
wud;H OQrj,ska" mlaI kdufhdackd j,ska" jHjia:dodhl ldrl
iNd idudðl;ajfhka" fY%aIaGdêlrK úksYaph lrejkaf.ka"
ue;sjrK fldñifï iy rdcH fiajd fldñifï idudðlhska
f.ka 1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalrk f,i b,a,d isáfhah
(Chowdhury, 2002)' fï mK;ska jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhla b,a,d
isáh;a md¾,sfïka;=fõ nyq;r wkque;sh thg fkd,enqKs'
tfy;a th bosßm;a lsÍfuka md¾,sfïka;=j ;=<;a" thska msg;;a
fuu m%Yakh ms<sn| hï oekqj;a njla j¾Okh ùug u`. mEÿKs'
md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhka ùug fmr iudc lghq;=j, ksr;ù
kdhl;ajh f.dvk`.d .;a ia;%Ska iq¨ ixLHdjla leìkÜ weu;s
OQr ysñlr .ekSuo tn`ÿ ;j;a Okd;aul m%;sM,hls'
97
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
1993 oS nx.,dfoaY md¾,sfïka;=j úfYaI mK;la iïu;
fldg" m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, wdik j,ska 25] la ia;%Ska i|yd
fjka lf<ah' ta i|yd Rcq Pkao l%ufhka ksfhdað;jßhka f;dard
.ekSug ;SrKh flßKs' tu m%;sm;a;shg wkqj m%:u ue;sjrKh
1997 oS meje;ajQ w;r" fjkal< wdikj,ska ia;%Ska 12"828 fofkla
f;aÍ m;aúh'
nx.,dfoaYfha cd;sl uÜgfï foaYmd,k wdh;kj,
ia;%S ksfhdackh hï ;rulska ixLHd;aulj j¾Okh jqj;a"
thska wfmalaIs; m%;sM, ta whqßkau ,eî fkdue;s neõ wOHhk
lSmhlska fmkajd oS ;sfí' foaYmd,k n,h yd ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh w;r we;s in|;djh ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhlska
hqla;j" ia;%Ska i|yd wdik fjka lsÍfï m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd oS
fkdue;s nj;a" zzia;%S ksfhdackhZZ hkak yqfola ixfla;d;aul
ksfhdackhlg iSud ù we;s nj;a tu wOHhkj,ska fmkajd fohs'
;jo" tu m%;sm;a;sh hgf;a f;areKq ia;%Skaj cd;sl foaYmd,kfha
m%Odk m%fõYhg we;=<;a lr .ekSug wod< mshjr fkd.ekSu
ksid Tjqka yqol,d ;;ajhlg m;aúh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i"
ckaoodhlhd Tjqkaf.ka wfmaCId l< N+ñld foaYmd,k ;SrK
.kakd wdh;kj,oS ksisf,i r`. oelaùug fkdyels úh' tfiau"
nx.,dfoaY ia;%S jHdmdrhg fuu m%Yakh iïnkaOfhka lghq;=
lsÍug md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhka" foaYmd,k mlaI yd fjk;a
isú,a ixúOdk iu`. ióm in|;d fyda fmruqKla f.dvk`.d
.ekSug yels fkdùu;a ÿ¾j,;djhla úh' ta ksid nx.,dfoaY
mx.= l%uh cd;sl uÜgfïoS ls%hd;aul lsÍfuka wfmalaId l<
wruqKq bgq fkdjQ neõ fp!oaÍf.a wOHhkj,ska fmkajd fohs
(Chowdhary, 2002; 2001)'
kuq;a nx.,dfoaYfha m<d;a md,k wdh;j, ia;%Skaf.a
ksfhdackh j¾Okh ùu ksid ia;S%kaf.a ;;ajfhys hï .=Kd;aul
j¾Okhla isÿjQ neõ tu wOHhkj,ska fmkajd fohs' m<d;a md,k
98
lu,d ,shkf.a
uÜgfïoS" foaYmd,k n,h yd iïm;a ,nd .ekSfïoS ia;%Skag hï
m%fõYhla ,enqkq nj;a" foaYmd,kfha mS;DuQ,sl iajNdjh hï
;rulska fjkia lsÍug yels jQ nj;a" foaYmd,kh hkq ia;%S Ôú;
j,g Rcqj iïnkaO jQ ls%hdldrlula f,i ie,lsh hq;=h hk
wdl,am fjkilg uq, msrek nj;a tu wOHhkj,ska fmkajd
fohs' ;jo" ia;%Skaf.a iïm%odhsl .Dyia: N+ñld yd tajd ms<sn|
oerE wdl,amj, hï fjkilg uq, msÍula yd ia;%Skago fmdÿ
lghq;=j,oS kdhl;ajh .; yelsh hk wd;au úYajdih f.dv
ke.Sula thska isÿjQ neõo fuu wOHhkj,ska fmkajd fohs'
mdrïmßlju fjkialïj,g yd mSvdj,g ,lajQ ck lKavdhul
ksfhdað;hskag yqfola jHjia:dodhlhg m%fõY ùug bv ,ndoSu
hk wruqKg jvd" ia;%Skag ienE m%cd;ka;%jdoS ksfhdackhla
,ndoSu" tu.ska iudk mqrjeisnj yd udkj whs;sjdislï N=la;s
ú|Sug bvm%ia:d ,ndoSu yd hy md,kh ia:dms; lsÍu hk wruqKq
fmroeß lrf.k fuu m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul l<hq;= neõ tu
wOHhkj,ska ks¾foaY flf¾ (Chowdhury, 2002; 2001)'
fkamd, wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj 1990 isg ish¨u
mlaI cd;sl ue;sjrKj,g bÈßm;a lrk kdufhdackdj,ska 5]
l mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka l<hq;= úh' kuq;a fkamd,fha;a
2000 oYlh olajdu cd;sl foaYmd,k wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh
b;d wju uÜgul mej;sks' 1995 oS tu m%;sY;h 3'41] yd 1999 oS
5'08] la úh' kuq;a 1997 m<d;a md,k iajhx md,k mK; u.ska
ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg mshjrla .eKqks' thg wkqj iEu .%du
ixj¾Ok lñgqjlu tla wiqkla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka flßKs' tys
m%;sM,hla f,i" 1997 m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKfhaoS ia;%Ska 40"000
la tkï 30] l muK m%;sY;hla m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g
f;aÍ m;ajqks' 2000 oYlfha uq, isg fkamd,fha ud´jdoSka
rdcHh;ajhg tfrysùu yd ikakoaO ler<s jHdma; lsÍu ksid
ue;sjrK úêu;aj fkdmeje;aúKs' fkamd, rch ler<slrejka
99
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
yd tl`.;djhlg meñK 2007 Ndrldr wdKavql%u jHjia:djla
y`ÿkajd ÿks' tu jHjia:djg ia;%S-mqreI iudk ksfhdackhla
i|yd jk mx.= l%uhla wka;¾.; l<hq;= njg iudcfha úúO
mqoa.,hska yd ixúOdkj,ska b,a,Sï bosßm;a úh' fuhg wkqj"
fkamd, wdKavql%u jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,hg wju jYfhka
1$3 la ia;%Ska ksfhdackh úhhq;= hhs ;SrKh úh' ^2008 wdKavql%u
jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,hg f;dard.;a ksfhdað;hska 575 ka
191 la ia;%Ska úh' ;j;a ia;%Ska 6 fofkla cd;sl ,ehsia;=fõ
ksfhdað;hska 25 fokd w;ßka" leìkÜ uKav,h úiska m;a lrk
,oS'& 2007 Ndrldr wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ir, nyq;r l%uh
yd iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh ñY% Pkao l%uhla fkamd,hg
y`ÿkajd ÿks' fkamd,h N+f.da,Sh jYfhka fldÜGdY 240 lg fnod
iEu fldÜGdYhlskau tla ksfhdað;fhl= ir, nyq;r l%uhg
wkqj;a" ;j;a ksfhdað;hska 335 fofkl= iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack
l%uhg wkqj;a f;dard .ekSug ;SrKh flßKs (IDEA, 2008)' 2007 ue;sjrK mKf;a j.ka;s 7^4& g wkqj Ndrldr wdKavqfõ
md¾,sfïka;=j ksfhdað;hska 601 lska iukaú; úhhq;= nj;a"
thska 240 la N+f.da,Sh l,dm wkqj ir, nyq;r Pkaofhkq;a"
335 la iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uhg wkqj;a" ;j;a 26 la cd;sl
,ehsia;=fjka leìkÜ uKav,h m;a lsÍu u.skq;a ksfhdackh ùug
kshu úh' tys j.ka;s 7^3& ka kshu jQfha" ish¨u mlaI bosßm;a
lrk iudkqmd;sl ue;sjrK kdufhdackd wdjD; ,ehsia;= úhhq;=
nj;a" tu ,ehsia;=j,ska 50] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< hq;= nj;ah'
hï mlaIhla fuu úêúOdkh wkq.ukh fkdl<fyd;a 50] g
jvd jeä jk mqreIhska fyda ia;%Skaf.a kï ,ehsia;=fjka bj;a
fldg wod< kS;shg wkqj th ilia lsÍug ue;sjrK fldñiug
n,h ,efí'
fkamd, Ndrldr wdKavql%u jHjia:dj hgf;a" ñY%
ksfhdack l%uhg wkqj m%:u ue;sjrKh 2008 wms%fh,a ui oS
100
lu,d ,shkf.a
meje;aúh' fuu ue;sjrKfhaoS f;dard .eKqk jHjia:dodhlh"
fkamd,hg kj wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïmdokh lsÍu i|yd
jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,hla f,i lghq;= lsÍug kshu úh'
tysoS ir, nyq;r l%uh Ndú;d l< wdik 240 ka 30 ^12'5]& la
ia;%Ska oskd .;s' iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh Ndú; l< wdik 335
ka 161 ^48'05]& lska ia;%Ska f;aÍ m;aúh' leìkÜ uKav,h úiska
cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka m;alrk ,o ksfhdað;hska 26 fokd w;ßka
ia;%Ska 6 fofkl= m;a flßKs' ta wkqj jHjia:dodhlfha ke;skï
jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,fha iuia; ksfhdað;hska ixLHdj jQ
601 ka" ia;%Ska 197 la ksfhdackh fõ' tys m%;sY;h 32'8] la jQ w;r
tu ksfhdað;jßhka úúO mx;s" l=, yd m%foaY ksfhdackh lsÍu
úfYaI;ajhls' fuu m%;sM, fkamd, ue;sjrK b;sydifha iudk
ksfhdackh i<l=Kq lsÍfï wdrïNhla úh' fuu ue;sjrKfhaoS"
ia;%Skag kdufhdackd ,ndoSug jdudxYsl mlaI jeä Wkkaÿjla
oelajQ w;r" iuyr ia;%Ska mqreI wfmalaIlhskag jvd úYd,
Pkao nyq;rhlska ch .ekSu iqúfYaIS úh' WodyrK jYfhka
fkamd, ud´jdoSkaf.a tlai;a fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh (Unified Communist Party of Nepal Maoist) iy fkamd, fldx.%ifhka
(Nepali Congress) f.d¾ld (Gorkha) Pkao fldÜGdYhg bosßm;a
jqkq wfmalaIsldjkag jeäu Pkao m%udKh oskd.; yelsúh'
fojkqjg jeä Pkao ,nd.;a wfmalaIlhdg jvd 30"000 la muK
jeäfhka fuu wfmalaIsldjkag Pkao ysñùu úfYaI;ajhla úh'
m%cd;ka;%jdoh ia:dms; lsÍfï uQ,sl wä;d,u f,i iïmdokh
flreKq fkamd, Ndrldr wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ia;%Ska i|yd
mx.= l%uhla fjkalr oSfuka fkamd, cd;sl ue;sjrK b;sydifha
m%:u jrg ia;%S ksfhdackh 32'8] olajd j¾Okh ùu iqúfYaIS
lreKls' kuq;a fkamd,fha iïm%odhsl foaYmd,k mlaIj,
kdhl;ajfha wdl,am" mS;DuQ,sl iudc yd ixialD;sl idOl"
.Dyia: fCIa;%h ;=< ia;%Skag mejfrk N+ñld iy foaYmd,k
;SrK .ekSï i|yd ia;%Skag we;s wvq w;aoelSï wdosh ksid fuu
101
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
f;dard .;a ksfhdað;jßhka jeä fokdg Tjqka wfmalaId l<
N+ñld r`.mEug we;s yelshdj iSñ; ù ;sfí' tu ksfhdað;jßhka
fofofkla uE;loS m%ldY lf<a zzia;%Ska yqfola ixfla;d;aul
ksfhdackhlg iSud ù we;s nj;a" iïm%odhsl mqreI foaYmd,k
kdhl;ajh ia;%Skag iajdëkj woyia m%ldY lsÍug bvlv ,nd
fkdfok nj;a" foaYmd,k ksfhdað; wdh;k ;=< mjd fuu
mqreIhkaf.a wdêm;Hhg Tjqka k;= ù we;s nj;ahZZ' ia;%S ksfhdackh
m%udKd;aulj j¾Okh jQ muKska .=Kd;aul fjkila isÿ ùu
wfmalaId l< fkdyels nj;a" iïm%odhsl wdl,amj, yd mqreI
uQ,sl foaYmd,k ixialD;sfha fjkila ùug" kS;s iïu; lrk
ld,hg jvd os.= ld,hla .;jk nj;a Tjqyq fmkajd ÿkay'7
we*a.ksia:dkho mYapd;a-hqO jd;djrKh ;=< iïmdokh
l< wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu
i|yd jk mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd ÿks' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a 1325
fhdackdj,sh ^2000& m%ldYhg m;a lsÍfuka miqj" ;SrK .kakd
uÜgïj,oS ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd jk úfYaI úêúOdk
kj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj,g wka;¾.; lrk f,i" úfYaIfhkau
mYapd;a-hqold,Sk jd;djrKh iys; rgj,ska cd;Hka;r ixúOdk
yd m%cdj b,a,d isáhy' ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd b,a,d
isák foaYSh ia;%S ixúOdkj,g iyfhda.h oelaùug fyda Ndrldr
wdKavqj,g n,mEï lsÍug fï ksid tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh
we;=¿ cd;Hka;r ixúOdko fm<UqKs' we*a.ksia:dkhg;a fuu
n,mEu t,a, jqks' ;,sndka .egqïlrejka iu`. idu .súiqï w;aika
lsÍfuka miqj we*a.ksia:dkh ;=< tlai;a cd;Skaf.a úfYaI
fufyhqï fldñiula ia:dms; flßKs' 2001 oS tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixúOdkfha uQ,sl;ajfhka we*a.ksia:dkfha m%cd;ka;%jdoS
7 2012" iema;eïn¾ 6-10 oskj,oS" f*âßÉ BnÜ iaá*agqka wdh;kh
úiska ixúOdkh lrk ,o ol=Kq wdishdkq ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh
iïuka;%KfhaoS" fkamd, md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßhka fofofkla iu.
lrk ,o idlÉPdjla weiqßks' ^ó.uqj( Y%S ,xldj&'
102
lu,d ,shkf.a
wdKavql%uhla ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd jk uQ,sl mshjr f,i
mSg¾ian¾.a iuq¿j le|jkq ,eîh' ;,sndka hqO .egqï mßirh
;=<oS ia;%Skaf.a whs;sjdislï oeä f,i W,a,x>kh lsÍu yd Tjqkaj
mSvdjg m;a lsÍu ms<sn|" fuu iuq¿fõos úfYaIfhka idlÉPdjg
,laúh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i" we*a.ksia:dka Ndrldr wdKavqj ;=<
fukau kj md¾,sfïka;=j ;=<;a ia;%S ksfhdackh ;yjqre lrk
njg mSg¾ian¾.a .súiqfuka fmdfrdkaÿ úh' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixúOdkh" wußld tlai;a ckmoh iy we*a.ksia:dkfha tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a úfYaI fufyhqï lñgqj l< oeä n,mEïj, m%;sM,hla
f,i Ndrldr wdKavqfõ wud;H OQr follg iy f,dahd ð¾.d
fldñifï (Loya Jirga Commission) ksfhdað; ;k;=re ;=klg
ia;%Skaj f;dard .eKqks (Kaufman, 2003)'
2004 ckjdß ia:dms; lrk ,o we*a.ksia:dk kj
wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj iEu m<d;lskau wju jYfhka
tla ia;s%hlaj;a f,dahd ð¾.d fldñiu ^jHjia:dodhlh& ;=<
ksfhdackh úhhq;=h' ta ksid kj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska"
md¾,sfïka;=fõ my< uKav, ksfhdackfhka 25] l mx.=jla
ia;%Ska i|yd fjka flßKs' fojeks uKav,h i|yd ckdêm;s
úiska m;alrkq ,nk ksfhdað;hska w;ßka wvla ia;%Ska úhhq;= njo
jHjia:dfjka m%ldY úh' ta wkqj fojeks uKav, ksfhdackfhka
17] l mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka flßKs' ia;%S ksfhdackh
j¾Okh i|yd mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd oSu úYajdi iy.; fkdjk
mshjrla f,i iuyr ia;%Ska fmkajd ÿkako" fndfyduhla ia;%Ska"
ia;%S ixúOdk yd úfYaIfhkau we*a.ksia:dkh ;=< isr.;j isá
ia;%Ska mx.= l%uhla fjkqfjka igka l<y (Krook, 2004)' mx.=
l%u kS;sh y`ÿkajd oSfï m%;sM,hla f,i" we*a.ksia:dkfha 2010
iema;eïn¾ ui meje;ajQ uy ue;sjrKfhaoS ia;%Ska 69 fofkl=
^uq¨ uka;%S ixLHdj" 249& f;aÍ m;aúh' ta wkqj md¾,sfïka;=fõ
my< uKav,fha ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h 27'7] ls' 2011 ckjdß
103
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
ui meje;ajQ fojeks uKav, ue;sjrKfhaoS" ksfhdað;hska 102 ;a
f;dard.;a w;r" thska 28 la ^27'5]& ia;%Ska fõ (www.ipu.org/wmnw/classif.htm)'
,;ska wfußldkq rgj, w;aoelSï
1990 oYlh uq,a Nd.fhaoS" m%cd;ak;%jdoS wdKavql%uj,
jHdma;sh;a iu`. ,;ska wfußldkq rgj,a fndfyduhl
jHjia:dkql+, mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSu ckms%h úh' oekg ,;ska
wfußldkq rgj,a 14 la ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd jk mx.=
l%u y`ÿkajd oS ;sfí' fï w;ßka wd¾ckaákdj ^1991& mx.= l%uh
y`ÿkajd ÿka m%:u rghs' ta i|yd wd¾ckaákd ia;%Ska fm<UjQ uQ,sl
lreKq 2 ls' tkï iamd[a[ iudcjdoS mlaIh (Spanish Socialist Party) iu`. jQ in|;d iy fldiagßldys zzia;%Ska yd mqreIhka
w;r i;H iudkd;au;djhla i|yd jQ mK;ZZ iïu; lrjd
.ekSug trg ia;%S jHdmdrh l< Woaf>daIK yd fm<Uùïj,
n,mEuhs' wd¾ckaákd ia;%S jHdmdrfha n,mEu" mlaI j,
leue;a; yd rdcHfha kuHYS,s nj ksid 1991 oS 30] mx.= l%uhla
jHjia:dkql+,j y`ÿkajd ÿks (Htun & Jones, 2002)' wd¾ckaákd
kS;shg wkqj cd;sl ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a jk ish¨u mlaI kdu
fhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska wju jYfhka 30] la ia;%Skag ,ndosh hq;=
fõ' kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ w.g ia;%Skaf.a kï we;=<;a lsÍu
;ykï jk w;r" ch.ekSfï iïNdú;djh we;s wdldrhg mlaI
kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j mqrd iu;=,s;j ia;%Skaf.a kï we;=<;a
l<hq;= fõ' fuu úêúOdkj,g hg;a fkdjk kdufhdackd
,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam flf¾'
mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSug fmr" 1991 oS wd¾ckaákdfõ ia;%S
ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h 4'6] la úh' kuq;a mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd
oSfï m%;sM,hla f,i 1993 ue;sjrKfhaoS wd¾ckaákd cd;sl
104
lu,d ,shkf.a
jHjia:dodhlfha ia;%S ksfhdackh 21'3] olajd j¾Okh úh' 2003
oS th 30'7] olajd ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh úh'
wd¾ckaákd ia;%S jHdmdrfha kdhsldfjda mx.=
l%uh yd thska ,o ch.%yK ms<sn|j wfkla ,;ska
wfußldkq rgj, kdhsldjkajo oekqj;a l<y' iuyr
,;ska wfußldkq rgj, rdcH ia;%Sjdoh (State Feminism)8
Yla;su;aj jHdma; ùu mx.= l%uh oskd.ekSug myiqjla úh'
WodyrK f,i fmare rdcHfha fmQðfudß ckdêm;sjrhd ia;%Ska
fjkqfjka fjku Tïnqâiaukajrfhl= ^md¾,sfïka;= flduidßia
ke;skï ÿla .kakd rd<& m;alsÍu" md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S fldñiula
msysgqùu" .Dyia: m%pKav;ajhg tfrys kS;s iïu; lsÍu yd mjq,a
ie,iqï i|yd jk kS;s iïmdokh lsÍu hkdosfhaoS uQ,sl;ajh
f.k lghq;= lf<ah' Tyqf.a iyfhda.h ksid 1997 oS 30] fmare
ys mx.= l%u kS;sh fujeks jHjia:dodhlh úiska talÉPkaofhka
iïu; lrk ,§'
mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSfï m%;sM,hla f,i fmare cd;sl
jHjia:dodhlfha ia;%S ksfhdackh 18] olajd 1998 oS j¾Okh úh'
kuq;a fmare ys kS;shg wkqj újD; kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= l%uh
Ndú; lsÍu ksid fndfyduhla mlaI ia;%Skaf.a kï" ,ehsia;=fõ
w.g we;=<;a lrhs' tfyhska mqreIhskag idfmalaIj ia;%Skaf.a
Pkaoh oskd.ekSfï iïNdú;djh wvqfõ' wd¾ckaákdfõoS wdjD;
,ehsia;= (Closed list) l%uh Ndú;d lsÍu ksid wfmalaIs; m%;sM,
jeäfhka ,nd.; yelsúh'
8 ia;%Ska yd mqreIhka w;r jk wiudk;d ;=rka fldg" ia;%Skaf.a Ôú;j,
j¾Okhla i|yd rdcH úiska uQ,sl;ajh .kq ,eîu rdcH ia;%Sjdoh
f,i ie,fla' rdcH úiska tu wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug wod< kS;s"
m%;sm;a;s yd ie,iqï iïmdokh" úfYaI jHdmD;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu" wjYH
iïm;a ,ndoSu yd tu lghq;= i|yd rdcH hdka;%K msysgqùu ^ldka;d
wud;HxYh" cd;sl ldka;d ljqkais,h& wdosh lrf.k hkq ,nhs'
105
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
fmQðfudß wdKavqj wud;HxY WmfoaYl lñgqj,go
ia;%SjdoSka lsysmfofkla we;=<;a lf<ah' ixLHd;aulj fukau
.=Kd;auljo ia;%Skaf.a Ôú;j, j¾Okhla lsÍu tu mshjrj,ska
wfmalaId flßKs' tfy;a fmQðfudß ckdêm;sjrhdf.a wêm;sjdoS
md,k rgdj ;=< fuu kdhsldjka yqfola Tyqf.a wkq.dñlhska
njg m;ajQ wjia:d nyq, úh' ia;%Ska i|yd jQ cd;sl idlaIr;d
jevigyk jeks b;d jeo.;a jHdmD;s lSmhla weröug fuu
kdhsldjka uq,a;ek .;a;;a" wfmalaIs; .=Kd;aul m%;sM, ta
whqßkau ,nd.ekSug wmyiq úh (Jones, 1996)'
1996 oS mer.=fõ wdjD; kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= l%uh u;
20] l mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalsÍug wod< kS;shla ia:dms;
lf<ah' 1996 oS fulaisfldaj mx.= l%u kS;sh ̂ 30]& ia:dms; lf<ah'
kuq;a 2002 oS kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j, kï fjkia l< fkdyels
whqßka ia:dk .; lsÍu yd kS;shg wkql+, fkdjk kdufhdackd
,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam lsÍu ms<sn| kS;s thg tlalrk ,oS' 1997 oS
fnd,Súhd 30] l mx.=jlao ^wdjD; ,ehsia;= l%uh&" n%iS,h 30] la
újD; ,ehsia;= l%uh hgf;ao" fldiagßld 40] la wdjD; ,ehsia;=
l%uh hgf;ao" fvdñkslka iuQydKavqj 25] l mx.=jla wdjD;
,ehsia;=j hgf;ao" blajfodarh 33] la újD; ,ehsia;= hgf;ao"
mekud yd fmare rdcHh 30] l mx.=jla újD; ,ehsia;= l%uh
hgf;ao" kS;sfhka ia:dms; lf<ah' 1998 oS fjksishq,dj 30] l
mx.=jla wdjD; ,ehsia;= l%uh hgf;a y`ÿkajd ÿks'
iuyr ,;ska weußldkq rgj," foaYmd,k mlaI
kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska ia;%Ska i|yd iafõÉPdfjka mx.=jla
kshu lsÍuo ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh flfrys n,mEfõh'
jdudxYsl mlaI fyda iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaI fufia mx.= l%uh
y`ÿkajd oSfï ,d uQ,sl úh' m%:ufhka tu mlaI mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd
oSu wfkla mlaI j,g lrk ,o n,mEulao úh' foaYmd,k
106
lu,d ,shkf.a
mlaI Ndú; l< mx.= l%u úúO úh' fulaisflda ys m%cd;ka;%jdoS
úma,ùh mlaIh (Party of the Democratic Revolution), kslr.=jdys
cd;sl úuqla;sh i|yd jQ iekaäksiagd fmruqK (Sandinista Front for National Liberation) iy fldiagßld ys cd;sl úuqla;s
mlaIh (Party of National Liberation) cd;sl ue;sjrKj,oS
kdu fhdackdj,ska mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lf<ah' Ñ,S ys
m%cd;ka;%jdoh i|yd jQ mlaIh (Party for Democracy)" iudcjdoS
mlaIh (Socialist Party) iy n%iS,fha lïlre mlaIh wNHka;r
mlaI ;k;=re yd lñgqj,g f;dard .ekSfïoS ia;%Skag mx.=jla
kshu lf<ah'
,;ska wfußldkq rgj,a úiska Ndú; lrkq ,nk mx.=
l%uj,ska ,nd we;s m%;sM, úúOh' ia;%S ksfhdackfha ixLHd;aul
j¾Okh fldiagßld ys 38'6] ^2010&" wd¾ckaákdys 37'4] ^2011&"
blajfodarh 32'3] ^2009&" fulaisflda 26'2 ^2009&" fnd,Súhd 25'4]
^2009&" fmare 21'5] ^2011&" fvdñkslka iuQydKavqj 20'8] ^2008&"
fjksishq,d 17'0] ^2010&" Ñ,S 14'2 ^2009&" mer.=fõ 12'5] ^2008&"
fldf,dïìhd 12'1] ^2010&" n%iS,h 8'6] ^2010& yd mekud 8'5]
^2009& wdoS jYfhka úúO fõ (www.ipu.org)'
30] l mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka flreKo" ,;ska
wfußldkq rgj,a w;ßka fldiagßld" wd¾ckaákd yd blajfodarfha
muKla md¾,sfïka;= j, ia;%S ksfhdackh 30] blaujd we;' thg
uQ,sl fya;=j jkafka" wfkla rgj, mx.= l%uh ms<sn| jHjia:d
ls%hd;aul jqjo" tajdhska nyq;rhl th id¾:l ùug w;HjYH
úfYaI hdka;%K iïnkaOfhka wvqmdvq mej;Suhs' ud,d yÜka
(Mala Htun) yd ud¾la fcdakaia (Mark Jones) (2002) g wkqj mx.=
l%uj,ska jvd;a fyd| m%;sM, ,nd .ekSug n,mdk m%Odk idOl
lSmhls' tajd kï"
107
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
i. wdjD; ,ehsia;= l%uh fyj;a jeiqKq ,ehsia;= l%uh
wdjD; kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=jg we;=<;a l< kï yd tajd
ia:dk.; l< wkqms<sfj, ue;sjrKfhka miq fjkia
l< fkdyelsùu'
ii. ia;%Skaf.a kï" kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ w.g fyda yqfola
,ehsia;= msrùfï wruqfKka we;=<;a fkdlr ia;%S-mqreI
fomlaIfhau kï ch.ekSfï iïNdú;djh we;s yd
iu;=,s; whqßka fm< .eiaùu
iii. mx.= l%uh ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS foaYmd,k mlaI ia;%S
ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍug we;s ienE leue;af;ka yd
lemùfuka lghq;= lsÍu
n%iS,h" blajfodarh yd fmare jeks rgj, újD;
kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= l%uh Ndú; lrk w;r" tysoS ,ehsia;=jg
we;=<;a kï yd tajd ia:dk.; wkqms<sfj, ue;sjrKfhka miqj
mlaI kdhlhskag leu;s wdldrhg fjkia l< yelsh' tfyhska
ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla fjkalr ;snqKo" m%dfhda.sl foaYmd,kfhaoS
uQ,sl fya;= 2 la ksid ia;%Skag wjdis isÿfõ' m<uqjekak kï" újD;
kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=jla ;sîfuka tl mlaIfhau wfmalaIlhska
w;r jeä Pkao ,nd.ekSug úYd, ;r`.hla we;sfõ' tysoS
mqreIhskag ysñ jeä iïm;a" w;aoelSï yd cd,.;ùfï myiqj
wdoS foa ksid ia;%Skag jvd mqreIhska jeä jdisiy.; ;;ajhlg
m;afõ' fojeks lreK jkafka Pkaoodhlhdg újD;j ke;skï
,ehsia;=fõ wkqms<sfj, fkdi,ld Pkaoh oSug yelsùu ksid
mqreI wfmalaIlhska jeä jdisiy.; ;;ajhlg m;afõ' jeä
iïm;a we;s" jeäfhka wkq.%y olajk yd m%pdrl lghq;= lrk
mqreIhkag Pkaoh oSug Pkaoodhlhd jeämqr fm<fò' tysoS ia;%Ska
wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=fõ my<gu ;,a¨fõ'
108
lu,d ,shkf.a
kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ wfmalaIlhl=g ,ndÿka ia:dkh
ke;skï wkqms<sfj, fjkia l< yels ùu yd fkdyelsùu hk
idOlho mx.= l%uhl id¾:l fyda wid¾:l Ndjhg Rcqj n,mdk
idOlhls' WodyrK f,i wd¾ckaákdj" fnd,Súhd" fldiagßld
yd fulaisflda jeks rgj, ia;%S ksfhdackh m%udKd;aulj j¾Okh
ùug wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=fõ kï ia:dk.; l< wkqms<sfj,
fjkia l< fkdyelsùu i|yd mekjQ kS;sh Rcqj n,md we;'
wd¾ckaákdfõ fuu kS;sh b;du M,odhS f,i ls%hd;aul fõ'
trg kS;shg wkqj 30] la ia;%Ska ue;sjrK kdufhdackdj,g
we;=<;a l<hq;af;a" oskSfï iïNdú;djh we;s wdik i|yd o
wfmalaIl;ajh ,nd oSfuks' yqfola ,ehsia;=j msrùug tys w.g
ia;%Skaf.a kï we;=<;a lsÍu kS;sfhka ;ykï fõ' tu kS;sh
fkdi,ld iïmdos; kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= jqjfyd;a tajd
m%;sfCIam flf¾' tn`ÿ mlaIj,g tfrysj wfmalaIsldjka yd
ia;%S ixúOdk wêlrKhg fm;aiï bosßm;a l< wjia:do fõ
(Franceschet, 2004)' fulaisflda ys 1996 iïu; lrk ,o mx.=
l%u kS;sh 2002 oS fjkilg ,la fldg wdjD; ,ehsia;= l%uh
wdrïN flßks' ñY% ksfhdack l%uhla Ndú; lrk fulaisflda
ys cd;sl jHjia:dodhlhg iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uhg wkqj
^wdjD; ,ehsia;=& ksfhdað;hska 200 la f;dard .efka' ;j;a
ksfhdað;hska 300 la ir, nyq;r l%uhg wkqj f;dard .efka'
iudkqmd;sl l%uhg wkqj bosßm;a lrk wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=fõ
mqreIhskaf.a kï 3 lg tla ia;s%hlf.a kula we;=<;a úhhq;=h'
ir, nyq;r l%uhg wkqj f;dark ue;sjrKfhaoS o kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=j,ska 30] la ia;%Skag ,ndosh hq;=fõ (Franceschet and Macdonald, 2004)'
mx.= l%ufhka wfmalaIs; m%;sM, ,nd.ekSug foaYmd,k
mlaI j, we;s ienE leue;a; yd lemùuo tu kS;sfha
M,odhSNdjhg Rcqju n,mdhs' iuyr ,;ska wfußldkq rgj,
109
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
mx.= l%u kS;sh ia:dms; l<;a" thg wkqj kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=
iïmdokh fkdlrk mlaIj,g kS;suh n,mEula fyda o`vqjula
kshu fldg fkdue;' fuysoS;a wd¾ckaákdj yd fldiagßld
b;du;a fyd| WodyrK f,i .; yelsh' fuu rgj,a foflau
mx.= l%u kS;shg wkql+,j bosßm;a fkdlrk kdufhdackd
,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam flf¾' úfYaIfhkau wd¾ckaákd wêlrKh
fï iïnkaOfhka oeä ;SrKj,g t<U" kS;shg mgyeks jQ tn`ÿ
kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam lsÍug ;Skaÿ oSu mx.= l%ufhka
hym;a m%;sM, Wodlr .ekSfï ,d fnfyúka n,md we;' mx.=
l%uh id¾:l ùu iïnkaOfhka fuu kS;sh ia;%S ksfhdackh
j¾Okfha ,d jvd;au n,mEï iy.; yd M,odhS tlla jQ neõ f.%a
f.a woyihs (Gray, 2003)'
fulaisfldaj 1996 oS y`ÿkajd ÿka mx.= l%u kS;shg fun`ÿ
kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam lsÍfï úêúOdkhla we;=<;a ù
fkd;sìKs' kuq;a" md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßhka lsysmfofkl=f.a
uQ,sl;ajfhka 2002 oS th ixfYdaOkh flßKs' tysoS" kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=fõ kï yd tajd ia:dk.; l< wkqms<sfj, fjkia l<
fkdyelsùu yd mx.= l%u kS;shg wkql+, fkdjk kdufhdackd
,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam lsÍug f*vr,a ue;sjrK wdh;khg
(Federal Electoral Institute) n,h oSu iïnkaO kj úêúOdk
mx.= l%u kS;shg tla lf<ah' mx.= l%u kS;shg wkql+, fkdjk
kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=jla jqjfyd;a" fuu kj kS;shg wkqj"
m%:ufhkau f*vr,a ue;sjrK wdh;khg th fodaI iy.; neõ
fmkajd ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍfï n,h we;' bkamiqj wod< mlaIh
th ksjeros fkdl<fyd;a fojkqj tu kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j
m%;sfCIam lsÍfï n,h wod< wdh;khg ysñfõ' fuu ixfYdaOkh
ksid fulaisflda ys mx.= l%u kS;sh Yla;su;a úh (Franceschet, 2004)'
110
lu,d ,shkf.a
,;ska wfußldkq rgj, iuyr foaYmd,k mlaIj,
isÿfjñka mj;sk m%cd;ka;%ShlrKh yd n,h úuOH.;
lsÍfï m%jK;djho mx.= l%u kS;sh id¾:l ùug n,md ;sfí'
WodyrK f,i n%iS,fha foaYmd,k mlaIj, wvq m%cd;ka;%jdoS
iajNdjh oelaúh yelsh' trg 30] l mx.=jla kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=j,ska ia;%Ska i|yd jHjia:dms;j fjkalr ;snqKo cd;sl
jHjia:dodhlfha ia;%S ksfhdackh 9] ^2011& muK fõ' thg
n,mE uQ,sl fya;= lSmhls' tajd kï újD; kdu fhdackd ,ehsia;=
l%uh wkq.ukh lsÍu" kS;shg wkql+, fkdjk kdufhdackd
m%;sfCIam lsÍfï n,hla ue;sjrK ks,OdÍkag fkd,eîu yd
foaYmd,k mlaI iïm%odhsl mqreI flakaøSh n, jHQyhla u;
lghq;= lsÍuhs' ta ksid n%iS,fha foaYmd,k mlaI ienE ia;%S-mqreI
iudkd;au;djh ms<s.ekSu fjkqjg" yqfola ia;%Skaf.a kï lSmhla
kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ w.g Wmydid;aulj tla lsÍu muKla
m%dfhda.slj lrf.k hhs'
iuyr ,;ska wfußldkq rgj, m%udKd;aul ia;%S
ksfhdackh yryd .=Kd;aul ksfhdackfha j¾Okhla isÿúh' ta
i|yd n,mdk ,o ;j;a úfYaI idOlhla jQfha rdcH ia;%Sjdohhs'
rdcH úiska ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh kxjd,Sfï wruqKska úfYaIs;
hdka;%K msysgqùu yd ia;%Skag wod< kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh"
ls%hd;aul lsÍu yd ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï§ tu wdh;kj,ska bgqjQ
fufyh fuysoS jvd;a jeo.;a fõ' ,;ska wfußldkq rgj,a 17
l muK tn`ÿ cd;sl hdka;%K msysgqjd we;;a tajdfha M,odhs
nj úúOh' wd¾ckaákdj" fldiagßld yd fnd,Súhd hk rgj,
cd;sl ia;%S ljqkais,h fyda cd;sl ia;%S wdh;k msysgqjd we;af;a
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ úêúOdk fyda md¾,sfïka;=fjka iïu;
lr.;a kS;shlg wkqjh' tfyhska tu rgj, m%udKj;a iïm;a
yd ks,OdÍka iys;j" ia:djr ;;ajhlska fï wdh;k ls%hd;aul
fõ' kuq;a wfkla fndfyduhla ,;ska wfußldkq rgj, ̂ n%iS,h"
111
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
fldf<dïìhd" fmare" W!re.=fõ yd fjksishq,d& tu wdh;k
msysgqjd we;af;a ckdêm;sf.a wd{djla u;h' tn`ÿ rgj,"
ckdêm;s fjkiaùu;a iu`. fndfyda úg tu wdh;kho" thg
,enqKq iïm;a o fjkia fõ' tfiau tajdg l<yels n,mEu o
fï oE u; fjkia fõ' tlaflda tu wdh;k cd;Hka;r m%;smdok
u; r|d mj;S' tu m%;smdok wjidk ùu;a iu`. tu wdh;kj,
ls%hdldß;ajho yqfola kdñl ;;ajhg m;afõ' tu w;aoelSïj,ska
meyeos,s jkafka mx.= l%u kS;sfhka wfmalaIs; m%;sM, oskd .ekSug
kï rdcH wdh;kj, Wkkaÿj yd lemùu" úfYaIfhkau wod< kS;s
iïmdokhg" tajd ksisf,i ls%hd;aul lrùug yd ksÍlaIKhg
olajk rdcH odhl;ajh w;HjYH njhs' thska yef`.kafka" ia;%S
ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd rdcHfha wjHdc foaYmd,k leue;a;
yd Wkkaÿj w;HjYH idOlhla njhs'
mx.= l%uh jHjia:dkql+,j ia:dms; lsÍfuka muKla
Okd;aul m%;sM, ,nd.; fkdyel' ,;ska wfußldkq
w;aoelSïj,ska meyeos,s jkafka foaYmd,k ksfhdað;dh;kj,g
f;dard .kakd ia;%Ska yd wod< mßmd,k kdhlhska ienE
f,iu ia;%Skaf.a wjYH;d ksfhdackh l<fyd;a muKla" ia;%S
ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul j¾Okh .=Kd;aul j¾Okhla njg
m;a lr.; yels njhs' tfiau ia;%S jHdmdr Yla;su;a yd úêu;a
whqßka mx.= l%uh oskd- .ekSug muKla fkdj th ksisf,i
ls%hd;aul lrjd .ekSug;a m%udKj;a n,mEula lsÍu w;HjYH
neõ tu rgj, w;aoelSïj,ska fmkajd fohs' ia;%S jHdmdr ta i|yd
Wkkaÿjla fkdolajk yd lemùï fkdlrk wjia:dj,oS" mx.=
l%u kS;sh y`ÿkajd oSfuka muKla" ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh
lr.; fkdyels neõ fndfyduhla ,;ska wfußldkq rgj,
w;aoelSïj,ska m%ldY fõ' (Vargas, 2002)'
112
lu,d ,shkf.a
wms%ldkq yd wrdì rgj, w;aoelSï
mYapd;a hqo jd;djrKhla mj;sk wms%ldkq rgj,a lSmhlu
ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd mx.= l%u kS;s y`ÿkajd oS ;sfí'
ta w;ßka rejkavd" ol=Kq wms%ldj" W.kavdj" iqvdkh" flkahdj"
gexidkshdj" brdlh yd fudfrdlaflda jeks rgj,a m%uqL fõ'
wka;¾ md¾,sfïka;= ix.ufha o;a; tl;=jg wkqj 2012 jkúg
f,dj ia;%S ksfhdackfha by<u m%;sY;h oskdf.k we;af;a
rejkavdjhs ^56'3]&' ol=Kq wms%ldj 7 jeks ia:dkh oskdf.k we;s
w;r trg m%;sY;h 42'3] ls' fudieïìla f,dj 12 jeks ia:dkh
oskdf.k we;' trg m%;sY;h 39'2] ls' W.kavdfõ m%;sY;h 35'0]
la jk w;r f,dj 19 jeks ia:dkh ysñlr f.k isà' brdlfha
tu m%;sY;h 25'2] ls (www.ipu.org-2012)' iqvdkfha 24'6]
ls' fudfrdlafldaj o f,dal md¾,sfïka;= w;r ia;%S ksfhdackh
iïnkaOfhka 77 jeks ia:dkh oskdf.k we;' trg m%;sY;h 17'0]
ls' th wrdì rgj, iuia; m%;sY;h jQ 11'7] g jvd fnfyúka
jeä w.hla .ekSu úfYaI lreKls' mx.= l%u kS;sfhka wms%ldkq
rgj,a ,nd we;s m%;sM, yd w;aoelSï o úúOh'
iuyr wms%ldkq rgj, úfYaIfhkau hqold,Sk jd;djrK
;=< ia;%S jHdmdr Yla;su;a úh' ia;%S ¥IK" ñksia >d;k" os<s`ÿ
nj" ú/lshdj" iy ukao fmdaIKh yd wvq wOHdmk myiqlï
jeks orejka uqyqK fok .eg¿ wdosh ksid Tjqyq fmrg jvd
úêu;aj ixúOdkh ù ;SrK .kakkag n,mEï lsÍug hqo iuhka
;=<oS mgka .;ay' hqo .egqï ksudj;a iu`." fuu rgj,a kj
wdKavql%u jHjia:d iïmdokh wdrïN lroaoS" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixúOdkh jeks cd;Hka;r ixúOdk yd n,j;a úfoaYSh rgj,a
jvd;a m%cd;ka;%jdoS jHjia:d ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd n,mEï
l<y' tfiau" iuyr ia;%S ixúOdk yd ls%hdldÍka ue;sjrK
l%u úu¾Ikh fldg" kj ue;sjrK l%u yryd ia;%S ksfhdackh
113
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
j¾Okhg wod< fhdackdj,S ilid bosßm;a l<y' ;j;a iuyr
rgj,a" ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg jHjia:dkql+,j bvm%ia:d
,ndoSfuka" tu rgj, m%cd;ka;%jdoS foaYmd,k l%u ms<sn|
hym;a m%;srEmhla cd;Hka;rh ;=< ks¾udKh jk ksid mx.= l%u
kS;sj,g uq,a;ek ÿkay' tfiau" iuyr rgj,a cd;Hka;r wdOdr
,nd .ekSfï wruqKskao jHjia:dkql+, mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿkay'
wms%ldkq rgj,a w;ßka rejkavdj yd W.kavdj jeks
rgj,a mx.= l%u kS;s wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wka;¾.; l< w;r"
iqvdkh jeks rgj,a ue;sjrK kS;s u.ska kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=
j,ska ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla kshu lf<ah' foaYmd,k mlaI
j, wNHka;r kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s ixfYdaOkh fldg ue;sjrK
kdufhdackdj,ska ia;%Skag mx.=jla kshu lsÍu ol=Kq wms%ldj yd
fudieïìla jeks rdcH úiska wkq.ukh lrk ,oS'
Bðma;=fõ wkaj¾ iod;a wdKavqj úiska ckdêm;s wd{djla
u.ska 1979 oS md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdik 30 la ^335 uq¨ wdik&
ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lrk ,oS' iod;a ish ìß| iu`. iqvdkhg
.sh wjia:dfõoS trg mej;s mx.= l%u kS;sh ms<sn| ±kqj;a úh'
miqj ta ms<sn|j Wkkaÿjla olajd Bðma;=jgo thg iudk l%uhla
y`ÿkajd ÿks' 1987 tu kS;sh fjkia fldg foaYmd,k mlaI bosßm;a
lrk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 10] l m%;sY;hla ia;%Ska i|yd
fjkalsÍu wdrïN lf<ah' ta iu`.u ckdêm;s úiska ia;%Ska 10
fofkl= md¾,sfïka;=jg m;a lsÍuo wdrïN flßKs' kuq;a fuu
kS;sfha m%;sM,hla f,i Bðma;=fõ ia;%S ksfhdackh m%udKd;aulj
fyda .=Kd;aulj ie,lsh hq;= wdldrfhka j¾Okh ùula isÿfkdjQ
neõ iuyr wOHhkj,ska fmkajd oS ;sfí (ABU-zayd, 1998)'
fudfrdlaflda md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdik 325 g ksfhdað;hska
f;dard .kafka ir, nyq;r ue;sjrK l%ufhks' thska 295 la
114
lu,d ,shkf.a
cd;sl uÜgfï Pkao fldÜGdY mokulskao" b;sß 30 ia;%Ska
muKla we;=<;a ,ehsia;=j,g wkqjo f;dard .efka' 2002 uy
ue;sjrKfhaoS fuu fjka l< wdik 30 g wu;rj" fmdÿ
wdikj,skao ia;%Ska 5 fofkl= f;aÍ m;aúh' ta wkqj md¾,sfïka;=
ksfhdackh 10'8] la úh' 2011 fkdjeïn¾ ue;sjrKfhaoS tu
ixLHdj 67 ^17'0]& olajd j¾Okh úh'
2001 oS fcda¾odkfha ue;sjrK kS;s fjkiafldg
md¾,sfïka;=fõ my< uKav,fha wdik 110 ka 6 la ia;%Ska i|yd
fjka lf<ah' ia;%Skag fjka l< wdikj,ska jeäu Pkao ,nd.;a
wfmalaIsldj fcda¾odk rcq úiska md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhl
f,i m;alrkq ,efí' fuu kS;sh ksid 2003 ue;sjrKfhaoS
fcda¾odka md¾,sfïka;=jg ia;%Ska 6 fofkl= ^5'0]& f;aÍ m;aúh'
2010 fkdjeïn¾ ue;sjrKfhaoS tu ixLHdj 13 ^10'8]& olajd
j¾Okh úh (Norris, n.d)'
rejkavd wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 9^4& j.ka;shg wkqj
;SrK .kakd uÜgfï wdh;kj, wju jYfhka 30] la j;a
ia;%Ska ksfhdackh úhhq;=h' ta wkqj md¾,sfïka;=fõ m<uq
uKav,fha ksfhdað;hska 80 fokdf.ka 24 la yd fojeks
uKav,fha 20 fokdf.ka 6 fofkl= ia;%Ska úhhq;=h' mYapd;a
.egqï jd;djrKh ;=< rejkavd ia;%Syq kj m%cd;ka;%jdoS
wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïmdokh i|yd úúO whqßka n,mEï
l<y' jHjia:d iïmdokfhka miqj mej;s m%:u ue;sjrKfhaoS"
ia;%Skag jeä Pkao oskd .ekSfï wruqKska Pkaoodhlhska oekqj;a
lsÍfï jHdmdr ia;%S ixúOdk yd rdcH úiska ixúOdkh lrk ,oS'
rejkavd idu .súiqï w;aika lroaoS o ia;%Syq Rcqj tu idlÉPdj,g
iyNd.S ù Tjqkaf.a w;aoelSï yd wjYH;d ksfhdackh l<y' m%:u
ue;sjrKfhaoS fuu ia;%Syq" ia;s%hlg Pkaoh oshhq;af;a ukao hkak
ms<sn|j Pkaoodhlhskaj oekqj;a lsÍug uQ,sl;ajh .;ay' óg
wu;rj" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ia;%S ixj¾Ok wruqo, (UNIFEM)
115
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
rejkavdj h<s f.dvke`.Sfï lghq;= j,oS úYd, jYfhka
iyfhda.h olajñka" m%:u ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a jQ ia;%Skag
úúO whqßka wdOdr lf<ah' fïjdfha m%;sM,hla f,i rejkavd
jHjia:dodhlfha my< uKav,fha ksfhdað;hska 80 ka 24 ^30'0]&
la yd fojeks uKav,fha ksfhdað;hska 20 ka 6 la ^30'0]& ia;%Ska
f;aÍ m;aúh' 2012 wka;¾ md¾,sfïka;= ix.ufha o;a; tl;=jg
wkqj m<uq uKav,fha ia;%Ska 45 ^56'3]& la yd fojeks uKav,fha
ia;%Ska 10 ^50'0]& la ia;%Ska ksfhdackh fõ (http://www.ipu.org)'
rejkavdfõ ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul muKla fkdj
.=Kd;aul j¾Okhla o isÿù we;s nj úúO wOHhkj,ska fmkajd
oS ;sfí' ia;%Ska uqyqK fok os<s`ÿlu yd ú/lshdj" orejka uqyqKq
fok ukaofmdaIKh" wOHdmkh yd fi!LH myiqlï m%udKj;a
fkdùu wdoS .eg¿ úi|d .ekSfïoS rejkavd md¾,sfïka;=
ksfhdað;jßhka uQ,sl;ajh .ekSu úfYaI;ajhls' ;SrK .kakd
uÜgïj, lghq;=j,g fuu ksfhdað;jßhka iyNd.S ùfuka
jeäu jdis ,nkafka ia;%Ska yd orejka neõ" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ixúOdkfha uy f,alïj isá fld*S wkka úiska jrla m%ldY
lrkq ,en ;sîu tu úfYaI;ajh jvd;a wjOdrkh lrhs' ;jo"
ia;%Skaf.a kdhl;aj j¾Okh" n, .ekaùu yd wd;au úYajdih
j¾Okh ùu;a mx.= l%uh ksid ,o hym;a m%;sM, f,i m%ldY
flf¾' rejkavdfõ fuu hym;a m%;sM," ol=Kq wms%ldj yd
fudieïìla jeks rgj, ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd mx.= l%u
y`ÿkajd oSug fnfyúka n,mEï lr ;sfí'
brdlfhao mYapd;a-hqo ld,Sk jd;djrKh ;=< kj
m%cd;ka;%jdoS wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïmdokhg ia;%Syq o n,mEï
l<y' tysoS jHjia:dkql+,j ia;%S ksfhdackh ;yjqre l<hq;= njg
brdl ia;%Ska fukau cd;Hka;r ixúOdko b,a,d isáhy' tys
m%;sM,hla f,i" ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,fha ia;%S ksfhdackh 25]
116
lu,d ,shkf.a
lg jvd wvq fkdúh hq;=h hk úêúOdkh brdl kj wdKavql%u
jHjia:dfõ 49 jeks j.ka;shg wka;¾.; flßKs' oekg brdl
md¾,sfïka;=fõ ksfhdað;hska 325 fokd w;ßka 82 ^25'2]& la
ia;%Ska fõ'
wms%ldkq rgj,a w;ßka ia;%S ksfhdackfha /äl,a fjkila
m%udKd;aulj fukau .=Kd;auljo isÿù we;s rgla f,i ol=Kq
wms%ldj ie,lsh yelsh' 1996 g fmr trg mej;s wemd¾;Sâ
wdKavqfõ ia;%S ksfhdackh 2'8] g iSud úh' tfy;a ol=Kq wms%ldj"
úfYaIfhkau fk,aika uekafv,df.a kdhl;ajfhka 1990 uq,
isg hg;a úð;jdoh yd wemd¾;Sâ md,khg tfrysj wr., fldg"
1994 oS m%cd;ka;%jdoS wdKavqjla ia:dms; lsÍu;a iu`. tu ;;ajh
fjkia úh' 2009 wms%fh,a ue;sjrKfhaoS trg ia;%S ksfhdackfha
m%;sY;h 42'3] olajd j¾Okh fjk wdldrfhaa /äl,a fjkila
isÿúh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i ol=Kq wms%ldj ia;%S ksfhdackfha by<
w.hla .kakd rgj,a w;ßka y;afjks ;ekg m;a jQ w;r" thg
n,mE iqúfYaIS lreKq 2 ls' tlla kï" wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ih
(African National Congress) ;=< cd;sl ksoyi m;d trg ia;%Ska
ls%hdYS,s N+ñldjla r`.mEuhs' fojekak kï" tys kdhl fk,aika
uekafv,d m%uqL wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ih úiska ia;%S ksfhdackh
j¾Okh i|yd y`ÿkajd fok ,o idOkSh m%;sm;a;s yd tajd
ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd msysgqjk ,o hdka;%Khhs' ol=Kq wms%ldkq
fldx.%ia kdhl fk,aika uekafv,d mqoa.,slj;a" m%:u ksoyia
wdKavqfõ ckdêm;s f,i;a" trg ia;%Skaf.a whs;sjdislï iq/lSu
iy ish¨u ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,oS ia;%Skaf.a il%Sh iyNd.s;ajh
j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd oelajQ foaYmd,k Wkkaÿj yd lemùu"
úfYaIfhkau mYapd;a hqold,Sk rdcHj, foaYmd,k kdhlhskag
b;d fyd| wdo¾Yhls'
117
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
1996 ol=Kq wms%ldkq wdKavql%u jHjia:dj iïmdokfhaoS"
trg ia;%Ska" úfYaIfhkau ia;%Skaf.a cd;sl iNd. jHdmdrh
(Women’s National Coalition Campaign) oeä f,i n,mEï
fldg ia;%Skaf.a whs;sjdislï kj jHjia:djg wka;¾ .;
lrjd .ekSu i|yd uQ,sl;ajh .;af;ah' 1994" ol=Kq wms%ldkq
cd;sl fldx.%ifha uQ,sl;ajfhka msysgq jQ cd;sl iu.s wdKavqj
ia;%Skaf.a Ôjk ;;ajh yd kdhl;ajh j¾Okh lsÍug úúO
mshjr .;af;ah' ol=Kq wms%ldj h<s f.dvkexùu yd ixj¾Okh
lsÍfï jHdmD;sj,oS md,l wms%ldkq fldx.%ih ksrka;rfhkau
md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhkaf.a Wmfoia ,nd.;a w;r" wod<
lñgqj,g ia;%Ska f;dard m;alf<ah' ia;%Ska n,.ekaùfï jHdmD;shla
fjkuu ls%hd;aul lsÍu 1994 isg wdrïN lf<ah' 1995 § ia;%Ska
n,.ekaùu i|yd jk m%;sm;a;shla y`ÿkajd oS wdKavqfõ ish¨u
wxYj, lghq;=j,oS ia;%S iyNd.S;ajh iy;sl lf<ah' 1995 oS ol=Kq
wms%ldkq md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßhka" trg rdcH fkdjk ixúOdko
iu`. tlaj ia;%Ska ms<sn| jd¾;djla iïmdokh fldg" fnhsðx
cd;Hka;r ia;%S iuq¿fõoS th tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg
bosßm;a lf<ah' tysoS y`ÿkd.;a os<s`ÿlu" iïm;a wiudk f,i
fnoS hdu" ia;%Skag tfrys m%pKav;ajh" wOHdmk yd fi!LH
myiqlï m%udKj;a fkdùu yd ú/lshdj jeks ia;%Ska uqyqKq
fok m%Odk m%Yak úi|Su i|yd ol=Kq wms%ldkq rcfha muKla
fkdj cd;Hka;r ixúOdkj,o wjOdkh Èkd .;af;ah' fnhsðx
iuq¿fjka miqj ol=Kq wms%ldkq ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okh i|yd
jk jev ie,eiaula ks¾udKh fldg th ls%hd;aul lsÍug wjYH
hdka;%Khla ia:dms; lf<ah' ia;%Skag wod, lghq;= úu¾Ykh
i|yd Wm-ckdêm;s ld¾hd,hg iïnkaOj cd;sl ia;%S lñgqjla
msysgqùh' tys YdLd m<d;a uÜgñka msysgqjd" wod< lghq;=j,oS
Wmfoia oSu yd ksÍlaIKho úêu;a whqßka wdrïN lf<ah'
1997 oS md¾,sfïka;= mK;la u.ska ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh
118
lu,d ,shkf.a
iudkd;au;djh i|yd jk cd;sl fldñiu msysgqùh' udkj
whs;sjdislï fldñiu yd cd;sl fm%dlag¾ ld¾hd,ho ia;%Skaf.a
whs;sjdislï wdrlaIdj yd m%j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka úfYaI
N+ñldjla r`.mEug uQ,sl;ajh .;af;ah' fï whqßka ia;%Skaf.a
Ôú;j, .=Kd;aul fjkila lsÍug ia;%S jHdmdrfha kdhsldjka
fukau md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßhka uQ,sl;ajh .ekSu <ore
m%cd;ka;%jdoS rgla jQ ol=Kq wms%ldj iïnkaOfhka iqúfYaIh'
ol=Kq wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ia mlaIfha wNHka;r
m%;sm;a;s ixfYdaOkh fldg ue;sjrK kdufhdackdj,ska 33'3]
l mx.=jla ia;%Skag fjkalsÍu ksid" m%:u ksoyia wdKavqjg f;aÍ
m;ajQ ksfhdað;jßhka fuu fjkialï i|yd b;d fyd| mokula
iemhSh' m%:u ol=Kq wms%ldkq md¾,sfïka;=jg f;aÍ m;ajqkq ia;%Ska
117 ka 89 lau ol=Kq wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ifhka ksfhdackh
ùu fuu lreK iïnkaOfhka tu mlaIfha lemùu uekúka
úoyd olajhs' cd;sl ue;sjrK i|yd iafõÉPd mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd
ÿka ol=Kq wms%ldkq fldx.%ih tys wdKavq n,h mdúÉÑ lr
uyk.r iNd mK; iïu; lf<ah' ish¨u mlaI m<d;a md,k
ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a lrk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 50] la
ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< hq;=h hk jHjia:dms; mx.= l%uh tu mk;
u.ska ia:dms; lf<ah (Myakayaka-Manozini, 1998)'
tu mKf;a H^3& j.ka;shg wkqj zzish¨u mlaI bosßm;a
lrk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 50] la ia;%Ska nj ;yjqre l<
hq;=h' ,ehsia;=j mqrdu ia;%Ska yd mqreIhka iu;=,s;j ia:dk.;
l<hq;=hZZ kuq;a fuu kS;sh fkdi,ld yßk mlaIj,g oshhq;=
o`vqju ms<sn| kS;sfhka m%ldY fkdfõ' ol=Kq wms%ldfõ cd;sl
uÜgfï ksfhdackhg jHjia:dkql+, mx.=jla kshu lr ke;;a
m<d;a md,k wdh;k i|yd fï whqßka mx.= l%u kS;sh y`ÿkajd
oS ;sfí' trg m<d;a md,k ue;sjrK j,oSo ksfhdað;hskaf.ka
119
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
wvla ir, nyq;r l%uh yd wfkla wv iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack
l%uhg wkqj f;dard .kS' ol=Kq wms%ldkq m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,
ia;%S ksfhdackh 1995 oS 29'6]" 2000 - 40] yd 2006 - 43] olajd
j¾Okh ùug mx.= l%uh;a" ksfhdack l%uh;a" ol=Kq wms%ldkq
fldx.%ia kdhl;ajfha Wkkaÿj yd lemùu;a" tys m%cd;ka;%jdoS
m%;sm;a;s;a uQ,sl jYfhka n,md we;'
kS;Hdkql+, mx.= l%uhla cd;sl uÜgfïoS Ndú;d
fkdjqk;a" ol=Kq wms%ldkq fldx.%ih yÿkajd ÿka iafõÉPd mx.=
l%uh ksid" 1994 oS cd;sl jHjia:dodhlfha ia;%S ksfhdackh
27'75]" 1999 - 30]" 2004 - 32'75] yd 2009 oS 42'3] olajd /äl,a
wldrfhka j¾Okh úh' m%dka; jHjia:dodhlj, ia;%S ksfhdackh
ta yd iudkj j¾Okh fkdjqk;a fmdÿfõ iuia; ksfhdackfha
j¾Okhla isÿfjñka mj;S' tu m%;sY;h 1994 oS 27'1]" 1999 -
32'2] yd 2009 oS 41] la úh' lsisÿ m%dka; jHjia:dodhlhl 35] g
wvq ia;%S ksfhdackhla fkdue; (Morna, Rama, Mtonga, 2009)'
ol=Kq wms%ldkq fldx.%ifia nyq;r n,h we;s m%dka;
4 l ^.jqfgka.a - Gauteng kef.kysr flama" W;=re flama yd
jhU flama& w.ue;s ;k;=rej,g 2009 oS ia;%Ska m;a lf<ah' tu
m%;sm;a;sh wkq.ukh lrñka" m%cd;ka;%jdoS fmruqK wdKavq
n,h ork ngysr flama m%dka;h úiskao 2009 oS tys w.ue;s
;k;=rg ia;s%hla m;alrk ,oS' wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ih"
2009 mlaI jd¾Isl iuq¿fõoS m%;s{djla foñka 2010 jkúg
ol=Kq wms%ldkq jHjia:dodhlfha ia;%Skaf.a ksfhdackh 50]
olajd j¾Okh lsÍug mshjr .kakd nj m%ldY lf<ah' 2009 oS
jHjia:dodhlh ksfhdackh lrk uq¿ ia;%Ska ixLHdfjka 48'3]
la wms%ldkq fldx.%ifha ksfhdað;jßhka ùu tysoS iqúfYaIS fõ'
wfkla ol=Kq wms%ldkq mlaI cd;sl ue;sjrKj,oS iafõÉPd mx.=
l%u y`ÿkajd fkdÿkako" cd;sl fldx.%ifha n,mEu fjk;a
120
lu,d ,shkf.a
wdldrj,ska tajdg t,a, úh' 2006 oS ol=Kq wms%ldkq ia;%Ska 50(50
whs;sjdislï i|yd Woaf>daIK jHdmdrh osh;a l< w;r" bkamiq
ue;sjrKj,oS wfkla mlaI úiskao 20-30] w;r m%udKhlska
ia;%Skag ,ndfok kdufhdackd jeälrk ,oS' tfiau tu n,mEï
ksid wfkla mlaI" wms%ldkq fldx.%ih wkq.ukh lrñka" ia;%S
mlaI fldali msysgqjQ w;r" mlaI wNHka;r ;k;=rej,ska 30] la
muK ia;%Skag ,ndoSfï m%;sm;a;s o y`ÿkajd ÿks' 2009 oS ck;d
fldx.%ia mlaIh mlaI ;k;=rej,ska 50] la ia;%Skag ,ndoSu o
tu n,mEïj, m%;sM,hla f,i y`ÿkajd osh yelsh' ;jo" ol=Kq
wms%ldkq ixj¾Ok m%cdj mlaIh" 2015 oS cd;sl jHjia:dodhlhg
ish mlaIfhka ksfhdackh jk ia;%Skaf.a m%;sY;h 50] olajd
j¾Okh lrk njg m%;s{d ÿks'
2009 wms%fh,a ue;sjrKfhaoS ol=Kq wms%ldkq
md¾,sfïka;=fõ m<uq uKav,fha ksfhdackhg ia;%Ska 169 ^42'3]&
la ^uq¨ ksfhdað;hska 400& f;aÍ m;aúh' fojeks uKav,fha
ksfhdað;hska 53 fokdf.ka 17 ^32'10]& la ia;%Syq fj;s (http://www.ipu.org)' fuu ixLHd;aul j¾Okh yryd .=Kd;aul
j¾Okhla we;s lsÍug ol=Kq wms%ldkq md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßfhda
fnfyúka odhl fj;s' uq,a jir my ;=< ia;%Ska i|yd ffjoH
uOHia:dk 268 la" úfYaIfhkau .%dóh m%foaYj, ia:dms; lsÍu"
fi!LH uOHia:dk 2358 la m%;sixialrKh lsÍu" .%dóh mdie,a
1497 la m%;sixialrKh lsÍu" os<s`ÿ orejka ñ,shk 5'5 la i|yd
mdie,a osjd wdydr fõ,la iemhSfï jHdmD;s wdrïN lsÍu" jir
1 g jvd jhiska wvq ol=Kq wms%ldkq orejkaf.ka 63'3] lg wod<
m%;sYla;slrK tkak;a ,ndoSu" jir 6 g wvq <uqka yd .eìKs
uõjrekag fkdñf,a fi!LH fiajd ,ndoSfï jHdmD;shla weröu"
ñ,shk 2 l muK .ïj, mdkSh c, jHdmD;s ia:dms; lsÍu" os<s`ÿ
mjq,a ñ,shkhlg muK ksjdi ;kdoSu" ñ,shk 3'5 la muK jQ
kd.ßl ck;djg k.r iNd yryd c,h" úÿ,sh yd li< tl;=
121
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
lsÍu jeks myiqlï i,id oSu iy ksjdi 313"179 g" .%dóh mdie,a
25"900 la yd fi!LH uOHia:dk 2000 lg úÿ,sh ,ndoSu jeks
fiajd rdYshla iemhSfïoS fuu ksfhdað;jßfhda uQ,sl;ajh .;ay'
tfiau" ia;%S whs;sjdislï wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wka;¾.; lsÍu"
cd;sl ldka;d fldñiu msysgqùu" iSfvda iïuq;sh w;aika lsÍu yd
,sx.sl m%pKav;ajhg tfrys kS;s iïmdokh jeks ld¾hkaj,oS;a
fuu ksfhdað;jßfhda úfYaI odhl;ajhla oelajQy' tfiau
Tjqkaf.a n,mEfuka tu kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lsÍug wod<
hdka;%K msysgqùug wdKavqjg n,mEï lsÍu" tu wdh;kj,g
Wmfoia oSu" wod< fhdackd ks¾foaY yd jd¾;d imhñka wdKavqjg
iyfhda.h oelaùu iy wod< jHdmD;s ksÍlaIKh yd we.hSu
jeks lghq;=j,oSo fuu ksfhdað;jßhka il%Shj iyNd.s ùu
ol=Kq wms%ldj iïnkaOfhka iqúfYaIS fõ (Myakayaka-Manzini, 1998)'
kuq;a fuu hym;a m%;sM," mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿka wms%ldkq
yd wrdì rgj,a ish,a,gu fmdÿ fkdfõ' tajdfha id¾:l;ajhg
n,mdk fya;= .Kkdjls' mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSfïoS fukau"
ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS;a ta i|yd rdcHh" foaYmd,k mlaI yd ia;%S
ixúOdk iy fjk;a isú,a ixúOdkj,skao oelaúh hq;= Wkkaÿj
yd lemùu th id¾:l lr .ekSug w;HjYHu lreKls'
cd;Hka;r fukau foaYSh n,mEïo ksid iuyr rgj, mx.=
l%u y`ÿkajd ÿkak;a foaYmd,k mlaI th ksisf,i ls%hd;aul
lsÍug Wkkaÿ fkdfõ kï" hym;a m%;sM, Wodlr .; fkdyel'
kS;sfhka kshñ; kdufhdackd m%udKh ia;%Skag ,nd fkdfokafka
kï" fyda ch.ekSfï iïNdú;djh wvq Pkao fldÜGdY j,ska
ia;%Skag kdufhdackd ,nd fokafka kï thska wfmalaIs; m%;sM,
oskd.; fkdyelsh' tfiau" foaYmd,k mlaIj, kdhlhska {d;s
ys;j;a in|;d we;s ia;%Skag kdufhdackd ,ndoS Tjqka yqfola
mlaIfha wjYH;djh bgqlr .ekSug muKla fhdod.kafka kï"
tysoS;a wfmalaIs; m%;sM, oskd.ekSu wiSre fõ' foaYmd,k mlaI
122
lu,d ,shkf.a
ksisf,i ia;%Skag wod< m%udKfhka kdufhdackd ,nd fokafkao
hkak ms<sn|j mÍlaIdldÍ ùu;a" tfia isÿ fkdjk wjia:dj,
wod< n,Odßka ,jd th ls%hd;aul lrjd .ekSug n,mEï lsÍu;a
ia;%S yd isú,a ixúOdk u.ska bgqúh hq;=h' fuysoS" wod< rdcHh
wdh;k fyda ks,OdÍka" WodyrK jYfhka ue;sjrK fldñiu
fyda flduidßiajrhd iy wêlrKh jeks wdh;k foaYmd,k
mlaI ,jd tu kS;s ls%hd;aul lrùu i|yd wmlaImd;S yd idOdrK
whqßka n,mEï l< hq;=h'
ia;%Ska i|yd wdik fjka lsÍfï kS;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS"
uka;%Sjßhka Rcq Pkaofhka f;dard .;a;;a" jl% whqßka f;dard
m;a l<;a" rdcH fukau foaYmd,k mlaI;a ia;%Skaf.a wjYH;d
ienE whqßka ksfhdackh l<yels mqoa.,hskag wfmaCIl;ajh ,nd
oSug fyda m;a lsÍug j. n,d .;hq;=h' ia;%Ska fjkqfjka yqfola"
mlaIhl fyda wdKavqfõ kdhlhl=f.a wkq.dñlhska m;alsÍu
fjkqjg" mx.= l%ufhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu i|yd
odhl úh yels wfhl= m;a l<hq;=h' rdcH fukau foaYmd,k
mlaIo" foaYmd,khg wdOqkslhska f,i msúfik ia;%Skag
foaYmd,k oekqu" kdhl;aj mqyqKqj yd m%pdrl lghq;=j,oS
iyfhda.h ,ndoSu jeks oE m%:u j;djg muKla fyda ,ndoSug"
úêu;a jevms<sfj,la ls%hd;aul lsÍuo w;HjYH fõ' fï i|yd ia;%S
yd isú,a ixúOdkj,go odhl;ajh oelaúh yelsh' ue;sjrKhg
bosßm;a l<yels wfmalaIsldjkaf.a kï yd f;dr;=re tla/iafldg
wod< mlaIj,g bosßm;a lsÍu" Tjqkag wjYH oekqu yd mqyqKqj
,ndoSu" ta ta mlaIj, fcaHIaG kdhsldjka iu`. in|;d f.dv
k`.d .ekSug bvm%ia:d ks¾udKh lroSu iy m%pdrl lghq;=
j,oS iyfhda.h oelaùu wdosh u.ska tfia odhl;ajh oelaúh
yelsh' mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oSfïoS fukau ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS;a"
rdcH" foaYmd,k mlaI" isú,a ixúOdk iy foaYmd,k ksfhdackh
flf¾ Wkkaÿj olajk ia;%Ska mqoa.,slj fukau iduqysljo
thska wfmalaIs; m%;sM, oskd .ekSug oeä lemùfuka lghq;=
123
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
fkdl<fyd;a" th yqfola ;j;a kS;shla muKla njg m;afõ'
tfyhska mx.= l%ufhka wfmalaIs; M, fk,d .ekSu i|yd ta iEu
wxYhlu il%Sh odhl;ajh w;HjYH fõ'
mx.= l%u oskd .ekSu yd thska id¾:l m%;sM, w;am;a lr.ekSu
i|yd úúO rgj,a Ndú; l< Wml%u
ixj¾ê; fukau ixj¾Okh jkakd jQ rgj,a rdYshl=;a
úúO mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oS we;s w;r" tajdhska fndfyduhla fï jk
úg wfmalaIs; m%;sM, oskdf.k ;sfí' tu rgj,a mx.= l%u oskd
.ekSu yd tajd id¾:lj ls%hd;aul lr .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l<
Wml%u y`ÿkd .ekSu Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj,g b;d m%fhdackj;a
fõ' miq.sh mßÉfPaoj,oS idlÉPdjg n÷ka lrk ,o rgj,a fï
i|yd Ndú; l< Wml%u w;ßka jvd;a M,odhs Wml%u lSmhla
y`ÿkd .; yelsh' tajd kï
i. cd;Hka;r ixúOdk yd n,j;a rgj,aj,ska iyfhda.h
,nd.ekSu iy Tjqka ,jd foaYSh wdKavq j,g n,mEï lrùu
ii. cd;Hka;r$l,dmSh ia;%SjdoS yd ia;%S jHdmdr iu`. cd;sl
jHdmdr cd,.; ùu" w;aoelSï ,nd.ekSu" wdKavqj,g
foaYmd,k mlaIj,g n,mEï lsÍu" ia;%S ksfhdackh ms<sn|
m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍu iy ia;%Skaf.a yelshd j¾Okhg iyfhda.h
oelaùu
iii. rdcH ia;%Sjdoh ke;skï ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh k`.d isgqùu
iïíkaO ixfõoS" ;SrK .kakd uÜgfï rdcH md¾Yjlrejka
yd ia;%SjdoS woyia w.hk mßmd,k ks,Odßkaf.a iyfhda.h
,nd .ekSu
iv. foaYmd,k mlaIj, lemùu" Wkkaÿj yd iyfhda.h ,nd
.ekSu iy tu .eg¿j ms<sn| ixfõoS kdhlhska iu`. tlaj
lghq;= lsÍu
v. ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh i|yd wdOdr l<yels úfYaI
wdh;k msysgqjd .ekSu
124
lu,d ,shkf.a
cd;Hka;r n,mEï
oekg f,dj rgj,a 90 lg jeä ixLHdjl mx.= l%u
y`ÿkajd oSug;a" rgj,a 25 lg jeä ixLHdjl ta ms<sn| idlÉPd
yd fhdackd wdrïN lsÍug;a cd;Hka;r ixúOdk yd n,j;a
rgj,ska ,o n,mEu iq¿fldg ;elsh fkdyelsh' úfYaIfhkau"
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh" ;SrK .ekSfïoS ia;%S-mqreI iudk
ksfhdackh ms<sn|j 1975 muK isg cd;Hka;r ia;%S iuq¿
yryd wjOdrKh lsÍu fndfyda rgj, mx.= l%u l;sldj;lg
u`. mEÿfõh' 1995 fnhsðx ls%hdldÍ jev ie,eiafuka" ia;%Skag
o mqreIhkag iudk whqßka ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,oS iyNd.s
ùug wjYH kdhl;ajh yd Odß;d j¾Okh lsÍfï wjYH;djh
ms<sn| wjOdrKh lsÍfuka tu cd;Hka;r n,mEu ;j;a ;Sj% úh
(Krook, 2004)' ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh mx.= l%u ms<sn|j f,dal
w;aoelSï ms<sn| wOHhkhl fhfok fudakd ,Skd larEla (Mona Lena Krook) mjikafka zzf,dj mx.= l%u jHdma; ùug cd;sl ia;%S
jHdmdr" l,dmSh fyda cd;Ska w;r jk ia;%S jHdmdr yd cd;Hka;r
ixúOdk úYd, jYfhka n,mEï l< njhsZZ (Krook, 2004:3)' larElag wkqj cd;Hka;r ixúOdk Rcqju foaYSh wdKavqj,g
n,mEï l< wjia:d ;sfí' ;j;a úfgl cd;Hka;r ixúOdk"
l,dmSh yd cd;Ska w;r ia;%S ixúOdk iy foaYSh ia;%S ixúOdk
iu`. f;dr;=re yqjudre lr.ekSu" cd,.; ùu" iïuka;%K"
idlÉPd yd jevuq¿ meje;aùu" wOHhk iólaIK lsÍu" mqoa.,sl
yd úoaj;a uÜgñka w;aoelSï yqjudre lr .ekSu iy rdcH yd
isú,a ixúOdk fm<Uùï fyda Wkkaÿ lsÍï u.skao mx.= l%u
oskdf.k ;sfí' ;j;a wjia:dj, foaYSh ia;%S ixúOdk" iudc
ls%hdldÍka yd úoaj;=ka mx.= l%u ms<sn| idlÉPd wdrïN lr"
wod< fhdackd wdosh bosßm;a lsÍfuka miqj cd;Hka;r ixúOdk
fyda úfoaYSh rgj,a úiska tu foaYSh ixúOdk j,g iïm;a"
oekqu" fhdackdj,S ieliSu" mqyqKqj ,ndoSu yd wod< f;dr;=re
yd isÿùï wdosh ms<sn| o;a; ,ndoSu yryd wdOdr l< wjia:do
;sfí'
125
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
mYapd;a-hqo jd;djrKhla mj;sk rgj,a rdYshla
m%cd;ka;%jdoS wdKavql%u jHjia:d y`ÿkajd oSfïoS" tajdg mx.= l%u
ms<sn| úêúOdk wka;¾.; lsÍu i|yd .egqï mj;sk wjia:dj,
tu rgj,g iyfhda.h oelajQ rgj,a fyda cd;Hka;r ixúOdkj,
Rcq ueÈy;aùu oeä jYfhka n,md ;sfí (Krook, 2003)' tn`ÿ
úfoaY rgj,a fyda cd;Hka;r ixúOdk" iuyr wjia:dj, foaYSh
úuqla;s jHdmdr fyda ia;%S jHdmdrj,g n,mEï fldg mx.= l%u
b,a,d isák f,i oekqj;a l< wjia:do ;sfí' tfia;a ke;skï"
cd;Hka;r ixúOdk ndysr fmd<Ujkakka f,i" foaYSh ixúOdk
ta i|yd Wkkaÿ fldg" mx.= l%u oskd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< hq;=
Wml%u y`ÿkajd oS" iïm;a imhd oS" úúO whqßka jl%j n,mEï l<
wjia:do ;sfí (Maley, 2004)'
mYapd;a hqold,Sk jd;djrK ;=< mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿka
iuyr rgj,g tn`ÿ cd;Hka;r n,mEï fkd;snqkq wjia:do fõ'
WodyrK f,i ol=Kq wms%ldj" fudieïìla yd W.kavdj jeks
rdcH oelaúh yelsh (Tripp, 2000; Hassim, 2002)' kuq;a 2000 oS
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska 1325 fhdackdj,sh m%ldYhg
m;alsÍu;a iu`. úfYaIfhkau mYapd;a-hqold,Sk jd;djrKhka
mj;sk rgj, ;SrK .kakd uÜgï j,oS ia;%S ksfhdackh jeälsÍu
i|yd mx.= l%u jeks Wml%u Ndú;d lrk f,ig cd;Hka;r
ixúOdkj,ska t,a, jk Rcq n,mEï jeäfjñka mj;S'
fldfidfjda yd we*a.ksia;dkh fï i|yd b;d fyd|
WodyrK fõ' 1999 oS fldfidfjda ys hqoaOh wjidk ùu;a iu`."
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl uKav,fha uQ,sl;ajfhka trg Ndrldr
mßmd,k fldñiula msysgqùh' m%cd;ka;%jdoh ia:dms; lsÍu yd
udkj whs;sjdislï m%j¾Okh lsÍu tys uQ,sl wruqKq úh' fuu
fldñiu fufyhùfïoS hqfrdamd wdrlaIdj yd iyfhda.s;djh
ms<sn| ixúOdkh m%Odk N+ñldjla r`. mEfõh' fldfidfjdays
ia;%Skag Pkaoodhlhska f,i ,shdmosxÑ ùug yd wfmalaIsldjka
f,i ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a ùug we;s ndOd fuu Ndrldr mßmd,k
126
lu,d ,shkf.a
fldñiu úiska y`ÿkd .kakd ,oS' 2000 Tlaf;dan¾ uioS" ish¨u
m<d;a yd cd;sl ue;sjrKj, kdufhdackdj,ska 30] l m%;sY;hla
ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< hq;= njg fuu fldñiu kS;shla u.ska
okajd isáfhah' tu kS;sh y`ÿkajd oSug fmr fldfidfjda iy
hqfrdamdfõ ia;%S ixúOdk yd ls%hdldßkshka iu`. oS¾> jYfhka
fuu fldñiu idlÉPd lf<ah' ta i|yd hqfrdamd ix.uho úúO
whqßka iyfhda.h oelaùh (Lyth, 2001)'
fuu kS;shg tfrysj cd;Hka;r fukau cd;sl jYfhkao
hï hï úfrdaO;d t,a, úh' tn`ÿ kS;shlg fldfidfjda iudch
;ju;a iqÿiq ke;snj yd ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a ùug iqÿiq ia;%Ska
fidhd.; fkdyels nj tu úfrdaOh oelajQjkaf.a woyi úh'
kuq;a fldfidfjdays rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk yd ia;%S ixúOdk;a"
wdrlaIdj yd iyfhda.s;djh i|yd jQ hqfrdamd ixúOdkh;a" thg
tfrysj bosßm;a jQ úfrdaO;d ue`vf.k mx.= l%uh id¾:lj
ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd Wkkaÿfjka lghq;= l<y' tys m%;sM,hla
f,i" m%:u ue;sjrKhg ;r`. l< ish¨u mlaIj,ska 30] l
wfmalaIsldjka m%udKhla ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a lsÍug yelsúh'
kuq;a 2000 m<d;a ue;sjrKfhaoS iuyr wfmalaIsldjkag mlaI
úiska wiudk f,i i,lkq ,eîfï fya;=j u; wfmalaIsldjka
lsysmfofkla wfmalaIl;ajfhka b,a,d wiajQy (Nordlund, 2003)' tn`ÿ ndOl uOHfha jqj;a 2015 jk úg fldfidfjdays
md¾,sfïka;=fõ ia;%S ksfhdackh 33'3] olajd j¾Okh ù ;sîu
ch.%yKhls' 2011 § fldfidfjdays m%:ujrg ldka;djla ckdêm;s
;k;=rg f;aÍ m;aúh'
2001 oS we*a.ksia:dka hqoaOh wjidkùu;a iu`.
fldfidfjda g iudk whqßka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska
úfYaI mßmd,k fldñiula trfgyso ia:dms; lrkq ,eîh'
;,sndka md,k ld,h ;=<oS we*a.ksia;dka ia;%Skaf.a udkj
127
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh ùï ms<sn| 2001 mSg¾ian¾.a iquq¿fõoS
úfYaIfhka idlÉPd flßKs' tys m%;sM,hla f,i" Ndrldr
wdKavqfõ weu;s ;k;=re 2 la ia;%Skag m%odkh lsÍug;a" kj
wdKavqfõ ia;%S ksfhdackh jeälsÍug;a ;SrKh flßKs' tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh yd Ndrldr mßmd,k fldñifï n,j;a
b,a,Su u; trg md¾,sfïka;=j ke;skï f,dahd ð¾.d fldñiugo
(Loya Jirga Commission) ia;%Ska ;sfofkl= m;a lf<ah' fï
ish,af,au m%;sM,hla f,i" iEu m%dka;hlskau wju jYfhka
tla ksfhdað;jßhlaj;a f,dahd ð¾.d fldñiug f;dard túh
hq;=h hk úêúOdkh 2004 kj wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wka;¾.;
flßKs' ta wkqj md¾,sfïka;=fõ my< uKav, ksfhdackfhka
25] la ia;%Skag fjkaúh' ;jo" ckdêm;sjrhd úiska fojeks
uKav,hg m;a lrkq ,nk ksfhdað;hskaf.ka wvla ia;%Ska
úhhq;= njgo kS;sfhka kshu úh' fuu mx.= l%u kS;shgo iuyr
we*a.ksia;dk ia;%S ixúOdk mjd úfrdaO;djh m< l<y' mx.=
l%uh m%dfhda.sl fkdjk" Nhdkl mshjrla f,i Tjqyq y`ÿkajd
ÿkay (Kaufman, 2003)' tfy;a isr.;j isá ia;%Ska yd iuyr
ia;%S ixúOdk mx.= l%uh id¾:l lr .ekSug lemùfuka lghq;=
l<y'
mx.= l%u oskd .ekSfïoS ,;ska weußldkq rgj,g tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh yd wka;¾-md¾,sfïka;= ix.uh úúO
whqßka iyfhda.h oelajQy' tfiau iamd[a[ iudcjdoS mlaIh
fldiagßldys ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;d mK; iïu; lr .ekSug
1991 oS iyfhda.h oelaùfuka" iamd[a[ NdIdj l:dlrk ,;ska
wußldkq rgj,g úfYaI n,mEula t,a, úh' wd¾ckaákdj"
fnhsðx cd;Hka;r ia;%S iuq¿fõ n,mEu yd úfoaY rgj, w;aoelSï
,ndf.k" 1995 oS mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajdoSu ksid wi,ajeis ,;ska
wußldkq rgj,g Rcq n,mEula t,a, úh' wd¾ckaákd ia;%Ska
wi,ajeis rgj, ia;%S ixúOdk yd kdhsldjka iu`. f;dr;=re
128
lu,d ,shkf.a
yqjudre lrf.k Tjqkaj rcfhka mx.= l%u b,a,d isàu i|yd
fm<Uùu ksid 1996-2000 w;r ld,fhaoS ,;ska wußldkq rgj,a
14 la mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿks (Htun, 2002)'
Bðma;=fõ wkaj¾ iod;a iqvdkfha mx.= l%uh ms<sn|
oekqj;a ù thg iudk l%uhla ish rggo y`ÿkajd ÿks' ;dhsjdk
ia;%Sjdoskshl= jQ fmka.a jka-rE (Peng Wan-Ru) cd;Hka;r
iuq¿jloS “Critical Mass” kHdh ms<sn|j wußldkq ia;%Sjdoskshl
jQ fcda fm%sâuka (Jo Freedman) f.ka lreKq bf.k f.k
mx.= l%uhla b,a,Su i|yd ;dhsjdk ia;%S jHdmdr fm<Uùh'
tys m%;sM,hla f,i" ia;%Ska i|yd 10] l m%;sY;hlska wdik
fjkalrjd .ekSug yd foaYmd,k mlaI kdufhdackdj,ska 25]
la iafõÉPdfjka ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lrjd .ekSug ;dhsjdk
ia;%Skag yelsúh (Huang, 2002)'
foaYSh úuqla;s jHdmdr fyda m%cd;ka;%jdoS jHdmdr ia;%S
ksfhdackh i|yd kj wdKavq fm<U jQ wjia:do fõ' rejkavdj
thg fyd| ksoiqkls' 1994 rejkavd iuQ, >d;kfhka miqj
rejkavd foaYfm%aó fmruqK (Rwandan Patriotic Front) n,hg
m;aúh' fuu mlaIfha kdhlhska W.kavdfõ ie.ù isá
ld,fhaoS ,o w;aoelSï ;=<ska" rejkavdfõ;a ia;%Ska i|yd wdik
fjkalsÍug 2003 kj jHjia:dfjka úêúOdk y`ÿkajd ÿks'
fï i|yd ol=Kq wms%ldkq w;aoelSïo rejkavd md,l fmruqKg
n,mEfõh' rejkavd kS;shg wkqj Pkaoodhlhdg Pkao 3 la
ysñfõ' thska tlla fmdÿ wfmalaIlhl=" ;fjlla ia;s%hl yd
wfkl ;reK wfmalaIlhl= i|yd Ndú;d l< hq;=h' ;jo"
Pkaofhka f;dard.;a ksfhdað;jßhkaf.ka iukaaú; ia;%Ska i|yd
jQ fjkuu ljqkais,hla ia:dms; flßKs' tu ia;%S ljqkais, fmdÿ
ljqkais, ^ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhu ksfhdackh jk& yd iïnkaO ù
;SrK .ekSfïoS ia;%Skaf.a wdYdjka yd wfmalaIdjka ksfhdackh
129
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
lrk wdh;k f,i ls%hd;aul fõ' mx.= l%u kHdh ms<sn|j
rejkavd md,l fmruqK úfoia w;aoelSïj,ska mdvï W.;a;o"
th ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS rejkavdjgu wdfõKsl jQ m%;sm;a;s
wkq.ukh lrhs' ia;%Skaf.a ljqkais,j,g ksfhdað;hska f;aÍfïoS
ia;%Ska i|ydu fjka jQ ue;sjrKhla meje;aùu tn`ÿ m%;sm;a;shls
(Powley, 2003)'
ia;%S jHdmdr yd ia;%Sjd§ jHdmdr
ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a we;=¿ ixj¾ê; fukau ixj¾Okh
jkakd jQ rgj,a /il§;a mx.= l%uh oskd .ekSug foaYSh ia;%SjdoS
yd ia;%S jHdmdr úYd, jYfhka odhl;ajh oelajQ wjia:d oel.;
yelsh' 1970 .Kkaj, isg ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh i|yd jQ
m%;sm;a;s ld¾ólrKh jQ rgj,a úiska y`ÿkajd oSu wrUkq ,eîh'
ta iu`.u ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,;a" m%xYh" c¾uksh yd ì%;dkH
jeks rgj,;a" ia;%S jHdmdr úiska ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh
j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd jQ b,a,Sï bosßm;a lrkq ,eîh (Sainsbury, 1993)' ia;%S ksfhdackh yd mx.= l%u ms<sn| m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï §
ia;%Skaj oekqj;a lsÍu" mlaI lghq;= i|yd ia;%Skaj Wkkaÿ lsÍu"
ia;%S ixúOdkj, ls%hdldßkshka foaYmd,k mlaI ;=<g msúi úúO
n,mEï lsÍu" mlaI ;k;=re ,ndf.k tajd yryd mlaI m%;sm;a;s
yd kS;s fjkia lsÍug kdhlhska fm<Uùu yd ia;%SjdoS jHdmdrj,
kdhsldjka foaYmd,k mlaI iu`. ióm in|;d f.dvk`.d f.k
flaj,a lsÍu yd ;¾ckh lsÍu jeks úúO Wml%u fuu ia;%S
jHdmdr úiska Ndú; lrk ,oS (Lovenduski and Norris, 1993)'
WodyrK f,i ́ iafÜ%,shdfõ rdcH fkdjk ia;%S ixúOdk
zzfoaYmd,kh i|yd jQ ia;%Skaf.a iNd.hZZ (Women into Politics Coalition) 1992 oS msysgqjd" md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh
i|yd úúO whqßka n,mEï lf<ah' 1993 oS ´iafÜ%,shdj yd
130
lu,d ,shkf.a
kjiS,ka;fha iyNd.s;ajfhka meje;ajQ ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh ms<sn|
wud;H iuq¿fõoS ia;%S ksfhdackh iïnkaOfhka jQ jd¾;d yd
wOHhk bosßm;a fldg" fuu ia;%S iNd.h wdKavqjg n,mEï
lf<ah' ia;%SjdoS ldgQka ks¾udKlrejka ,jd ldgQka yd Ñ;%
ks¾udKh lrjd ta u.ska iudc wjOdkh oskd .;af;ah' ia;%Skag
Pkao n,h ,eî ishjila .;ùu ksñ;af;ka iïuka;%K" jevuq¿
yd idlÉPd ish .Kkla ixúOdkh fldg" ia;%S ksfhdackh
ms<sn| .eg¨j yd th úi|Sfï wjYH;djh biau;= lr oelaùh'
ta iu`.u tu ls%hdldrlï yryd wdKavqj yd mlaIj,g n,mEï
lrñka" ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla b,a,d isáfhah' ́ iafÜ%,shdkq lïlre
mlaIhg ys;j;a ia;%Ska lKavdhula ´iafÜ%,shdkq ia;%S mlaIh
msysgqjd ue;sjrKj,oS iyfhda.h olajk njg flaj,a lrñka
yd m%udKj;a kdufhdackd ixLHdjla ia;%Skag ,nd fkdÿkfyd;a
;ksju ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a fjk njg ;¾ckh lrñka n,mEï
l<y'
ia;%Skaf.a ue;sjrK WoafoaYKh hk jHdmdrh o
(Women’s Electoral Lobby)" 1970 .Kkaj, isg foaYmd,k
mlaIj,g úYd, jYfhka n,mEï lf<ah' ´iafÜ%,shdkq ia;%Ska
iïnkaOjk m%Yak ue;sjrK m%;sm;a;s yd kHdh m;%j,g tl;=
lsÍu yd ue;sjrKfhka miqj" wdKavq n,h ,nd.;a mlaI ,jd
tajd ls%hd;aul lrùu iïnkaOfhka fuu jHdmdrh úYd,
N+ñldjla r`. mEfõh' ia;%Skag iïnkaO m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfhaoS
uQ,sl;ajh .;a md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhka fyda ksfhdað;jreka
w;ßka jvd;a il%Sh whqßka lghq;= l< mqoa.,hska f;dard w¾ks
(Ernie) iïudk m%odkh lsÍuo" ´iafÜ%,shdkq ia;%S ixúOdk úiska
Ndú;d lrk ,o ;j;a id¾:l Wml%uhls (Sawer and Simms, 1993)' tu.ska" ia;%Skag iïnkaO m%Yak úi|Sug md¾,sfïka;=
uka;%Sjrekaf.a jeä iydhla oskd .ekSug yelsúh'
131
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
ì%;dkH lïlre mlaIhg n,mEï l< úlafgdaßhdkq lïlre
ia;%Skaf.a cd,h (Victorian Labour Women’s Network) yd ia;%S
m%;sm;a;s lñgqj (Women’s Policy Committee) jeks ixúOdk;a
mlaIh ;=< ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg id¾:lj n,mEï lf<ah'
mlaI wNHka;r ;k;=re yd ;SrK .kakd lñgqj, mqreIhka fyda
ia;%Ska 40] fkdblauúh hq;=h hk m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd oSug fuu
ixúOdk oeäj n,mEï lf<ah (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995)'
ia;%S jHdmdr yd ia;%SjdoS jHdmdr tlaj ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k
ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd id¾:lj lghq;= l< wjia:djlg
fyd|u WodyrKhla f,i m%xYfha iudkd;au;d jHdmdrh (Parity Movement) ye|skaúh yelsh' mS;DuQ,sl rdcHhg tfrys ia;%SjdoSka"
ia;%SjdoSkag tfrys ke;skï ia;%SjdoS woyia w.h fkdlrk ia;%Ska
yd fmdÿ ia;%Ska iNd.hla f.dvk`.d f.k zzia;%S ksfhdackh wju
ùu ish¨u ia;%Skag n,mdk fmdÿ lreKlsZZ hk f;audj hgf;a
tlai;aj lghq;= l<y' iafgÜika yd uIQ¾g (Stetson and Mazur, 2002:11) wkqj zz1990 wjidk Nd.fhaoS" ia;%Skaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka
f.dvke`.+ m%xY iudkd;au;d jHdmdrh" foaYmd,k ksfhdað;
wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd oeä lemùfuka
ls%hd lf<ah' tys ls%hdldß;ajfhka m%ldY jkafka ia;%SjdoSka yd
ia;%SjdoSka fkdjk ia;%Ska hk fnÿu úYaf,aIKd;aul jYfhka
w¾: úrys; fnoSula njhZZ' fuu jHdmdrhg olaIsKdxYsl iy
jdudxYsl woyia w.hk ia;%Syq fukau" uOHia: u;OdÍkao tlajQy'
thg iudk whqßka Ñ,S ys jdudxYsl yd olaIsKdxYsl ia;%Syq tla
ù ia;%SjdoS ixúOdk yd ia;%S ixúOdkj, tl;=fjka iNd.hla
f.dvk`.d f.k foaYmd,k mlaIj, kdufhdackdj,ska ia;%Skag
mx.=jla fjkalrjd .ekSug n,mEï l<y (Baldex, 2002)'
fnlaú;a (Beckwith, 2001:372) g wkqj zzish¨u ia;%S
ixúOdk ia;%SjdoS ixúOdk fkdfõ' tfiau" ish¨u ia;%S foaYmd,k
132
lu,d ,shkf.a
ls%hdldrlïo ia;%SjdoS fkdfõ' fmdÿfõ ia;%Ska uqyqK fok .eg¨jla
jQ wvq foaYmd,k ksfhdackh hk .eg¨j úi|d .ekSug ia;%Ska
fmdÿfõ ia;%S jHdmdrhla f,i tluq;= ùu ta i|yd Ndú; l<
yels id¾:l Wml%uhlsZZ'
ia;%S jHdmdr yd ia;%SjdoS jHdmdr fndfyduhla ia;%Skaf.a
m%Yak úi|Su i|yd úúO whqßka rdcHhg n,mEï l< wjia:d we;'
úfYaIfhkau tla md,k iuhlska kj md,k iuhlg wj;S¾K
jk wjia:dj," kj kS;s fyda kj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj,g
ia;%Skaf.a ksfhdackh iïnkaO úêúOdk wka;¾.; lsÍfïoS"
iuyr foaYSh ia;%S jHdmdr id¾:lj n,mEï lr ;sfí' brdl ia;%S
jHdmdrh thg fyd|u WodyrKhls' brdl ia;%Ska mx.= l%uhla
b,a,d isá wjia:dfõoS brdl md,khg iïnkaO wußldj m%uqL
n,j;a rgj,a yd cd;Hka;r ixúOdk thg úfrdaOh m%ldY
l<y' kuq;a" foaYSh ia;%S ixúOdkj, oeä n,mEu ksid mx.=
l%uhla oskd .ekSug Tjqyq iu;a jQy' 2003 Tlaf;dan¾ uioS"
brdl ia;%Syq ish b,a,Sï ,ehsia;=jla trg wußldkq mßmd,kfha
m%OdkS fmda,a fn%u¾ (Paul Bremer) g bosßm;a l<y' cd;sl
yd m<d;a ue;sjrKj,oS ia;%Ska i|yd 30] l m%;sY;hla fjka
lrk f,i b,a,d isàu fuhg wka;¾.; úh' tu kS;sh kj
brdl jHjia:djg we;=<;a lrk f,i .%dóh yd kd.ßl ia;%Ska"
Ndrldr wdKavqfõ kdhsldjka yd leìkÜ uka;%Sjßhkao b,a,d
isáhy' kuq;a wußldfõ uQ,sl;ajfhka msysgjQ md,kdêldrh
thg ;rfha úreoaO úh' tfy;a ia;%Skaf.a Woaf>daIK yd wr.,h
fkdkj;ajdu lrf.k .sh w;r" 2004 ud¾;= iïmdos; wdKavql%u
jHjia:djg 25] mx.=jla wka;¾.; flßKs (Banerjee, 2004)'
ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍfï ,d fudfrdlafldays
ia;%Skaf.a m%cd;ka;%jdoS ix.uh (Democratic Association of Moroccan Women) r`.mE ls%hdl,dmho m%YxikShfõ' ue;sjrK
133
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
kS;s ixfYdaOkhg fudfrdlaflda wdKavqj 2000 uq, jirj,oS
iQodkï jkúg" fuu ix.uh trg rdcH fkdjk ia;%S ixúOdk
yd isú,a ixúOdk iu`. tla ù foaYmd,k mlaIj,g iïnkaO
ia;%S fldali yryd wdKavqjg oeäj n,mEï lf<ah' ia;%Skaf.a
foaYmd,k ksfhdackhg wod< jevuq¿ .Kkdjla fuu ixúOdkh
úiska mj;ajkq ,enQ w;r" tajdfhaÈ ia;%S ys;jdoS m%;sm;a;s yd
mx.= l%uhla ms<sn| fhdackdj,Ska o iïmdokh lf<ah' tu
fhdackdj,g mx.= l%uh muKla fkdj" iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack
l%uh" ia;%Skag ue;sjrKh i|yd wdOdr ,ndoSu" Pkaofhka f;arek
ksfhdað;hska tla ;k;=rlg muKla iSud lsÍu yd ia;%S ksfhdackh
iïnkaO m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS tajd ksisf,i ksÍlaIKh
lsÍug cd;sl iudkd;au;d ksÍlaIK lñgqjla m;alsÍu iïnkaO
fhdackd o we;=<;a úh' fuu fhdackdj,sh trg w.ue;s" mlaI
kdhlhska" isú,a ixúOdk" úoaj;=ka" jD;a;slhska yd jD;a;Sh
iñ;s wdoshg o bosßm;a lf<ah' tn`ÿ ixúOdkj, ;SrK .kakd
uÜgïj,oSo ia;%Skag m%;sY;hla fjka lrfok f,i ia;%Skaf.a
m%cd;ka;%jdoS ix.uh b,a,d isáfhah' tfiau ue;sjrKj,oS
m%pdrl lghq;= i|yd ia;%Skag wdOdr lrk f,i;a" Tjqka fmdÿ
lghq;=j,g iyNd.s ùfïoS .Dyia: fCIa;%fha j.lSï wju lsÍu
i|yd <ud /ljrK uOHia:dk msysgqjk f,i;a orejkag fjk;a
myiqlï imhd fok f,i;a" ue;sjrK wfmalaIsldjkag wod<
mqyqKqj ,ndfok f,i;a" ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a ùug ia;%Skaj
Wkkaÿ lrjk f,i;a fuu ix.uh iudc ixúOdkj,ska b,a,d
isáfhah'
thg wu;rj ia;%Skaf.a m%cd;ka;%jdoS ix.uh úiska fuu
m%Yakh ms<sn|j ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu i|yd cd;sl uÜgfï
iïuka;%K" m%isoaO foaYk" mqj;am;a ,sms yd oekaùï" rEmjdysks yd
.=jka úÿ,s jevigyka ixúOdkh lf<ah' ;jo" ia;%S ksfhdackh
iïnkaOfhka iïmdos; fhdackdj,sh ms<sn| úfYaI idlÉPdjla
134
lu,d ,shkf.a
md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjreka iu`. mj;ajd Tjqka oekqj;a lf<ah'
fuu ls%hdldrlï j, m%;sM,hla f,i wod< fhdackdj,sh
wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh ms<sn| kHdh m;%hg we;=<;a
flßKs' ia;%Ska 30 ia fofkl=f.ka iukaú; cd;sl ,ehsia;=jla
ilid Tjqka i|yd fudfrdlaflda md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdik 30
la fjka flßKs' foaYmd,k mlaIo Tjqkaf.a kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=j,g wju jYfhka ia;%Ska 4 fofkl=j;a we;=<;a lsÍug
tl`. jQy' ta ish,af,au m%;sM,hla f,i 2002 iema;eïn¾ mej;s
ue;sjrKfhka ia;%Ska 35 fofkla md¾,sfïka;=jg f;aÍ m;aúh'
thg fmr mej;s md¾,sfïka;=fõ ia;%S ksfhdackh fofofkl=g
iSud ù ;snqKs (Zineb, 2002)' md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S ksfhdackh
iïnkaOfhka f,dj rgj,a w;=ßka 77 jeks ia:dkh oekg
fudfrdlafldaj oskdf.k we;' 2011 fkdjeïn¾ ue;sjrK
m%;sM,j,g wkqj md¾,sfïka;=fõ ksfhdað;hska 395 la w;=ßka
ia;%Ska 67 fofkla ^17'0]& ksfhdackh fõ (http://www.ipu.org)'
ixj¾Okh jkakd jQ rgj, ia;%S jHdmdr yd ia;%SjdoS
jHdmdr;a mx.= l%u kS;s oskd .ekSfï,d fnfyúka odhl jQ
wjia:d we;' tysoS bkaoshdkq ia;%S jHdmdrh iqúfYaIS fõ' ia;%Skaf.a
;;ajh ms<sn| mÍlaId fldg wod< ks¾foaY iemhSug bkaoshdj
m;al< fldñifï jd¾;dj 1976 m%ldYhg m;aùu;a iu`.
bkaoshdkq ia;%S jHdmdrh jvd;a il%Sh úh' tu jd¾;dfjka .%dóh
uÜgfï ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu w;HjYH nj
wjOdrKh flreK w;r" ta i|yd idOkSh m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd
oshhq;= neõ ks¾foaY lf<ah' fï iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduql<
bkaoshdkq ia;%S ixúOdk fndfyduhla .%du mxpdh;a m<d;a
md,k wdh;kj, wdikj,ska 30] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalrk
f,i rcfhka b,a,d isáfhah' ia;%Skag foaYmd,k ksfhdað;
wdh;kj,g f;aÍ m;aùug we;s ndOl fuu ia;%S ixúOdk
135
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
úiska wjOdrKh lrkq ,enQy' kS;shla u.ska hï wkqmd;hla
kshu fldg ksfhdað; wdh;kj,g ia;%Skaj we;=<;a l<fyd;a"
Tjqkaf.a m%Yak úi|d .ekSu i|yd n,mEï lKavdhula f,i
lghq;= lsÍug Tjqkg bvla ,efnk njo tu ixúOdk fmkajd
ÿkay' ;jo" ia;%Skaf.a ksfhdackh ixLHd;aulj j¾Okh lsÍfuka
ia;%Ska n, .ekaùu muKla fkdj" kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfhaoS
Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d ksis f,i ksfhdackh jk nj o" tu ia;%S
ixúOdk u.ska wjOdrKh l<y'
bkaoshdkq foaYmd,kfha mS;DuQ,sl iajNdjh fjkia
lsÍug yd ia;%Skaj foaYmd,kfhka bj;alsÍug tfrysj ke`.S isá"
úfYaIfhkau cd;sl uÜgfï ia;%S ixúOdk rchg;a" foaYmd,k
mlaI kdhl;ajhg;a fkdlvjd n,mEï lf<ah' fukka g wkqj
1970 .Kka j, isg jvd;a il%Sh jQ bkaoshdkq ia;%S jHdmdrh" trg
cd;sl rdcHfha j¾Okhg yd rdcHhg kS;Hdkql+, ms<s.ekSula
,nd.ekSu i|yd ie,lsh hq;= n,mEula t,a, lf<ah (Menon, 2002)'
tmuKla fkdj" bkaoshdkq wdKavql%u jHjia:djg 73
yd 74 ixfYdaOk bosßm;a lsÍfïoS m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,
wdikj,ska 33'3] l mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalrjd .ekSug
úfYaIfhkau cd;sl uÜgfï ia;%S ixúOdk oeäj n,mEï lf<ah'
thska miqj" m%dka; yd cd;sl uÜgfï ksfhdað; wdh;kj,
ia;%Skaf.a ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍug tu ixúOdk n,mEï lsÍu
wdrïN l< w;r ;ju;a tu igk w;yer ke;'
bkaoshdfõ cd;sl uÜgfï ia;%S ixúOdk iïuka;%K" mlaI
kdhlhska yd idlÉPd" jevuq¿" wOHhk jd¾;d bosßm;a lsÍï"
Woaf>daIK yd /<s ixúOdkh lsÍï iy fmdaiag¾" PdhdrEm yd
ldgQka m%o¾Yk wdosh u.ska ia;%S ksfhdackfha wjYH;djh ms<sn|
136
lu,d ,shkf.a
ck;dj;a" foaYmd,k mlaI;a" ;SrK .kakd uÜgfï mqoa.,hska
j;a oekqj;a lf<ah' fldx.%ia mlaIh yd fjk;a m%Odk mlaIj,
kdhlhska iu`." ia;%S ixúOdkj, ls%hdldßkshka wúêu;a in|;d
f.dvk`.d f.k ta yryd mlaI kdhl;ajhg n,mEï lsÍu" mx.=
l%uh oskd .ekSfïoS" Tjqka Ndú; l< Wml%uj,ska jvd;a id¾:l
Wml%uhla úh'
cd;sl fukau m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï ia;%S yd isú,a ixúOdk;a
ia;%S ksfhdackfha wjYH;djh ms<sn|j" úfYaIfhkau ia;%Skaj
oekqj;a lsßu" wod< jevuq¿ mj;ajd foaYmd,kh ms<sn|
Wkkaÿj olajk .eñ ia;%Skag mqyqKqjla ,ndoSu" mqyqKq fudähq,
yd wod< fmd;a iïmdokh lsÍu" ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a ùug
ia;%Skaj Wkkaÿ lrùu yd Tjqkag wjYH iyfhda.h ,ndoSu jeks
ls%hdldrlï u.ska ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍug odhl;ajh
oelajQy (Raman, 1999)'
mlsia;dkh 2000 oS n,h úuOH.; lsÍu i|yd ie,eiaula
iïmdokh lrk wjia:dfõoS trg ia;%S ixúOdko 33] l ia;%S
ksfhdackhla ,nd.ekSu i|yd tjlg mej;s yuqod wdKavqjg
n,mEï lf<ah' ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka ixfõoS
uka;%Sjßhka m%:ufhka oekqj;a fldg" Tjqka yryd m¾fõia
uqIdr*af.a yuqod wdKavqfõ ;SrK .kakkag fuu ixúOdk
n,mEï lf<ah' tu.ska tu wdKavqfõ m%cd;ka;%ShlrK ls%hdj,sh
iïnkaO jevms<sfj,g mx.= l%u fhdackdj we;=<;a lf<ah'
mlsia;dk m%cd;ka;%jdoh ms<sn| f,dalh ;=< hym;a m%;srEmhla
j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd ia;%S ksfhdackfha we;s Rcq in|;djh fuu
ia;%S ixúOdk úiska fmkajd fokq ,enQy' mlsia;dkfha n,h
úuOH.; lsÍfï jevms<sfj, ;=<g mx.= l%u úêúOdk wka;¾.;
lrjd .ekSug ia;%S ixúOdk oeäj n,mEï l<y' n,h m%dfoaYSh
fCIa;%j,g fnod yeÍfïoS" ia;%Ska tys fldgialrejka úhhq;=
137
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
njo" thska mqreIhka i;=j mej;s foaYmd,k n,h wvq fkdjk
njo fuu ia;%S ixúOdk wjOdrKh l<y' n,h úuOH.; lsÍug
fukau m%cd;ka;%jdoh id¾:l lr.ekSug o ia;%S ksfhdackh
wksjd¾h idOlhla neõ fuu ixúOdk fmkajd ÿkay'
m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;aùug wfmalaId lrk
ia;%Skag wod< mqyqKqj ,ndoSu" Tjqka Wkkaÿ lrùu yd úfYaIfhkau
ia;%S Pkaoodhlhskaj oekqj;a fldg ia;s%hla i|yd Pkaoh mdúÉÑ
lrk f,i b,a,d isàu jeks ls%hdldrlïo fuu ia;%S ixúOdk
úiska ixúOdkh lrkq ,enQy' fï whqßka mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd
oSfuka ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg kS;suh iyfhda.hla ,ndoS
we;;a" iudc yd ixialD;sl ndOl chf.k wfmaCId l< whqßka
.=Kd;aul j¾Okhla oskd .ekSug ;ju;a mlsia;dk ia;%Ska iu;a
ù ke;' ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha jeo.;alu iïnkaOfhka
;jÿrg;a ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu" foaYmd,kh flfrys Wkkaÿjla
olajk ia;%Skag úêu;a mqyqKqjla ,ndoSu" ia;%Ska uqyqKq mdk .eg¿
iïnkaOfhka wOHhkh fldg wod< jd¾;d yd ks¾foaY m%ldYhg
m;a lsÍu iy ia;%Skag ue;sjrK lghq;= i|yd uQ,HdOdr ,ndoSfï
jevms<sfj,la iïmdokh lsÍu jeks oE i|yd mlsia;dk ia;%S
ixúOdk ;jÿrg;a jeä Wkkaÿjlska lghq;= l<fyd;a" mlsia;dk
ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul fukau .=Kd;aul j¾Okhgo
u`.mdod .;yels nj f¾hia fmkajd fohs (Reyes, 2002)'
1980 oYlfha ueo Nd.fha isg nx.a,dfoaY ia;%S ixúOdko"
úúO Wml%u Ndú;d lrñka mx.= l%uhla i|yd n,mEï lf<ah'
nx.a,dfoaY iudc ls%hdldßkshka yd úoaj;=ka úiska ia;%S foaYmd,k
ksfhdackh iïnkaOfhka iïuka;%K yd jevuq¿ meje;aúu uq,a
ld,fhaoS lrkq ,eîh' cd;sl uÜgfï ia;%S ixúOdk lSmhla
tlaù nx.a,dfoaY mßmd,k tall 64 g wvqu jYfhka tla
ia;s%hla ne.ska fyda Rcq Pkaofhka f;dard f.k md¾,sfïka;=j
138
lu,d ,shkf.a
ksfhdackh l<hq;= neõ wjOdrKh l<y' ;j;a ia;%S ixúOdk
lSmhla foaYmd,k mlaIj,g n,mEï lrñka" kdufhdackdj,ska
wju jYfhka 20] laj;a ia;%Skag ,ndfok f,i b,aÆy' tfy;a"
Tjqkaf.a fhdackdj mßos 1990 nx.a,dfoaY wdKavql%u jHjia:djg
mx.= l%uh ms<sn| úêúOdk wka;¾.; lrjd .ekSug ia;%S ixúOdk
iu;a fkdjqks' kuq;a ia;S% ixúOdk ish wr.,h fkdkj;ajdu
2000 oYlh olajd lrf.k .sfhah' 2001 oS nx.a,dfoaY
md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yeÍug m%:ufhka cd;sl uÜgfï ia;%S
ixúOdk 20 la uys,d m¾Ioa ixúOdkfha uQ,sl;ajfhka tla ù
wdKavqjg yd foaYmd,k mlaIj,g kej;;a Tjqkaf.a fhdackd
bosßm;a l<y' ;jo" Woaf>daIK" /<s" ñksia oïje,a ixúOdkh
lsÍu" m%isoaO foaYk yd idlÉPd meje;aùu wdosh u.ska fï
ms<sn|j ck;dj ;=< Wkkaÿjla ks¾udKh lsÍugo fuu ixúOdk
lghq;= l<y' tfy;a" mßmd,k tall 64 g jl% Pkaofhka ia;%Ska
f;dard .ekSu i|yd jQ úêúOdk tu wjia:dfõoS;a ixfYdaOkh
lrjd .eksug fuu ia;%S ixúOdk iu;a fkdjQy' ia;%S ixúOdk
bosßm;a l< b,a,Sï ud,djg" ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackhg wod<
b,a,Sï yer fjk;a b,a,Sïo wka;¾.; lsÍu ksid" wfmalaIs;
whqßka mx.= l%u fhdackdj wjOdrKhg ,lafkdùh' wksla w;ska
fï iïnkaOfhka wdKavqj" foaYmd,k mlaI yd ia;%S ixúOdk
hï wdldr iïuq;shlg f.k tau i|yd fhda.H w;rueos
N+ñldjla r`.mEug iqÿiq Wml%uYS,s wfhl=o bosßm;a fkdùh'
;jo" ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< hq;= wdik ixLHdj iïnkaOfhka
ia;%S ixúOdk w;ru;a meyeos,s tl`.;djhla o fkdùh' fuu
ÿ¾j,;d fya;=fjka nx.a,dfoaY ia;%S jHdmdrfha m%h;akh wfmaCId
l< whqßka id¾:l fkdùh' kuq;a" fuu n,mEïj, m%;sM,hla
f,i" nx.a,dfoaY hQkshka ljqkais,j,ska ia;%Skag fjkal< 33'3]
i|yd Rcq Pkaofhka ksfhdað;jßhka f;dard .ekSug 1993 oS
;SrKh flßKs' tfiau" m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, wdikj,ska 25]
la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkafldg tu ksfhdað;jßhka Rcq Pkaofhka
139
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
f;dard .ekSugo ;SrKh flßKs' m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKj,g
bosßm;a jk ia;%Skag kdhl;aj mqyqKqj ,ndoSu" m%pdrl lghq;=j,oS
wdOdr lsÍu yd Pkaoodhlhskag ia;%S ksfhdackfha jeo.;alu
wjfndaO lroSu i|yd jevigyka ixúOdkh lsÍu wdosh u.ska
m<d;a uÜgfïoSj;a ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lr .ekSug
cd;sl fukau m%dfoaYSh ia;%S ixúOdk;a W;aidy l<y' kuq;a
nx.a,dfoaY ia;%S jHdmdrh rdcHhg n,mEï lsÍfï il%Sh Wml%u
Ndú;h" ia;%S ixúOdk" foaYmd,k kdhsldjka yd fjk;a isú,a
ixúOdk iu. cd, .;ùu yd foaYmd,k mlaI iu. in|;d
f.dvke`.Su wdosfhaoS úêu;a yd Wml%uYs,S whqßka lghq;= lsÍug
iu;a fkdùh' tu ls%hdud¾.j, úúO ÿ¾j,;d biau;= jQ ksid
wfmalaIs; m%;sM, oskd .ekSug nx.a,dfoaY ia;%Ska ;ju;a iu;a ù
fkdue; (Chowdhary, 2002)'
fkamd,h m%cd;ka;%jdoS m%jdyhg msúiSu;a iu`. 2007
jHjia:d ljqkais,hg m%udKj;a ia;%Ska ixLHdjla wka;¾.;
lrk f,i fkamd, ia;%S ixúOdk b,a,d isáfhah' tfiau" 2008
kj jHjia:dfjka ñY% ksfhdack l%uhla yd ia;%S ksfhdackh
i|yd 30]l m%;sY;hla y`ÿkajd fok f,io ud´jdoS ia;%Ska
fukau" wfkl=;a ia;%S ixúOdko n,mEï l<y' ;ju;a ksisf,i
ls%hd;aul ù ke;;a fuu n,mEïj, m%;sM,hla f,i mx.= l%u
ms<sn| kS;sh fkamd,fha Ndrldr wdKavqj úiska ia:dms; lrkq
,en we;'
rdcH ia;%Sjdoh yd ia;%SjdÈ woyia w.hk mßmd,k ks,Odß iydh
mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oSfïoS yd ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS rdcH
ia;%Sjdoh o úfYaI idOlhla f,i n,mEï l< wjia:d ;sfí'
,;ska wußldkq rgj, rdcH ia;%Sjdoh úiska ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh
k.d isgqùu yd ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd úúO m%;sm;a;s
140
lu,d ,shkf.a
iïmdokhg uQ,sl;ajh .kq ,eìks' fuu rgj,a úiska 1980
.Kkaj,oS ia;%Ska iïnkaO kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh" ls%hd;aul
lsÍu yd ksÍlaIKh i|yd fjkuu rdcH wdh;k msysgqjk ,oS'
cd;sl ia;%S ljqkais,h ^wd¾ckaákdj" blajfodarh" fjksishq,d"
fydkavqrdia" fulaisflda" kslr.=jd" fldiagßld& jks;d lghq;=
wud;HxYh fyda ckdêm;s f,alïjre ^fnd,súhd" f.!;ud,d"
mekud" mer.=fõ& iy ia;%S ixj¾Okh yd fiajd iemhSu iïnkaO
cd;sl wdh;k fyda ia;%S whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍfï wdh;k ̂Ñ,S"
t,a ie,ajfoda¾" fmare& wdoS úúO kïj,ska fuu wdh;k msysgjkq
,eìh' ia;%Skag fmdÿ m%Yak úi|Su iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu ta
wdh;kj, uQ,sl wruqK jQ w;r ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okfha ,d
tajd úfYaI ls%hdl,dmhla r`.mEy' fï iEu rglu mdfya mx.=
l%u ms<sn| kS;s iïmdokfhaoS fuu rdcH wdh;k ia;%S ixúOdk
iu`. idlÉPd mj;ajd" wOHhk jd¾;d ksÍlaIKh fldg" kS;s
yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg wod< oekqu we;s ia;%Ska n|jdf.k
úúO whqßka iyfhda.h oelaùh' md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S fldñiu" ia;%S
whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd jQ md¾,sfïka;= flduidßia
^Tïnqâiauka& yd ia;%S wud;HxY WmfoaYl lñgq wdosh ia:dms;
lsÍu u.skao fndfyduhla ,;ska wußldkq rgj, rdcHhka fï
iïnkaOfhka iydh oelajQy (Franceschet, 2004)'
kuq;a wod< kS;s ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS ish¨u ,;ska
wußldkq rgj,a iudk whqßka id¾:l m%;sM, oskdf.k ke;'
thg n,mE úúO fya;= w;r" fuu rdcH ia;%S wdh;kj, ÿ¾j,;d
o uQ,sl fya;=jla ù ;sfí' wd¾ckaákd yd fldiagßld jeks
rgj, ld¾hCIu ks,OdÍka iys;j" rcfha whjefhka ksYaÑ;
iïm;a m%udKhla jehfldg" fuu wdh;kj,g id¾:lj lghq;=
lsÍug wjYH n,h yd bvm%ia:d i,id oS ;snqKs' kuq;a" Ñ,S
yd fmare jeks rgj,oS fuu wdh;k j,g mlaI foaYmd,kfha
oeä ne|Sfuka f;drj lghq;= lsÍug bvla fkd,enqKs' n%iS,h
141
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
jeks rgj, yqfola úfoaY jHdmD;s hgf;a fuu ia;%S wdh;k
wdrïN l< w;r" cd;Hka;r m%;smdok wjika ùu;a iu. tajdfha
ls%hdldß;ajho wl¾ukH úh' kuq;a úêu;a f,i ksis wruqKla
yd oelaula iys;j lghq;= l< wd¾ckaákd yd fldiagßld ys
rdcH wdh;k ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg úYd, odhl;ajhla
oelaùh' fï iEu rglu mdfya Yla;su;a ia;%S jHdmdr fkd;sîfï
ysoei hï ;rulska fyda msrùug fuu rdcH ia;%S wdh;k j,g
yelsúh (Htun and Jones, 2002)' úfYaIfhkau mx.= l%u kS;s
y`ÿkajd oSfïoS fuu rgj,;a" bkaoshdj" mlsia;dkh" ´iafÜ%,shdj"
ol=Kq wms%ldj yd rejkavdj jeks rgj,;a rdcHfha foaYmd,k
leue;a; yd lemùu úfYaI idOlhla f,i n,mEï lr ;sfí'
tfiau wd¾ckaákdj jeks rgj, mx.= l%u kS;shg wkqj
foaYmd,k mlaI kdufhdackd bosßm;a fkdl< wjia:dj,
cd;sl ue;sjrK fldñiu fukau wêlrKh;a wmlaImd;Sj yd
idOdrKj tu kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam lsÍug ;SrKh
l<y' tn`ÿ kS;s W,a,x>kh l< wjia:dj,oS ia;%S ixúOdk fyda
isú,a ixúOdk ta ms<sn| wjosfhka isg fm;aiï u.ska wod<
wdh;kj,g lreKq bosßm;a lsÍuo" tu rgj, mx.= l%u id¾:lj
ls%hd;aul lsÍug n,mEfõh' tfiau ta iïnkaOfhka wod< rdcH
wdh;k t<fUk wmlaImd;S ;SrK o tmuKgu jeo.;a úh
(Gray, 2003)'
ia;%S ksfhdackfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka
ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj, ia;%S md¾,sfïka;= ldrl iNd"
hqfrdamd ix.ï md¾,sfïka;=fõ ia;%S ldrl iNdj" wh¾,ka;h"
iamd[a[h yd hqfrdamd md¾,sfïka;=fõ ia;%S whs;sjdislï ms<sn|
lñgq" fn,aðhu yd ,laiïn¾.a md¾,sfïka;=j, ia;%S-mqreI
iudkd;au;djh yd iudk bvm%ia:d ms<sn| lñgq jeks rdcH
wdh;ko úYd, odhl;ajhla olajd ;sfí' kj ksfhdack l%u
142
lu,d ,shkf.a
y`ÿkajd oS" foaYmd,k mlaIj,g mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd fok f,i
n,mEï lsÍu" md¾,sfïka;= yd fjk;a ksfhdað; wdh;kj,
ia;%S ys;ldó mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍug wod< m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd
oSu" tu wdh;kj, kHdh m;% yd ld, igyka mjq,a-ys;ldó
(family-friendly) whqßka fjkia lsÍu iy tajd ;=< ia;%Skag
wod< myiqlï imhd oSu jeks ld¾hkaj,oS" úfYaIfhkau fuu
rdcH wdh;k lemùfuka lghq;= lr ;sfí' fn,aðhï fifkÜ
iNdj ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh ys;ldó (gender-friendly) ieisjdr
ld, igyka ms<sfh, lsÍu yd iaùvkfha md¾,sfïka;= ldrl
iNd j,g uka;%Sjßhka wksjd¾fhkau we;=<;a fldg kS;s
yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfhaoS ia;%Ska yd mqreIhskag tajd n,mdk
wdldrh ksis mÍlaIdjg ,lalsÍu fï i|yd jk fyd| WodyrK
fõ' iafldÜ,ka; md¾,sfïka;=jg y`ÿkajd ÿka mjq,a ys;ldó
ld, igyka yd ia;%S-ys;ldó wdik ieleiauo" ia;%S-mqreI iudk
bvm%ia:d lñgqjo" trg md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhkag id¾:lj
lghq;= lsÍug u`.mdod ÿks (Sawer, 2000)' ;jo ialekaäfkaúhdkq
rgj, yd c¾uka md¾,sfïka;=j, <ud iq/l=ï uOHia:dk
msysgqùuo md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhkaf.a odhl;ajfha .=Kd;aul
j¾Okhla i|yd n,md we;'
md¾,sfïka;=j jvd;a ia;%S-ys;ldó wdh;khla njg
mßj¾;kh lsÍfuka tu .=Kd;aul j¾Okh oskd.;a rgj,a
w;ßka ´iafÜ%,shdjo m%uqL fõ' trg f*vr,a md¾,sfïka;= lñgq"
ia;%Ska iïnkaO lreKq úuiSu i|yd m%dfoaYSh uOHia:dkj,g
f.dia" ck;dj iu`. idlÉPd mj;ajd f;dr;=re tla/ialr"
tu wjYH;d u; m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lrhs' fuu idlÉPdj,oS
úfYaIfhkau bx.%Sis NdIdj l:d fkdlrk" m%Odk k.rj,
we;s rdcH wdh;kj,g hdfï myiqlï fyda bvm%ia:d wvq
ia;%Ska flf¾ jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrhs' ´iafÜ%,shdfõ
mßmd,k fCI;%fha by< ;k;=rej,g ia;%SjdoS woyia w.hk
143
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
zzfmsfudl%eÜiaZZ (femocrats) kñka y`ÿkajk ks,Odßkshka m;a
lsÍuo ia;%S ksfhdackfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh i|yd Rcqj n,mE
;j;a Wml%uhls' kS;s iïmdok wdh;k úiska .kq ,nk ;SrK
ksisf,i ls%hd;aul lsÍu" ksÍCIKh yd we.hSfï j.lSu fuu
mßmd,k ks,Odßkshkag mejf¾' tfiau" ia;%Ska iïnkaO kS;s
yd m%;sm;a;s ieliSfïoS" fudjqka wod< wdh;kj,g ksjeros
f;dr;=re yd Wmfoia ,nd fohs (Sawer and Jupp, 1996)' fï
whqßka ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul fukau
.=Kd;aul j¾Okh oskd .ekSfï wruqKska" úúO wdldrfha rdcH
wdh;k msysgqjd" úúO Wml%u Ndú;d lrñka rgj,a rdYshl
rdcHhka ish odhl;ajh olajd we;' tu rgj,a fndfyduhla
wfmalaIs; m%;sM, hï m%udKhlska fyda oskdf.k ;sîu ;=<ska
.uH jkafka mx.= l%u kS;s fyda iafõÉPd m%;sm;a;s id¾:lj
ls%hd;aul lsÍug kï wksjd¾fhkau ta i|yd rdcHfha ienE
foaYmd,k leue;a;" Wkkaÿj yd lemùu o w;HjYH njhs'
foaYmd,k mlaIj Wkkaÿj yd lemùu
ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha j¾Okhg n,mdk ;j;a
m%Odk idOlhla jkafka foaYmd,k mlaI ta i|yd olajk wjHdc
Wkkaÿj yd lemùuhs' wNHka;r m%cd;ka;%jdoS jHQyhka iys;
foaYmd,k mlaI" wdKavql%u jHjia:d úêúOdk fyda fjk;a wod<
idudkH kS;s fyda ue;sjrK kS;s fkdue;s ;;ajhka ;=<oS mjd
iafõÉPdfjka mx.= l%u i|yd jk m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd oS ia;%Skaf.a
foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okhg ienE f,iu lemùfuka lghq;=
lr ;sfí' ta i|yd fyd| WodyrK úfYaIfhkau ialekaäfkaúhdkq
rgj,ska f.kyer oelaúh yelsh' lsis`ÿ ialekaäfkaúhdkq
rgl wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka fyda fjk;a kS;shlska mx.= l%u
y`ÿkajd oS ke;' kuq;a iEu rglu mdfya ia;%Ska i|yd ue;sjrK
kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska lsishï m%;sY;hla fjka lsÍug
144
lu,d ,shkf.a
uq,skau ;SrKh lrk ,oafoa foaYmd,k mlaI úisks'
f,dfjkavials yd fkdßiaf.a (Lovenduski and Norris, 1993) wOHhkj,g wkqj m<uq f,dj" ixj¾ê; m%cd;ka;%jdoS
rgj, ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okfha ,d n,mE uQ,slu
ndOlh jQfha tu rgj, m%Odk mlaIhs' fuu ;;ajh" tu rgj,
ia;%S jHdmdr úiska 1960 .Kka jkúg;a wjfndaO lrf.k
;sìKs' tfyhska Tjqyq úúO idlÉPd" iïuka;%K" iy wOHhk
jd¾;d bosßm;a lsÍu wdosh u.ska fuu m%Yakh úi|Sug 1960
.Kkaj, isgu mlaIj,g n,mEï l<y' ialekaäfkaúhdkq
rgj,a lsysmhl;a" ´iafÜ%,shdfõ;a ia;%S foaYmd,k mlaI msysgqjd
iajdëkj ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a jk nj m%ldY lrñka" m%Odk
mlaI iu. fuu ia;%Syq flaj,a l<y' ke;skï m%Odk mlaI j,g
;¾ckh l<y' fuu ls%hdldrlï j, m%;sM,hla f,i fkda¾fõ"
iaùvka" fko¾,ka;h yd wh¾,ka;h jeks rgj, fndfyduhla
foaYmd,k mlaI;a" ì%;dkH yd ´iafÜ%,shdkq lïlre mlaI;a"
,;ska wußldkq rgj, úfYaIfhkau iudcjdoS mlaI;a tajdfha
wNHka;r m%;sm;a;s fjkia fldg" iafõÉPd mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oS
;sfí' tfyhska tu rgj, ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka
fuu mlaI wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;s ta i|yd jQ id¾:l Wml%u
f,i fmkajd osh yelsh'
fkda¾fõ ys lïlre mlaIh 1983 uy ue;sjrKfhaoS
kdufhdackdj,ska 40] la ia;%Skag fjka lrñka" iafõÉPd mx.=
l%uh y`ÿkajd oSfï m%uqLhd úh' bkamiq fkda¾fõ iudcjdoS
mlaIh" olaIsKdxYsl mlaIh yd ls%ia;shdks m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIho
tu m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh l<y' fvkaud¾la ys iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS
mlaIho ta yd iuj hñka" 1984 oS kdufhdackd j,ska 50] l
m%;sY;hla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lf<ah' 1994 oS iaùvka ys iudc
m%cd;ak;%jdoS mlaIh “zipper” l%uh ke;skï “zebra” l%uh
145
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
y`ÿkajd foñka" kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j, m<uq jekakd mqreIfhla
yd fojekakd ia;s%hla úhhq;=h hk m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks' 1994 uy
ue;sjrKfhaoS iaùvkays .%Ska mlaIh yd ls%ia;shdks m%cd;ak;%jdoS
mlaIh;a hqfrdamd ix.ufha ue;sjrK we;=¿ wfkl=;a ish¨u
ue;sjrK j,g mx.= l%u m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks'
ngysr hqfrdamfha fndfyduhla rgj, m%Odk mlaI"
úfYaIfhkau iudcjdoS fyda iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaI iafõÉPd
mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oSfuka" ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg odhl jQy'
c¾uksho thg fyd| WodyrKhls' trg m%Odk mlaI mfyka
;=kla úiskau mlaI m%;sm;a;s j,g wkqj kdufhdackd j,ska 40-
50] w;r m%;sY;hla ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalrkq ,en ;sfí' 1980
.%Ska mlaIh “zipper” l%uh y`ÿkajd ÿks' 1988 oS c¾uka iudc
m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh kdufhdackdj,ska wju jYfhka 1$3 la
ia;%Ska úhhq;=h hk m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks' 1994 isg tu mlaIfha
ish¨u ;k;=rej,ska 40] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lf<ah' 1998 oS
ish¨u ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 40] la ia;%Ska i|yd
fjka lf<ah' c¾uka ls%ia;shdks m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh" 1996 oS
ish¨u mlaI ;k;=rej,ska yd kdufhdackdj,ska 30] la ia;%Ska
i|yd fjka lf<ah' ngysr yd kef.kysr c¾uksh taldnoaO
ùfuka miqj merKs kef.kysr c¾uka fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh
(Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus - PDS) kj “zipper” l%uh y`ÿkajd oS" kdufhdackdj,ska 50] l mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd
fjka lf<ah' ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,;a" c¾uksfha;a iudcjdoS
ú{dk u; mokï jQ mlaI mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oSug jeä Wkkaÿjla
oelajqjo" iïm%odhsl olaIsKdxYsl mlaI fndfyduhla ;ju;a
iafõÉPd mx.= l%u m%;sfCIam lrhs'
ì%;dkH lïlre mlaIh" 1980 w.oS ish¨u mlaI ;k;=re
j,ska 25] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍug ;SrKh lf<ah' thska
146
lu,d ,shkf.a
miqj iEu md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=jlgu
wju jYfhka tla ia;s%hlf.a kula we;=<;a lsÍug tl`. úh'
1993 oS úY%du hk uka;%Sjrekaf.a wdikj,g" l,ska flá ,ehsia;=
.;lr ;snQ ia;%Skaf.a kï ,ehsia;=jlska kula bosßm;a lsÍug
;SrKh flßKs' 1997 olajd fuu l%uh id¾:lj ls%hd;aul jqj;a"
1997 oS" mqrjeis iudkd;au;djh i|yd ia:dms; lr ;snQ kS;suh
úêúOdkhla ksid tu m%;sm;a;sh wêlrKh yuqfõ wNsfhda.hg
,la flßKs' tysoS th wj,x.= flßKs' tfia jqj;a" 2000 oYlfhaoS
lïlre mlaI ia;%S ksfhdackh ì%;dkHfha wfkla mlaIj,g
idfmalaIj j¾Okh ùug" tu m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd oSfuka mlaIh
;=<;a" thska msg;;a isÿjQ wdl,amuh fjki n,mEï lr ;sfí'
m%:u iafldÜ,ka; md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh" fõ,aia
wefiïì,s ue;sjrKh yd ,kavka wefiïì,s ue;sjrKhg
lïlre mlaIh “twinned” l%uh ke;skï zzksjqka l%uhZZ y`ÿkajd
ÿks' thg wkqj Pkaoodhlhdg Pkao 2 la ysñfõ' tla Pkaohla
ia;s%hl yd wfkl mqreIhl= i|yd Ndú;d l<yelsh' fï
m%;sm;a;sh ksid ì%;dkH lïlre mlaI ia;%S ksfhdackh /äl,a
wdldrfhka j¾Okh úh'
´iafÜ%,shdkq lïlre mlaIho fï i|yd fyd| ksoiqkls'
1994 oS" lïlre mlaIh úiska 2002 jkúg trg md¾,sfïka;=
ia;%S ksfhdackh 35] úhhq;=h hk b,lalh iksgqyka lr.kakd
,oS' lïlre mlaIfhka f;aÍ m;ajQ m%dka; w.ue;skshlj isá
lduka f,darkaia (Carmen Lawrence) úiska idOdrK;ajh ms<sn|
;¾lh bosßm;a lrñka" mlaIh ;=< fï ms<sn|j oekqj;anj yd
fm<Uùula we;s lrk ,oS' lïlre mlaI kdhl;ajh mlaIfha
ia;%S-mqreI fomCIfhau yelshdjka rfÜ ixj¾Okh i|yd Ndú;
l<hq;=h hk Wmfhda.s;d ;¾lh Ndú; lrñka" mCIfha ia;%Skaf.a
b,a,Sug iydh oelaùh' ;jo" lïlre mlaIfha laùkaia,ka;
YdLdj ´iafÜ%,shdkq ia;%S mlaIh msysgqjd" úfYaIhkau ia;%S
147
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
Pkaoodhlhskaf.a wdl¾IKh oskd .;s' fuu ia;%S mlaIh oskd.;a
ksfhdað;jßhkaf.a iyfhda.h lïlre mlaIhg ,ndoSfuka
mlaI kdhl;ajhg n,mEï lsÍu Tjqka wkq.ukh l< úfYaI
Wml%uhla úh'
fuu mßirh ;=<" ´iafÜ%,shdkq lïlre mlaIh mx.=
l%uh y`ÿkajd oSug tfrysj olaIsKdxYsl mlaIj,ska fukau mlaI
wNHka;rfhkao úfrdaO;d mek ke.=Ks' kuq;a mlaIfha b,lalh
oskd.ekSug mlaI kdhlhska oelajQ lemùu yd mlaIfha ia;%Ska
úiska ta i|yd lrk ,o fm<Uùu iqúfYaIsh' mx.= l%uh id¾:l
lr.ekSu i|yd lïlre mlaIfha m%dka; w.ue;skshkaj isá
kdhsldjka fofofklaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka wußldkq tñ,s ,ehsia;=jg
(EMILY’s List) iudk whqßka ´iafÜ%,shdkq tñ,s ,ehsia;=j
wdrïN flßKs' m%cd;ka;%jdoS ia;%Ska Pkaohg bosßm;a jkúg
Tjqkag wdOdr lsÍug;a" ia;%SjdoS woyia w.hk ksfhdað;jßhka
md¾,sfïka;=jg we;=<;a lrjd" Tjqka yryd ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh
k.d isgqùug wod< kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lrjd .ekSug;a"
foaYmd,kh ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla we;s ia;%Ska ue;sjrK kdufhdackd
i|yd ks¾foaY lsÍug;a" fuu tñ,s wdh;kh ls%hd lf<ah' f*vr,a
md¾,sfïka;=fõ lïlre mlaI ia;%S lñgqj iu`. i;shlg jrla
fuu tñ,s wdh;kfha kdhsldjka idlÉPd mj;ajd ia;%Skag wod<
kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s ksisf,i ls%hd;aul fõoehs fidhd n,d wod<
jd¾;d bosßm;a lf<ah' ;jo" *sfudl%eÜia kñka y÷kajk ia;%Sjd§
woyia w.hk" mßmd,k ks,Odßka ,jd tajd úêu;a ksÍlaIKhlg
yd we.hSulg ,la lf<ah' md¾,sfïka;=fõ kHdh m;%" ieisjdr
ld,igyka" wdik mekùu yd tys myiqlï ie,iSfïoS ia;%S-
mqreI iudcNdjhg ixfõoS whqßka wod< m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg;a"
iïm;a ,nd .ekSug;a lïlre mCI uka;%Sjßhka muKla fkdj"
uka;%Sjrekao fufyhùfïoS tñ,s wdh;kh úYd, odhl;ajhla
oelaùh (Sawer, 2000)'
148
lu,d ,shkf.a
iuyr ixj¾Okh jkakd jQ rgj," úfYaIfhkau
jdudxYsl woyia w.hk foaYmd,k mlaI mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSfïoS
uQ,sl;ajh .;a wjia:d we;' ngysr hqfrdamfha iudcjdoS mlaIj,
w;aoelSï mdvï f,i f.k ,;ska wußldkq rgj, iudcjdoS
mlaI fndfyduhla o mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oSfï ,d uQ,sl;ajh
.;ay' WodyrK jYfhka fulaisflda ys m%cd;ka;%jdoS" úma,ùh
mlaIh (Party of the Democratic Revolution), kslr.=jd ys cd;sl
úuqla;sh i|yd jQ iekaäksiagd fmruqK (Nicaragua’s Sandinista Front for National Liberation) iy fldiagßld ys cd;sl úuqla;s
mlaIh (Party of National Liberation) cd;sl ue;sjrK j,
kdufhdackdj,ska ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla iafõÉPdfjka kshu
lsÍfïoS m%uqL;ajh .;ay' tu mlaI wkq.ukh lrñka Ñ,S ys
m%cd;ka;%jdoh i|yd jQ mlaIh (Chile’s Party for Democracy)" iudcjdoS mlaIh (Socialist Party) iy n%iS,fha lïlre mlaIh;a
(Worker’s Party) mlaI wNHka;r ;k;=re i|yd jk Pkao
j,oS ia;S%ka fjkqfjka m%;sY;hla fjka lf<ah' thska miq Ñ,S ys
uOHia: u;OdÍ mlaIh o tu m%;sm;a;sh wkq.ukh lf<ah'
fuu rgj, by; i|yka l< mlaI" tu foaYmd,k
l%u m%cd;ka;%ShlrKh ùu;a iu`.u mlaI jHQyh o hï wdldr
m%cd;ka;%ShlrKhg ,la lsÍu" 1990 .Kkaj, m%ldYhg m;a jQ kj
m%jK;djhla úh' tf;la ue;sjrKj,g wfmalaIlhska f;aÍfïoS
mlaI kdhlhskag ;snQ wdêm;H ta ksid hï wdldr wNsfhda.
hlg ,la úh (Franceschet, 2004)' fndfyduhla ,;ska wußldkq
rgj,a kS;Hdkql+,j y`ÿkajd ÿka mx.= l%u hï ;rulska fyda
id¾:l ùug fï whqßka foaYmd,k mlaIj,ska ,enqk iyfhda.h
fnfyúka n,md we;'
1970 ueo .Kkaj, isg bkaÈhdkq ia;%S jHdmdrh úiska
wjia:d lSmhloS mx.= l%uh ms<sn| fhdackdj bosßm;a lrkq
149
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
,enqjo" md,l fldx.%ia mlaI kdhsld bkaosrd .dkaê ta i|yd
iyfhda.h m< lf<a ke;' kuq;a 1993 oS mxpdh;s m<d;a md,k
wdh;kj, wdikj,ska 33] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalsÍfï fhdackdj
bosßm;a jQ úg tjlg fldx.%ia mlaI kdhl rÔõ .dkaê tu
m%;sm;a;sh ms<sf.k ta i|yd úfYaI Wkkaÿjlska lghq;= lf<ah'
cd;sl uÜgfï muKla fkdj m%dka; uÜgfï fldx.%ia mlaI
kdhlhskao" rÔõ .dkaêg fuu mK; iïu; lr .ekSfïoS
iyfhda.h oelaùh (Singh, 2005)'
fï wkqj f,dj úúO mlaIj, w;aoelSï weiqßka m%ldY
jkafka mlaI jHQyh" wNHka;r m%cd;ka;%jdoh" kdhl;ajfha
kuHYS,s nj" mlaI ú{dkh yd m%;sm;a;s iy mlaI idudðldjkaf.a
ls%hdldrlï wdosh ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okfhys ,d Rcqju n,mEï
lrk njhs' fndfyda rgj, jdudxYsl fyda iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS
mlaI ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd ;snq m%;sm;a;s y÷kajd ÿkaúg"
olaIsKdxYsl fyda uOHia: u;OdÍ mlaIo Tjqkaf.a ckms%h;ajh
.s,syS hdfï ìh yd ;¾ckh yuqfõ" tn`ÿ m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd oS
;sfí' c¾uka .%Ska mlaIh jeks l=vd mlaI mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿkaúg
m%Odk mlaI o tn`ÿ ;¾ck yuqfõ ta yd iudk m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd
oSug fm<Uqk wjia:d ;sfí' mx.= l%uh oskd .ekSug fukau"
thska id¾:l m%;sM, w;am;a lr .ekSug;a mlaIj, iyfhda.h
w;HjYH neõ fkdßia yd f,dfjkavials úiska (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995:195) Tjqkaf.a wOHhk weiqßka fufia m%ldY
lrkq ,en we;' zzidOkSh m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd oSfuka" ia;%Skag lsishï
m%;sY;hla kdufhdackdj,ska fjka lsÍfuka" ia;%Ska mqyqKq lsÍu
i|yd úfYaI hdka;%K ia:dms; lsÍfuka yd Tjqkag uQ,Huh yd
fjk;a wdOdr imhd oSfuka foaYmd,k mlaI ia;%Skag iyfhda.h
olajkafka kï ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lr .ekSu myiq fõZZ'
by; i|yka l< foaYmd,k mlaIj, ls%hdldrlï j,ska meyeos,s
jkafka tajd" fkdßia yd f,dfjkavialsf.a m%ldYh ikd: lr
we;s njhs'
150
lu,d ,shkf.a
úfYaIs; wdh;k msysgqùu
mx.= l%u ks;Hdkql+,j fyda mCI m%;sm;a;s u.ska oskd
.ekSfuka muKla ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍfï wruqKq
bgqlr .; fkdyelsh' th id¾:lj ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd by;
i|yka l< whqßka rdcH" foaYmd,k mlaI" ia;%S ixúOdk yd isú,a
ixúOdk o lemùfuka lghq;= l<hq;=h' mx.= l%u u.ska ia;%Skag
kdufhdackd ,nd oSu i|yd Tjqka thg bosßm;a ùu w;HjYH fõ'
tfyhska foaYmd,k fCIa;%hg wdOqksl ia;%Skaj ta i|yd fm<Uùu
fukau Tjqkag iyfhda.h ,ndoSu i|yd;a úfYaIs; wdh;k
msysgqùuo" ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh flf¾ Rcqj n,mdhs' WodyrK
jYfhka wußldkq yd ´iafÜ%,shdkq tñ,s ,ehsia;= wußldfõ
úIa (WISH List) ,ehsia;=j" tx.,ka;fha úlafgdaßhdkq lïlre
mCI ia;%Skaf.a cd,h" iaùvka ,snr,a mlaIfha iudk bvm%ia:d
lñgqj jeks wdh;k rdYshla kï l< yelsh' fuu wdh;kj,ska
tñ,s yd úIa ,ehsia;=j, uQ,sl wruqK jkafka ia;%S foaYmd,k
ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd jQ úúO ls%hdldrlïj,§ uQ,sl;ajh
.ekSuhs' foaYmd,khg Wkkaÿjla olajk ia;%Skaf.a Ôjo;a; tl;=
lsÍu" Tjqkaf.a kï ,ehsia;= ilid ue;sjrK kdufhdackd i|yd
foaYmd,k mlaIj,g bosßm;a lsÍu" úfYaIfhkau wdOqksl Pkao
wfmalaIsldjkag mqyqKqj yd wod< wkq.%y iemhSu" ue;sjrKh
oskd.;a uka;%Sjßhka iu. tu wdh;k .súi .;a mßos ia;%Skaf.a
;;ajh j¾Okh lsÍug wod< kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg Tjqkaj
fm<Uùu" tajdg wod< f;dr;=re imhd § tu mK;a jHdmD;s iy
ie,iqï iïmdokhg iydh oelaùu wdosh fuu wdh;k u.ska
bgqlrhs' tfiau wod< kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s ksisf,i ls%hd;aul
lrùug mßmd,kh fm<Uùu;a" tajd ksÍlaIKh" we.hSu yd
tajdg wod< ks¾foaY bosßm;a lsÍu;a ta iïnkaO wOHhk jd¾;d
iemhSu wdosh;a fuu wdh;k u.ska isÿlrhs' ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla
oskd .ekSfuka muKla ienE ksfhdackhla isÿfõhhs wfmalaId
151
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
l< fkdyelsh' ienE .=Kd;aul ksfhdackhla oskd .ekSug kï"
fun÷ úfYaIs; wdh;k msysgqjd foaYmd,k mlaI iu`. Rcq fyda
jl% in|;d f.dvk`.df.k" by; i|yka wdldrfhka il%Sh
odhl;ajhla ±laùu w;HjYHh'
152
lu,d ,shkf.a
5
Y%S ,xldj i|yd mx.= l%uhl wjYH;djh
Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%Ska 1931 oS Pkaoh oSfï yd ksfhdackfha whs;sh
oskd .;a; o" jir 80 l os.= l,lska miqj;a ia;%S ksfhdackh 6]
olajdj;a j¾Okh ù fkdue;' wjia:d .KkdjloS ia;%S ixúOdk"
isú,a ixúOdk yd fuu .eg¿j ms<sn|j Wkkaÿj olajk úoaj;=ka
Y%S ,dxlsl rdcHh yd foaYmd,k mlaIj,g úúO whqßka n,mEï
lr fuu .eg¿j úi|k f,i b,a,d we;' tfiau" úúO jHdmD;s
hgf;a m%cd kdhsldjka i|yd foaYmd,k kdhl;aj mqyqKq
mdGud,do mj;ajd we;' iajdëk ia;%S lKavdhï f,i m<d;a yd
m%dfoaYSh ue;sjrK lSmhlg bosßm;a ùug fuu ixúOdk m%cd
kdhsldjkag iyfhda.h o oS we;' úúO ls%hdldrlï u.ska m%cdj
oekqj;a lsÍug o lghq;= lr we;' tfy;a miq.sh oYl 3 l muK
ld,hl w;aoelSïj,ska meyeos,s jkafka tu m%h;akhka lsisjla
fuu .eg¿j úi|Sug m%udKj;a ù fkdue;s njh' thg uQ,sl
fya;=j jkafka isú,a ixúOdk ork fuu W;aidyhkag Y%S ,dxlsl
rdcH iy foaYmd,k mlaIj,ska ksis m%;spdr fkd,eîuhs' tfia;a
ke;skï ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka fuf;la n,h
oerE lsisÿ ,dxlsl wdKavqjla fyda foaYmd,k mlaIhla Wkkaÿjla
fkdoelaùuhs'
2007-2011 ld,h ;=<oS iduh iy hymd,kh i|yd jQ
ldka;dfjda ixúOdkh úiska uOHu m<d; ;=< osh;a lrk ,o
jHdmD;shla yd ta iïnkaOfhka bÈßm;a lrk ,o wOHhk
jd¾;djlg wkqj (Liyanage and Rajendran, 2012) ia;%S
ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd mx.= l%uhl wjYH;djh m%dfoaYSh
153
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
uÜgfï foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh fukau" nyq;r m%cdj úiskao
wjOdrKh lrkq ,en ;sfí' tfiau mx.= l%u ms<sn| ck;djf.a
oekqj;aNdjho idfmalaIj j¾Okh ù we;s neõ tu wOHhkfhka
m%ldY fõ' ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj, iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%u
ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg Okd;aulj n,mEï l<o" Y%S ,xldfõ
oekg ls%hd;aul jk iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh yd újD; ,ehsia;=
l%uh" mdrïmßlj fjkilg ,lajQ ia;%Ska jeks lKavdhulg"
ksfhdackfhaoS jdis w;alrfok l%uhla f,i ie,lsh fkdyelsh'
Y%S ,xldfõ ue;sjrK kS;s fyda wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkh
fkdlr" fuu .eg¿j úi|Su i|yd myiqfjkau Ndú; l<
yelafla mlaI u.ska y`ÿkajd fok iafõÉPd mx.= l%uhhs' kuq;a
Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI úiska kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska
hï m%;sY;hla iafõÉPdfjka ia;%Ska i|yd fjka l<o" thska
Okd;aul m%;sM,hla fláld,Skj Wodfõhhs is;Su W.ygh'
mlaI kdhl;ajfha ióm in|;d we;s wfmalaIlhska újD;
,ehsia;= l%uh hgf;a ,ehsia;=fõ jdisiy.; whqßka ia:dk.;
lsÍfuka ia;%Skag wjdishla isÿfõ' tfiau" ia;s%hla m%udKj;a Pkao
ixLHdjla oskd .;a;;a" mlaI kdhl;ajhg th fjkia lsÍfï
yelshdj we;' Y%S ,xldfõ w;S; w;aoelSï lSmhlg wkqj tn`ÿ
wjia:dj,oS;a jeä wjdisiy.; ;;ajhlg ia;%Ska m;afõ' wfkla
w;g tla Pkao fldÜGdYhlg wfmalaIlhska lSmfofkla kï
lsßfuka mlaIh ;=<u ukdm oskd .ekSug wr.,hla l<hq;=fõ'
tysoS ia;%Skag idfmalaIj jeä w;aoelSï" ixúOdk Yla;sh yd jeä
iïm;a we;s fndfyda msßñ wfmalaIlhska ksrdhdifhkau jdis
iy.; ;;ajhlg m;afõ' wfkla w;ska" ue;sjrK kS;s u`.ska
kshu fkdlr iafõÉPdfjka mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿkak;a Y%S ,dxlsl
mlaI tu m%;sm;a;sj,g wkql+,j ls%hd lrhso hkak iel iys;h'
Y%S ,dxlsl mlaI wNHka;r m%cd;ka;%jdoh rys; ;;ajhlska
ls%hd;aul jk ksid tn`ÿ úêúOdkj,g wkql+,j kdufhdackd
,ndoSfï iïm%odhla iafõÉPdfjka wdrïN lrdúo hkak wfmalaId
154
lu,d ,shkf.a
lsÍuo wiSreh' ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj, fndfyduhla mlaI ia;%S
jHdmdrfha y`vg lka oS zipper l%uh jeks iu;=,s; kdufhdackd
,ehsia;= l%uhla y`ÿkajd oS" ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu ksfhdackfhaoS
iudk bv m%ia:d ,ndoSug ;rï m%cd;ka;%jdoh w.hk ;;ajhl
miqjqj;a" ixj¾Okh jkakd jQ rgla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ ;ju;a
ls%hd;aul jk mjq,a uQ,sl yd mS;DuQ,sl foaYmd,k mlaIj,ska
tn`ÿ m%.;sYS,s m%;sm;a;shla iafõÉPdfjka y`ÿkajd foaú hhs
wfmalaId lsÍu wiSreh'
kuq;a fndfyda rgj, ia;%S jHdmdr oYl fol ;=kla
;siafia foaYmd,k mlaIj,g ndysr fukau wNHka;r jYfhkao
n,mEï fldg iafjÉPd mx.= l%u oskd.;a neõ w;S; w;aoelSïj,ska
m%ldY fõ' tfyhska wog jvd Yla;su;aj" úêu;aj yd tlai;aj
Y%S ,xldfõ ia;%SjdoS" ia;%S yd isú,a ixúOdk foaYmd,k mlaIj,g
n,mEï fldg ia;%S ksfhdackfha jeo.;alu ;jÿrg;a wjOdrKh
lsÍu u.ska mlaIj,g hï n,mEula l< yelsfõ' ,xldfõ
mj;sk iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%ufha ÿ¾j,;d ksid wfmalaIs;
m%;sM, w;alr .ekSu wiSre jqj;a" wju jYfhka mlaIj, ia;%S
idudðl;ajhg iß,k m%udKhl m%;sY;hla kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=j,ska ia;%Skag fjkalrk f,i mlaI kdhl;ajhg
n,mEï lsÍu w;HjYH fõ' wju jYfhka 20] l m%;sY;hla
fyda ia;%Ska m<uqj oskd .;fyd;a ue;sjrK ;r`.hg m%fõYùu yd
tu w;aoelSï ,nd .ekSfï jdish Tjqkag hï ;rulskaj;a ysñfõ'
tfiau ta yryd ia;%S ksfhdackh ms<sn|j mj;sk RKd;aul
wdl,am hï;rulska fyda fjkilg ,laùug u`. mEfoa'
kuq;a Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk foaYmd,k l%uh yd foaYmd,k
ixialD;shg wkqj ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul
j¾Okhla flá ld,hlska oskd .ekSug kï iafõÉPd mx.=
l%uhla y`ÿkajd oSu muKla m%udKj;a fkdfõ' ta i|yd
155
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
wksjd¾fhkau ue;sjrK kS;s" m<d;a md,k wKmk;a fyda
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkh fldg ksfhdað; wdh;kj,
wdik j,ska hï m%;sY;hla ia;%Ska i|yd ks;Hdkql+,j fjkalr
oSula fyda kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska lsishï m%;sY;hla kS;sfhka
fjkalr oSula" wksjd¾fhkau isÿl, hq;=h' Y%S ,dxlsl foaYmd,k
w;aoelSïj,g wkqj;a" ia;%S ksfhdackh iïnkaOfhka lrk ,o
wOHhk ks¾foaYj,g wkqj;a Y%S ,xldjg fï iïnkaOfhka jvd;a
M,odhS jk ks¾foaY lSmhla fhdackd l< yelsh'
i. iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh iy ir, nyq;r l%ufha
ñY%Kfhka iïmdos; ksfhdack l%uhla iy wdjD;
ke;skï jeiqKq kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSu'
ii. ish¨u ue;sjrKj,oS" ish¨u foaYmd,k mlaI bosßm;a
lrk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 33] la ia;%Skag fjkalr
oSu ue;sjrK kS;s u.ska ia:dms; lsÍu'
iii. cd;sl" m<d;a yd m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï ish¨u ksfhdað;
wdh;kj, wdikj,ska 1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍu'
cd;sl yd m<d;a iNd ksfhdackfha fjkila i|yd
wdKavql%u jHjia:dj iy m<d;a md,k wdh;k i|yd
m<d;a md,k kS;s ixfYdaOkhla u.ska fuh y`ÿkajd osh
yelsh'
iv. ish¨u mlaIj, wNHka;r m%;sm;a;s ixfYdaOkhla u.ska"
mlaIfha ;SrK .kakd uÜgfï ;k;=rej,ska" jeo.;a lñgq
j, idudðl;ajfhka yd ue;sjrK kdufhdackdj,ska 33]
l m%;sY;hla ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalsÍu'
v. ia;%S ksfhdackfha j¾Okh wruqKq lr.;a foaYmd,k
mqyqKq welvñ yd tñ,s ,ehsia;= jeks úfYaI wdh;k
msysgqùu ^igyk( 4 n,kak&'
156
lu,d ,shkf.a
i. ñY% ksfhdack l%uh yd wdjD; ,ehsia;= l%uh
ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg fukau ±kg jvd m%cd;ka;%jdoS
yd idOdrK ksfhdack l%uhla i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh" úfYaIfhkau újD; ,ehsia;= l%uh
yd ukdm Pkao l%uh wksjd¾fhkau ixfYdaOkhg ,lal< hq;=h'
Y%S ,xldjg;a" fkamd,fha 2008 Ndrldr wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka
fyda ol=Kq wms%ldfõ 1996 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka y`ÿkajd oS
we;s mßos ñY% ksfhdack l%uhla y`ÿkajd oSu jvd;a fhda.Hh'
md¾,sfïka;=j yd fjk;a ksfhdað; wdh;kj, wdikj,ska
wvla fyda lsishï ksYaÑ; m%udKhla iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack
l%uh hgf;ao" b;sß wdik ir, nyq;r ksfhdack l%uh hgf;ao"
f;dard .ekSfuka jvd ;=,s; ksfhdackhla wfmalaId l< yelsh'
fuu iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a" m<d;a fyda osia;s%lal
jYfhka fnÿk" idfmalaIj úYd, N+f.da,Sh l,dm" nyq uka;%S Pkao
fldÜGdY f,i ie,lsh yelsh' fuysoS ue;sjrK kdufhdackd
bosßm;a lsÍu mqoa.,sl wfmalaIlhskag l< fkdyels jk w;r"
mlaIj,g muKla ish kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= bosßm;a l< yelsfõ'
tfiau fuh wdjD; ke;skï jeiqkq ,ehsia;=jla úhhq;=h' thska
1$3 la ia;%Skag fjkalrk kshuh u;" kdu fhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ
1" 2 ia:dkj, mqreIhka fofofkl=f.a kï wka;¾.; jQfha kï
f;jekak ia;s%hl" kej; ihjekakd iy kj jekakd ia;s%hl
jYfhka wfmalaIlhskaf.a kï wkqms<sfj,ska ia:dk.; l<hq;=h'
fuu wkqms<sfj, ue;sjrKfhka miqj fjkia lsÍu kS;sfhka
;ykï l< hq;=h' tfiau" tu wkqms<sfj, fkdi,ld iïmdokh
lrk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam lsÍfï n,h fyda m%:ujrg
tajd ksjeros lsÍug Wmfoia oSfï yd tfia ksjeros fkdlf<a kï"
fojkqj tu ,ehsia;=j m%;sfCIam lsÍfï n,h iajdëk ue;sjrK
fldñiug mejßh hq;=h' iudkqmd;sl l%uhg wkqj Pkaoodhlhdg
Pkaoh Ndú; l<yelafla ;ud leu;s mlaIhgh' foaYmd,k mlaI
,enQ uq¿ Pkao ixLHdj wkqj wdik .Kk fnoS hhs' túg wdjD;
157
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
,ehsia;= l%uh u; ksfhdað;hska f;dard .kafka ue;sjrKhg
bosßm;a l< kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ wkqms<sfj,g wkqjh' újD;
,ehsia;= l%ufhaoS fuka wfmalaIlhskag jeä ukdm ixLHdjla
,ndoS ksfhdað;hskaj f;aÍfï wkqms<sfj,g n,mEï lsÍug" wdjD;
,ehsia;= l%ufhaoS Pkaoodhlhdg yelshdjla ke;' tu wkqms<sfj,
fjkialsÍu mlaI kdhl;ajhgo kS;sfhka ;ykï fõ' túg hï
mlaIhlg wdik 6 la ysñjqjfyd;a" wksjd¾fhkau kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=fõ uq,ska kï i|yka 6 fokd f;aÍ m;afõ' tysoS tu 6
fokd w;ßka fofofkl= ia;%Ska úhhq;= ùfï úêúOdkh iy;sl
jYfhka ls%hd;aul lsÍug foaYmd,k mlaI kS;sfhka ne|S isà'
ir, nyq;r l%uh hgf;a ue;sjrK mj;ajk wdik
i|yd" mlaI u.ska muKla wfmalaIl ,ehsia;= bosßm;a lsÍu
wksjd¾h fkdfõ' mqoa.,sl wfmalaIlhskago kdufhdackd bosßm;a
l< yelsh' iEu Pkaoodhlhl=gu tla Pkaohla ue;sjrKfhaoS
ysñjk w;r" hï wdikhl Pkaoj,ska jeäu m%udKh oskd.;a
wfmalaIlhd f;aÍ m;afõ' fuu ;r`.fhaoS ia;%Ska jdisiy.;
;;ajhlg m;aùfï iïNdú;djh wvqh' tfy;a foaYmd,k mlaI
bosßm;a lrk kdufhdackdj,ska 1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkafldg
ch.ekSfï iïNdú;djh jeä wdikj,ska ia;%Skago wfmalaIl;ajh
,ndoSu u.ska ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg u`. mdod .; yelsh'
yqfola kdufhdackdj,ska 1$3 la fjkalsÍfï kshuh imqrd,Sug
muKla" mrdch ùfï iïNdú;djh jeä wdikj, wfmalaIl;ajh
ia;%Skag ,ndoSfuka wfmalaIs; m%;sM, oskd.; fkdyelsh' ;jo"
ir, nyq;r l%ufhka ksfhdað;hska f;dark wdikj,ska 1$3
la ia;%Ska i|yd jHjia:dms;j fjka lsÍuo Y%S ,xldjg fhda.H
Wml%uhls' túg bkaoshdkq m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, fuka tla
tla ue;sjrKj,oS tfia ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lrk wdik kej;
kej; udre lrñka ksfhdað;jßhka f;dard .ekSug bv ,efí'
WodyrK f,i hï osia;s%lalhl wdik 12 la fõ kï thska 4
158
lu,d ,shkf.a
la ia;%S wdik f,i fjkalr ia;%S kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= muKla
ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a l< hq;=h' túg tu wdik 4 g f;dard
.kafka ksfhdað;jßhka muKs' b;sß wdik 8 fmdÿ wdik fõ'
B,`. ue;sjrKfhaoS fjk;a wdik 4 la ia;%S wdik f,i kï l<
yelsh' túg l,ska ue;sjrKfhaoS ia;%Skag fjkal< wdik fmdÿ
wdik f,i ie,lsh yelsh' tfia ia;%S wdik udre lsÍu jvd;a
m%cd;ka;%jdoS jk w;r" iEu wdikhlgu ia;%Ska ksfhdackh
lsÍfï bvm%ia:dj tu.ska ,efí'
tfiau ue;sjrK kS;s ixfYdaOkh u.ska cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka
1$3 lao ia;%Ska i|yd fjka l< yelsh' tysoS;a" ,ehsia;=fõ w.g
ia;%Skaf.a kï we;=<;a fkdfldg" mqreIhka fofofkl=f.a kï
j,g miqj ia;s%hlf.a kula yd kej; mqreIhka fofofkl=f.a
kï hk wkqms<sfj,g kï we;=<;a lsÍfuka ia;%Ska wjdisiy.;
;;ajhg m;aùu u`. yef¾' WodyrK f,i hï foaYmd,k
mlaIhla ,enQ uq¿ Pkao ixLHdj wkqj cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka
uka;%Sjre kj fofkla f;dard .kafka kï" ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a
l< wkqms<sfj,g wkqj m<uq kï i|yka kjfokd ksfhdað;hska
f,i f;dard .;hq;=fõ' túg cd;sl ,ehsia;=fõ 3" 6 yd 9 hk
ia:dkj, isák ia;%Ska ;sfokd o wksjd¾fhkau f;dard .efka' tu
;;ajh hgf;a cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka f;dard .;a kjfokd w;ßka
1$3 l ksfhdackhla ia;%Skag ysñfõ'
ii. ue;sjrK kdufhdackdj,ska 1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd kS;Hdkql+,j
fjkalsÍu
ue;sjrK kS;s ixfYdaOkhlska ̂ cd;sl uÜgfï ue;sjrK
i|yd& fyda m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, úfYaI mK;la iïu; lsÍu
u.ska" kdufhdackdj,ska 1$3la ia;%Skag fjkalsÍfï úêúOdkh
y`ÿkajd oshyelsh' fuysoS ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhu iudk whqßka
ue;sjrK ;r`.hg bosßm;a úhhq;= jk w;r" jeä Pkao oskd.;a
159
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
wfmalaIlhska fyda wfmalaIsldjka f;aÍ m;afõ' ia;%Skaj jl%
l%uhlska f;dard .ekSu ̂Wod( jHjia:dodhlhg Pkaofhka f;arekq
ksfhdað;hska úiska f;dard.kq ,eîu& fyda rdcH kdhlfhl=
úiska f;dard .kq ,eîu ^Wod( ckdêm;s fyda w.ue;s úiska
m;alrkq ,eîu& hk l%u foflaoSu ia;%Skag wiudk f,i i,lhs
fyda úfYaI jrm%ido ,ndfohs hk wdl,amh cks;fjk wjia:d
nyq,h' tfiau m;alrk ,o uka;%Sjßhkag" Pkaofhka f;areKq
ksfhdað;hskag iudk whqßka j.lSï" bvm%ia:d yd ms<s.ekSï
fkd,efíh hk fpdaokdjo fuysoS kef`.a' tu ÿ¾j,;d folu
u`. yer" ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu iudk whqßka ue;sjrK ;r`.
hg bosßm;a ùfï yelshdj fuu l%uh u.ska ,efí'
ish¨u ue;sjrKj,oS" ish¨u mlaI fyda iajdëk lKavdhï
bosßm;a lrk wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=fjka 1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka
lsÍfïoS;a" ia;%S-mqreI kï ia:dk.; lsÍfï wkqms<sfj, idOdrK
whqßka l<hq;=h' ir, nyq;r Pkao l%uh Ndú; lrk ue;sjrK
fldÜGdYj,oS ch.ekSfï iïNdú;djh we;s wdikj,g ia;%S-mqreI
fomlaIfhkau wfmalaIlhkag bosßm;a ùfï jru ysñl< hq;=h'
iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%ufhaoS" yqfola kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j
msrùug tys w.g tlalrk zzvñZZ ^mUhd& i|yd ia;%Skaf.a kï
Ndú; lsÍu ;ykï l<hq;= fõ' fuu kS;sfhaoS;a kdufhdackd
,ehsia;=fõ ;=kajekakd" 6 jekakd wdoS jYfhka mqreIhka
fofofkl=f.a kïj,g miqj ia;s%hlf.a kula we;=<;a lsÍfuka
jeä idOdrKhla bgqfõ' fuu kS;sho ksisf,i ls%hd;aul ùug
kï" th fkdi,ld yer iïmdokh lrk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=
wod< mlaI ,jd ksjeros lrùfï fyda m%;sfCIam lsÍfï n,h
wmlaImd;S ue;sjrK fldñiulg mejßh hq;=fõ'
160
lu,d ,shkf.a
iii. ish¨u ksfhdað; wdh;kj, wdikj,ska 1$3 la wdKavql%u
jHjia:dj u.ska ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍu
Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk foaYmd,k mßirh u;" foaYmd,k
mlaI ia;%Skag jdisiy.; whqßka ls%hdlrhso hkak ieliys;h'
tfiau" ol=Kq wdishdfõ fjk;a rgj,a yd ii|oaoS Y%S ,xldfõ ia;%S
jHdmdrhgo Yla;su;a whqßka foaYmd,k mlaIj,g n,mEï lsÍug
we;s yelshdj wvqh' tn`ÿ mßirhloS ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh
j¾Okhg jvd;a fhda.Hh Wml%uh jkafka ia;%Ska i|yd kS;sfhka
wdik fjkalsÍuhs' fuh úúO rgj,a" úúO whqßka ls%hd;aul
lrhs' WodyrK f,i iuyr rgj, cd;sl jHjia:dodhlfha
ksfhdað;hska 330 la fõ kï thska 30 fofkla ia;%Ska úhhq;= nj
wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka kshu lr ;sfí' tu ;siafokd iuyr
rgj, ckdêm;s fyda w.ue;sjrhd úiska f;darkq ,nhs' ;j;a
rgj, foaYmd,k mlaI ,nd.;a uq¿ Pkao ixLHdjg wkqj mlaI
w;f¾ ksfhdað; ixLHdj fnod oS" mlaI kdhl;ajfha Wmfoia
u; rdcH kdhlhd úiska m;alrkq ,nhs' ;j;a iuyr rgj,
jHjia:dodhlhg Pkaofhka f;dard.;a ksfhdað;hska úiska
fuu ksfhdað;jßhkaj f;dard.kq ,nhs' ;j;a úfgl leìkÜ
uKav,h úiska o f;darkq ,efí' fuu iEu f;dard .ekSuloSu
Ndú; lrkafka jl% l%uhls'
kuq;a ia;%Skag fjkal< wdik i|yd" ksfhdað;jßhka
tn÷ jl% l%uhlska m;alsÍug jvd Pkaofhka f;dard .ekSu jvd;a
m%cd;ka;%jdoS fõ' fuu l%uh iïnkaOfhkq;a kQ;k rgj,a
Wml%u /ila Ndú; lrhs' ì%;dkH lïlre mlaI wdKavqj jrla
,kavka wefiïì,s ue;sjrKhg Ndú; l< ksjqka l%uh ixlS¾K
núka wvqh' hï f;dard.;a wdik ixLHdjl Pkaoodhlhdg Pkao
folla ysñlr oS" ia;%S yd mqreI wfmalaIlhska fofofkl=g tu
Pkao 2 Ndú; lsÍfï jru ,ndfohs' tu l%uhg wkqj jeä Pkao
,nd .;a ia;s%h yd mqreIhd f;aÍ m;afõ' fuu ksjqka l%uh Ndú;
161
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
lrk wdik ue;sjrKfhka ue;sjrKhg fjkia lsÍfuka iEu
wdikhlgu ia;%Ska f;dard .ekSfï jdish ysñfõ' wdik fol
ne.ska noaO lr ksjqka wdik ieliSu o fï i|yd Ndú; l<
yels ;j;a Wml%uhls'
ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalrk wdikj,ska ia;%S wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=
muKla bosßm;a lsÍfï l%uho iuyr rgj,a Ndú; lrhs' tu
l%uh hgf;a ia;%Skag Pkaoh oSu i|yd Pkaoodhlhdj fmd<Ujhs'
WodyrK f,i bkaoshdfõ m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, fuka hï .ï
iNdjlg wdik 20 lska ksfhdað;hska 20 la f;dard .kafka kï
thska wdik 1$3 la ia;%S wdik f,i fjka flf¾' b;sß wdik
ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu fmdÿ wdik fõ' tla ue;sjrKhloS
ia;%Ska i|yd fjka flreKq wdik 6 lska wfmalaIsldjka muKla
ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a fõ' thska f;aÍ m;ajkafkao ksfhdað;jßhka
muKs' kuq;a wfkla wdik 14 ka fmdÿfõ mqreIhka nyq;rhla
f;aÍ m;afõ' tla ue;sjrKhloS ia;%S wdik f,i fjka flreKq
tajd B,`. ue;sjrKfhaoS fmdÿ wdik njg fjkia flf¾' fuu
l%uh hgf;a wksjd¾fhkau ia;%S ksfhdackh ixLHd;aulj j¾Okh
fõ' m<d;a md,k wdh;kfha iNdm;s yd WmiNdm;s moúo"
jeäu Pkao ,nd.;a ia;s%h yd mqreIhd w;r udrefjk whqßka
m<d;a md,k kS;s iïmdokh l<hq;=h' Y%S ,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh iNd
mK;g wkqj m<d;a md,k ue;sjrK kdufhdackd j,ska 40] la
jhi wjqreÿ 35 g wvq ;reKhkag fjkalr ;sìKs' tu mx.=fjka
wvla tkï 20] la ;reK ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍfukao" jdis /
ila w;alr .;yelsj ;sìKs' úfYaIfhkau ;reK ia;%Skag m<d;a
md,k wdh;k yryd foaYmd,khg mqyqKq ìula imhd oSfuka
ia;%S ksfhdackh iïnkaO .eg¿ /ilg os.=ld,Skj úi`ÿï imhd
.; yels fõ'
162
lu,d ,shkf.a
cd;sl uÜgfï ksfhdað; wdh;kj, wdik j,skao 1$3 la
ia;%Skag fjkafldg tu wdik i|yd oaú;aj uka;%S Pkao fldÜGdY
msysgqjk wjia:d ;sfí' tu l%uh hgf;a Pkaoodhlhdg Pkao
folla ysñjk w;r jeä Pkao ,enQ ia;s%hl yd mqreIfhl= f;aÍm;a
ùfï jru ,efí' tysoS iïm%odhslj mqreIhkag ysñhhs fndfyda
fokd i,lk ksfhdað; moúh zzia;%Ska úiska Wÿrd .kq ,eîhZZ
hk fpdaokdj ke.Sfï bvlv fkdue;' ia;%Ska i|yd oaú;aj
uka;%S wdik ;=< w¨;ska bvm%ia:djla ks¾udKh ùfuka mlaI ;=<
we;súh yels wr.,o je<elaúh yelsfõ' miqj i|yka l< fuu
Wml%u fol Y%S ,xldjg jvd;a fhda.H fõ' ukao" mdrïmßlj
foaYmd,k ksfhdackfhka wE;alr isá ia;%Skaj" foaYmd,kfha
m%Odk m%jdyhg ;,a¨ lrk ;djld,sl myiqldrl fyda wdOdrl
jYfhka fuu l%u Ndú; l< yels ksihs'
iv. ish¨u foaYmd,k mlaIj, ;SrK .kakd uÜgfï wNHka;r
;k;=re yd kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 1$3 la m%;sm;a;suh
jYfhka ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍu
fuu Wml%uh Ndú;h i|yd wdKavql%u jHjia:dj fyda
m<d;a md,k kS;s fyda ue;sjrK kS;s ixfYdaOkh lsÍug wjYH
fkdfõ' ta i|yd wjYH jkafka foaYmd,k mlaIj, ienE leue;a;
yd lemùu muKs' mlaI jHjia:dj fyda mlaI m%;sm;a;s u.ska
mlaIfha ish¨u ;SrK .kakd uÜgfï ;k;=re" lñgq idudðl;ajh
yd ue;sjrK kdufhdackdj,ska 1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka úhhq;=h
hk kshuh y÷kajd Èh yelsh' tfia ke;skï mlaIhl ;sìhhq;=
hym;a iïm%odhla f,i th wdrïN l< yelsh' fï i|yd
mlaIj, idudðldjka" kdhsldjka fukau isú,a ixúOdko mlaI
kdhl;ajhg n,mEï lsÍu w;HjYH fõ' fuu kshuh mlaIh
iafõÉPdfjka t<fUk ;SrKhla ksid th fkdi,ld yeÍug
tfrysj kS;sfhka o`vqjula mekúh fkdyelsh' kuq;a ienE
fjkila we;s lsÍu i|yd mCI kdhl;ajh olajk foaYmd,k
163
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
leue;a; u; tu ;SrKhg t<fUk ksid tys ;sridr nj jeäh'
mlaIfha wNHka;r idlÉPd u.ska tn`ÿ ;SrKhlg t<fUk
ksid mlaIh ;=< ta ms<sn| wdrjq,a we;slsÍfï iïNdú;djho
wvqh' th ol=Kq wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ih úiska uekúka Tmamq
lrkq ,en ;sfí' trg cd;sl uÜgfïoS jHjia:dkql+, mx.= l%u
ls%hd;aul fkdfõ' kuq;a wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ia kdhl;ajfha
úfYaIfhkau fk,aika uekafv,df.a Wkkaÿj yd lemùu ksid
iafõÉPd mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd oS ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okh lsÍug
wod< úúO hdka;%Ko cd;sl uÜgfuka msysgqjk ,oS' tu mlaI
m%;sm;a;sh wfkla mlaIj,go hï ;rulg fyda n,mEï l<
w;r" tu mlaIo ia;%Skag jeämqr kdufhdackd yd mlaI ;k;=re
,ndoSug fm<UqKs'
v. ia;%S ksfhdackfha j¾Okh wruqKq lr.;a úfYaIs; wdh;k
msysgqùu
fun`ÿ wdh;k rdcH" foaYmd,k mlaI fyda rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdkj, uQ,sl;ajfhka msysgqúh yelsh' kuq;a Y%S
,dxlsl foaYmd,k mßirh u; tla foaYmd,k mlaIhla iu`.
muKla úfYaI in|;djla fkdue;s whqßka lghq;= lsÍu jvd;a
fhda.H úh yelsh' tfyhska" tn`ÿ wdh;khla rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkhl iajrEmfhka msysgqùu jvd;a M,odhS ùug bv ;sfí'
ia;%S ksfhdackhg wod< wOHhk lsÍu" jd¾;d" m;s%ld yd fmd;am;a
m%ldYkh" tajd fnod yeÍu" ;SrK .kakkag yd ck;djg fuu
.eg¿j ms<sn|j m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla ,ndoSu i|yd jevuq¿"
iïuka;%K" m%isoaO foaYk yd udOH idlÉPd meje;aùu" fï
iïnkaO Wkkaÿjla olajk ixúOdk yd mqoa.,hska cd,.; lsÍu
yd jvd;a Yla;su;aj yd tlai;aj rdcHh yd foaYmd,k mlaIj,g
n,mEï lsÍu" ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a ùfï Wkkaÿjla we;s ia;%Skag
wod< mqyqKqj ,nd oSu" ue;sjrK jHdmdrfhaoS úúO whqßka wdOdr
lsÍu" ue;sjrK wfmalaIsldjka ùug iqÿiq ia;%Skaf.a kdu f,aLk
164
lu,d ,shkf.a
ms<sfh, fldg tajd foaYmd,k mlaIj,g bosßm;a lsÍu" f;aÍ
m;ajqkq ksfhdað;jßhkag Tjqkaf.a j.lSï ksisf,i bgqlsÍug
wjYH Wmfoia yd f;dr;=re wdosh iemhSu yd ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh
j¾Okh lsÍug wod< kS;s" m%;sm;a;s yd jHdmD;s wdosh iïmdokh
i|yd Tjqkaj fm<Uùu" tu ls%hdldrlï we.hSu" ksÍlaIKh yd
ÿ¾j,;d fmkajd oSu u.ska Tjqka jvd;a M,odhS ksfhdað;jßhka
njg m;alsÍug iyfhda.h oelaùu jeks ld¾hka /ila bgqlsÍfï
j.lSu fun`ÿ úfYaIs; wdh;kj,g mejßh yelsh' Y%S ,xldfõ
m%Odk mlaIj,g wkqnoaê;j fun`ÿ úfYaIs; wdh;k msysgqùfï
yelshdjo we;' wod< mlaIfha kjl wfmalaIsldjkag mqyqKqj
,ndoSu" fcaHIaG kdhsldjkaf.a WmfoaYkh yd w;aoelSï fnod
.ekSug bvm%ia:d ie,iSu yd ue;sjrKj,oS iyfhda.h ,ndoSu"
úfYaIfhkau ta i|yd wruqo,la msysgqùu jeks ld¾hka tu mlaI
úfYaIs; wdh;kh u.ska bgql< yelsh' fun÷ ld¾hka bgqlsÍfï§
jks;d lghq;= wud;HdxYfha yd cd;sl ldka;d lñgqj wog jvd
jeä il%Sh odhl;ajhla m%;sjd¾fhkau ±laúh hq;=h'
fuhg wu;rj" Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%S ksfhdackhg fukau"
iuia; m%cd;ka;%jdoS ksfhdack l%uhgo Rcqj n,mdk wfkl=;a
ndOl uev,Su i|yd mj;sk cd;sl rdcH hdka;%Ko wog jvd
idOdrK" wmlaImd;S" iajdëk yd M,odhS tajd njg mßj¾;kh
l<hq;= fõ' ue;sjrKj,oS isÿjk wl%ñl;d" rdcH foam< Ndú;
lsÍu" ¥IK" n,y;aldrh" úksúo fmfKk whqßka lghq;=
fkdlsÍu yd Pkaoodhlhskag Rcqj yd jl%j n,mEï lsÍu iy
;¾ckh lsÍu jeks oE iïnkaOfhka ,xldfõ oekg mj;sk
kS;sj;a iuyr wjia:dj,oS ksisf,i ls%hd;aul fkdfõ' 17
jeks wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka msysgq jk ,o iajdëk
ue;sjrK fldñiu" fmd,sia fldñiu yd udkj ysñlï fldñiu
wdosh 18 jeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka ckdêm;s úOdhlfha
yia;h hg;g m;afldg ;sfí' tfyhska idjoH kdufhdackd
165
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam lsÍug" ue;sjrK wl%ñl;d ms<sn| idOdrK
;SrK .ekSug yd úfYaIfhkau ue;sjrK m%pdrl úhoï wdosh
ms<sn| Wmßuhla kshu lsÍug n,h we;s iajdëk ue;sjrK
fldñiula msysgqùu Y%S ,xldjg w;HjYH fõ' tfia fkdjqkfyd;a
mx.= l%u kS;s fyda ia;%Ska i|yd jHjia:dkql+,j wdik fjka
lsÍï" ksismßos ls%hd;aul fõ hhs is;sh fkdyelsh' tfiau" ia;%S
ksfhdackh wju ùug Rcqj n,mdk m%pKav;ajh" pß; >d;k
yd fjk;a odußl ls%hd ue`v,Sug iajdëk fmd,sishla fukau" ta
iïnkaOfhka idOdrKh bgqlrjd .ekSug iajdëk yd wmlaImd;S
wêlrKhlao w;HjYHh' mx.= l%u kS;sj,ska wfmalaIs; wruqKq
bgqlr .ekSug kï fun`ÿ rdcH wdh;kj, il%Sh odhl;ajh o
wksjd¾h fõ'
fuu ljr kS;s" m%;sm;a;s yd wdh;k y`ÿkajd oS jHQyd;aul
fjkialï isÿl<;a" tajdg muKla ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul
yd .=Kd;aul j¾Okhla we;s l< yels fkdfõ' ta i|yd rdcH
md,khg iïnkaO ish¨u md¾Yjlrejkaf.a fukau" iuia;
isú,a iudcfhau wdl,am fjkilao wksjd¾fhkau isÿúh hq;=fõ'
;SrK .kakd uÜgfï isák wdh;kj, ia;%Ska ksfhdackh úh
hq;=h hk wdl,amh ia;%S - mqreI fomCIh ;=<u j¾Okh úh
hq;= fõ' tfiau" ;uka foaYmd,k m%fõYhg msúish hq;=h hk
wdl,amh ia;%Ska ;=<u j¾Okh úh hq;=fõ' tn`ÿ wdl,amuh
fjkialï j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%S ixúOdk" tu
m%Yakh flf¾ Wkkaÿjla olajk foaYSh yd úfoaYSh fjk;a
ixúOdk yd mqoa.,hska o iu. cd,.; ù jvd;a Wml%uYS,sj
yd úêu;aj" ffO¾fhka yd lemùfuka hqla;j tla wruqKlska
lghq;= lsÍu w;HjYH fõ'
166
lu,d ,shkf.a
ia;
%S foaY
md,
k k
sfh
dack
h j
¾O
kh
i|y
d jk
Wm
l%u
ksfhdac
k l
%uh
^;r`.
h i
|yd k
S;s y
d m%;sm;a;s&
iudk
bvm%ia:d i|yd m%;sm;a;s
^ia;%S-m
qreI
foml
aIhgu&
idO
kSh m
%;sm;a;s
^ia;%S k
sfhdac
kh j
¾Ok
h i
|yd&
ir, n
yq;r
ksfhdac
k l
%uh
iudk
qmd;
sl
ksfhdac
k l
%uh
ñY% k
sfhdac
k l
%uh
iudk
ue;
sjrK
kS;s" bvm%ia:d"
iïm;a
iudk
m%pdr
kh
i|yd úhoï
wfmal
aIs;$ k
sfhdað
;
mqyqK
q ùï
úfYaIs; w
dh;k
msysgqùu
ksfhdað
; w
dh;k
j, w
dik
fjk
a
lsÍu
ue;
sjrK
kdu
fhdac
kdj
,sk
a
ia;%Sk
ag m
x.=jl
a
fjk
a lsÍu
ml
aI m
%;sm;a;s
u.sk
a iafõÉPd
mx.
= l%u
ml
aI ;
k;=re yd
lñgq k
sfhdac
kfhk
a
mx.
=jl
a ia;%Sk
ag
fjk
a lsÍu
isú,a i
xúOdk
ls%hdl
drl
ï
wOHhk
" k
s¾foaY
u.sk
a rdc
H y
d
ml
aIj,g n
,mEu
Pk
aoodh
l
wOHdm
kh ^ia;S%
ksfhdac
kfha
jeo
.;al
u m
s<sn|&
ia;%Sk
ag m
qyqK
qj"
wdO
dr" m%pdr
khg
iydh
foaYmd,
k
kdh
lhsk
a yd
ck
;dj
oek
qj;a
lsÍu
ksfhdað
;jßhk
ag
Wmfoia" we.
hSu"
ksÍl
aIK
h y
d
ks¾foaY
igy
k( 4
ia;
%S foaY
md,
k k
sfhdac
kh
i|y
d jk
Wm
l%u
167
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
j.
=j ( 1
N+f.
da,Sh
l,dm
wk
qj m
d¾,sfï
ka;
= ;=< i
a;%S k
sfhdac
kh
l,dm
h
m%:u u
Kav
,h
]
fojk
uK
av,h
]
uK
av, f
olu
fk
da¾äl
a rgj,a
42.0
%
wußl
dkq l
,dm
h
22.7
%
23.3
%
23'0
]
hqfrdam
dj ^fk
da¾äl
a rgj,a y
er&
20.9
%
21.1
%
21'0
]
wms%l
dkq r
gj,a
19.8
%
19.0
%
19'4
]
wdi
shdk
q rgj,a
18.8
%
14.1
%
16'4
]
*ei
smsl
a rgj,a
12.4
%
34.8
%
23'6
]
wrdì
rgj,a
11.7
%
6.4
%
9'05
]
uQ,dY
%( In
ter P
arlia
men
tary
Uni
on, M
arch
201
2, W
omen
in N
atio
nal P
arlia
men
ts (R
egio
nal
Ave
rage
s)
168
lu,d ,shkf.a
j.
=j( 2
f,dal
md¾
,sfï
ka;
= ;=< i
a;%S k
sfhdac
kh
wk
qms<sfj
,
rg
m%:u u
Kav
,h
fojk
uK
av,h
ue;
sjrK
oskh
w
dik
i
a;%Sk
a m
%;sY
;h
]
ue;
sjrK
oskh
w
dik
i
a;%Sk
a m
%;sY
;h
1.
rej
kavdj
20
08/9
80
40
56
.30
2011
/9
26
10
38.5
0 2.
wek
afvdar
d 20
11/4
28
14
50
.00
- -
- -
3.
l
shqndj
20
08/1
58
6 26
5 45
.20
- -
- -
4.
iaùvk
h
2010
/9
349
156
44.7
0 -
- -
- 5.
ISfi,aia
2011
/9
32
14
43.8
0 -
- -
- 6.
msk
a,k
a;h
2011
/4
200
85
42.5
0 -
- -
- 7.
ol=K
q wms%l
dj
2009
/4
400
169
42.3
0 20
09/4
53
17
32
.10
8.
fk
o¾,k
a;h
2010
/6
150
61
40.7
0 20
11/5
75
27
36
.00
9.
k
slr.=jd
2011
/11
92
37
40.2
0 -
- -
- 10
.
whsia,k
a;h
2009
/4
63
25
39.7
0 -
- -
- 11
.
fk
da¾fõ
2009
/9
169
67
39.6
0 -
- -
- 12
.
fudi
eïìl
a 20
09/1
0 25
0 98
39
.20
- -
- -
13.
fvk
aud¾
la
2011
/9
179
70
39.1
0 -
- -
- 14
.
fl
diagßl
d 20
10/2
53
22
38
.60
- -
- -
169
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
j.
=j( 2
f,dal
md¾
,sfï
ka;
= ;=< i
a;%S k
sfhdac
kh
wk
qms<sfj
,
rg
m%:u u
Kav
,h
fojk
uK
av,h
ue;
sjrK
oskh
w
dik
i
a;%Sk
a m
%;sY
;h
]
ue;
sjrK
oskh
w
dik
i
a;%Sk
a m
%;sY
;h
1.
rej
kavdj
20
08/9
80
40
56
.30
2011
/9
26
10
38.5
0 2.
wek
afvdar
d 20
11/4
28
14
50
.00
- -
- -
3.
l
shqndj
20
08/1
58
6 26
5 45
.20
- -
- -
4.
iaùvk
h
2010
/9
349
156
44.7
0 -
- -
- 5.
ISfi,aia
2011
/9
32
14
43.8
0 -
- -
- 6.
msk
a,k
a;h
2011
/4
200
85
42.5
0 -
- -
- 7.
ol=K
q wms%l
dj
2009
/4
400
169
42.3
0 20
09/4
53
17
32
.10
8.
fk
o¾,k
a;h
2010
/6
150
61
40.7
0 20
11/5
75
27
36
.00
9.
k
slr.=jd
2011
/11
92
37
40.2
0 -
- -
- 10
.
whsia,k
a;h
2009
/4
63
25
39.7
0 -
- -
- 11
.
fk
da¾fõ
2009
/9
169
67
39.6
0 -
- -
- 12
.
fudi
eïìl
a 20
09/1
0 25
0 98
39
.20
- -
- -
13.
fvk
aud¾
la
2011
/9
179
70
39.1
0 -
- -
- 14
.
fl
diagßl
d 20
10/2
53
22
38
.60
- -
- -
15.
wek
af.da,
d 20
08/9
22
0 84
38
.20
- -
- -
16.
fn,aðhu
2010
/6
150
57
38.0
0 20
10/6
71
29
40
.80
17.
wd¾
ck
aák
dj
2011
/10
257
96
37.4
0 20
11/1
0 72
28
38
.90
18.
iamd[
a[h
2011
/11
350
126
36.0
0 20
11/1
1 26
3 88
33
.50
19.
gexidk
shd tl
ai;a
iuQydK
avqj
2010
/10
350
126
36.0
0 -
- -
-
20.
W.k
avdj
20
11/2
38
6 13
5 35
.00
- -
- -
21.
fk
amd,
h
2008
/4
594
197
33.2
0 -
- -
- 22
.
c¾uk
sh
2009
/9
620
204
32.9
0 N
A
69
19
27.5
0 23
.
bl
ajfod
arh
2009
/4
124
40
32.3
0 -
- -
- 24
.
áfudar
h
2007
/6
65
21
32.3
0 -
- -
- 25
.
kjiS,k
a;h
2011
/11
221
39
32.2
0 -
- -
- 26
.
iaf,daf
jk
shd
2011
/12
90
29
32.2
0 20
07/1
1 40
1
2.50
27
.
fn,rEi
a 20
08/9
11
0 35
31
.80
2008
/7
58
19
32.8
0 28
.
.hk
dj
2011
/11
67
21
31.3
0 -
- -
- 29
.
uei
sfvdak
shd
2011
/6
123
38
30.9
0 -
- -
- 30
.
nqrek
aos 20
10/7
10
5 32
30
.50
2010
/7
41
19
46.3
0 31
.
mD;
=.d,
h
2011
/6
230
66
28.7
0 -
- -
-
32.
á%k
svEâ
yd
fgdn
Ef.da
2010
/5
42
12
28.6
0 20
10/6
31
8
25.8
0
170
lu,d ,shkf.a
33.
iaúÜi¾,k
a;h
2011
/10
200
57
28.5
0 20
11/1
0 46
9
19.6
0 34
.
Tiaá%hdj
20
08/9
18
3 51
27
.90
NA
61
19
31
.10
35.
b;sfhdam
shdj
20
10/5
54
7 15
2 29
.80
2010
/5
135
22
16.3
0 36
.
we*
a.k
sia:dk
h
2010
/9
249
69
27.7
0 20
11/1
10
2 28
27
.50
37.
áhqk
Sishd
2011
/10
217
58
26.7
0 -
- -
- 38
.
ol=K
q iqvdk
h
2011
/8
332
88
26.5
0 20
11/8
50
5
10.0
0 39
.
ie,
ajfod
arh
2012
/3
84
22
26.2
0 -
- -
- 40
.
ful
aisfl
daj
2009
/7
500
131
26.2
0 20
06/7
12
8 29
22
.70
41.
fnd,
súhdj
20
09/1
2 17
0 33
25
.40
2009
/12
36
17
47.2
0 42
.
brdl
h
2010
/3
325
82
25.2
0 -
- -
- 43
.
,d´
ih
2011
/4
132
33
25.0
0 -
- -
- 44
.
,l
aiïn¾.a
2009
/6
60
15
25.0
0 -
- -
- 45
.
´iafÜ%,shdj
20
10/8
15
0 37
24
.70
2010
/8
76
29
38.2
0 46
.
lek
vdj
20
11/5
30
8 76
24
.70
NA
10
3 39
27
.90
47.
iqvdk
h
2010
/4
354
87
24.6
0 20
10/5
28
5
17.9
0 48
.
keó
ìhd
2009
/11
78
19
24.4
0 20
10/1
1 26
7
26.9
0 49
.
úhÜ k
duh
2011
/5
500
122
24.4
0 -
- -
- 50
.
lil
ia;dk
h
2012
/1
107
26
24.3
0 20
11/8
47
2
4.30
51
.
f,fidf
;da
2007
/2
120
29
24.2
0 20
07/3
33
7
21.2
0 52
.
fl
%daIshd
2011
/12
151
36
23.8
0 -
- -
- 53
.
fmda,
ka;h
2011
/10
460
109
23.7
0 20
11/1
0 10
0 13
13
.00
171
ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h
33.
iaúÜi¾,k
a;h
2011
/10
200
57
28.5
0 20
11/1
0 46
9
19.6
0 34
.
Tiaá%hdj
20
08/9
18
3 51
27
.90
NA
61
19
31
.10
35.
b;sfhdam
shdj
20
10/5
54
7 15
2 29
.80
2010
/5
135
22
16.3
0 36
.
we*
a.k
sia:dk
h
2010
/9
249
69
27.7
0 20
11/1
10
2 28
27
.50
37.
áhqk
Sishd
2011
/10
217
58
26.7
0 -
- -
- 38
.
ol=K
q iqvdk
h
2011
/8
332
88
26.5
0 20
11/8
50
5
10.0
0 39
.
ie,
ajfod
arh
2012
/3
84
22
26.2
0 -
- -
- 40
.
ful
aisfl
daj
2009
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500
131
26.2
0 20
06/7
12
8 29
22
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41.
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súhdj
20
09/1
2 17
0 33
25
.40
2009
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36
17
47.2
0 42
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brdl
h
2010
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325
82
25.2
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- 43
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2011
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132
33
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2009
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60
15
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20
10/8
15
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2010
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20
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30
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24
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10
3 39
27
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47.
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h
2010
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354
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28
5
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2009
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78
19
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7
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2011
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500
122
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2012
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107
26
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2007
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120
29
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fl
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2011
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151
36
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2011
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460
109
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20
11/5
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2011
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100
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h
2010
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284
65
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3
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a 20
07/6
15
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22
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2007
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100
40
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ml
sia;dk
h
2008
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342
77
22.5
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20
09/5
19
3 43
22
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61.
tl
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sh
2010
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650
145
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827
181
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fudß
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shd
2006
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95
21
22.1
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8
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rch
2010
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200
44
22.0
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0 81
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18
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1994
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150
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20
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15
0 55
22
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h
2009
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150
33
22.0
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10
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15
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67.
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sh
2008
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630
136
21.6
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08/4
32
1 61
19
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68.
fmare
2011
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130
28
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- -
-
69.
fndi
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y¾fif.dú
kd
2010
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42
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2011
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15
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2008
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2978
63
5 21
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- -
71.
n,af.aßhdj
20
09/7
24
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20
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72.
fl
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2011
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72
15
20.8
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- -
-
172
lu,d ,shkf.a
73.
fvdñ
ksl
ka
ck
rch
2010
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183
38
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0 20
10/5
32
3
9.40
74.
l
eïfndaä
hdj
20
08/7
12
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20
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2012
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59
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75.
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2009
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120
24
20.0
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shd
2011
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101
20
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fuda,
afvdaj
d 20
10/1
1 10
1 20
19
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78.
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oaYh
2008
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350
69
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a 20
09/1
1 12
8 25
19
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80.
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shd
2008
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141
27
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.
fudk
dfl
da 20
08/2
21
4
19.0
0 -
- -
- 82
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sia;dk
h
2010
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63
12
19.0
0 20
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34
5
14.7
0 83
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m%xY
h
2007
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577
109
18.9
0 20
11/9
34
7 77
22
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84.
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sh
2010
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69
13
18.8
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- 85
.
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2009
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300
56
18.7
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08/1
1 60
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18
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87.
bk
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20
09/4
56
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88.
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20
10/8
55
10
18
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89.
uev
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rh
2010
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365
64
17.5
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0 16
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12
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90.
tl
ai;a w
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tó¾ r
dcH
2011
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40
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173
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73.
fvdñ
ksl
ka
ck
rch
2010
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183
38
20.8
0 20
10/5
32
3
9.40
74.
l
eïfndaä
hdj
20
08/7
12
3 25
20
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2012
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59
8 13
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75.
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2009
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120
24
20.0
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shd
2011
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101
20
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fuda,
afvdaj
d 20
10/1
1 10
1 20
19
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78.
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a,df
oaYh
2008
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350
69
19.7
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fydk
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a 20
09/1
1 12
8 25
19
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80.
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shd
2008
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141
27
19.1
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.
fudk
dfl
da 20
08/2
21
4
19.0
0 -
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- 82
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sia;dk
h
2010
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63
12
19.0
0 20
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34
5
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0 83
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m%xY
h
2007
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577
109
18.9
0 20
11/9
34
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22
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84.
uqrei
sh
2010
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69
13
18.8
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- 85
.
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2009
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300
56
18.7
0 -
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da 20
08/1
1 60
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18
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87.
bk
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20
09/4
56
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88.
idf
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20
10/8
55
10
18
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89.
uev
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rh
2010
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365
64
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0 16
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12
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90.
tl
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dcH
2011
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40
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91.
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kaik
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iy f
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sia
2010
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23
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92.
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shd
2012
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150
26
17.3
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- -
- 93
.
fudf
rdl
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daj
2011
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395
67
17.0
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0 27
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20
10/9
16
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17
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95.
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20
10/1
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16
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2010
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100
17
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96.
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18
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2009
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102
18
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2011
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500
79
15.8
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14
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20
09/6
14
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102.
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20
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68
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111
17
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2011
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166
25
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18
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105.
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2008
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214
32
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08/3
99
24
24
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106.
W;=re fl
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20
08/4
29
9 44
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107.
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2009
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120
17
14.2
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11/6
55
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07/7
18
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174
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110.
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2008
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65
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111.
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20
11/1
2 45
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169
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2008
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2008
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30
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2008
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15
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2011
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12
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20
11/2
18
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118.
cef
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2011
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63
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2007
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21
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2011
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104
13
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120.
fvdñ
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d 20
09/1
2 32
4
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1.
mer
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2008
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80
10
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08/4
45
7
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20
07/4
25
0 31
12
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123.
fudk
aák
sf.%da
2009
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81
10
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4.
nyuia
2007
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41
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2007
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15
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125.
fl
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20
10/3
16
5 20
12
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2010
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100
16
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6.
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2009
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99
12
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09/1
0 31
4
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7.
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dñ
2010
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51
6 11
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- -
- -
128.
ieï
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2011
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157
18
11.5
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9.
frdf
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shd
2008
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330
37
11.2
0 20
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175
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110.
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2008
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20
11/1
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2008
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2008
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30
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2008
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12
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117.
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20
11/2
18
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118.
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2011
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63
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2007
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21
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2011
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13
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fvdñ
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09/1
2 32
4
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2008
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80
10
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08/4
45
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20
07/4
25
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123.
fudk
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2009
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81
10
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2007
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41
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2007
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15
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20
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100
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2009
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99
12
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2010
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51
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128.
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2011
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157
18
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2008
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330
37
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130.
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81
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20
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2012
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238
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2009
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52
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2010
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120
13
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2011
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56
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136.
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66
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a 20
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30
3
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3
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1.
.sk
shd
2008
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100
10
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- -
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2.
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2008
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100
10
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20
07/1
2 22
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80
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2011
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2011
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30
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2011
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492
44
8.90
20
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14
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20
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38
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2011
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46
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70
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148.
fuda,
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2008
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69
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70
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149.
n%iS,h
2010
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513
44
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20
10/1
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13
16
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176
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150.
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2008
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47
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50
2007
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2009
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71
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50
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152.
wdf
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shd
2007
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131
11
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ska
2011
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83
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2007
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389
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45
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2012
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53
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2007
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137
10
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20
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160.
k
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2011
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352
24
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20
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10
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16
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20
04/8
54
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6.
80
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2010
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15
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20
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09/5
77
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6.
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20
09/5
22
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80
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167.
yhsá
2010
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95
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