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Identification and Management of Blackberry Insects
Hannah J. BurrackAssistant Professor and Extension Specialist
North Carolina State University
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Topics
• Key caneberry pests– Thresholds and Management
• Probable caneberry pests– Thrips and leafhoppers
• Invasives on the move– What to keep watch for
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Key Caneberry Pests
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
TSSM
Green June Beetle/Japanese Beetle
Thrips (?)
Stink Bugs
Raspberry Crown Borer
Cane Borers
Strawberry Clippers
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Raspberry Cane Borer
Longhorned beetle
Adults appear in June, eggs hatch in July, larvae overwinter 2 inches below cane
Girdling 1/2 apart, 4-6 inches below growth point
Tips wilt
As the larvae moves down the cane, the entire cane can die
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Rednecked Cane Borer
Metallic wood boring beetle
Can render plants more susceptible to cold damage
Overwinter in canes, adults appear in June
Larvae may be 6” below or 25” above the gall
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Borer Management
Prune out damaged canes in winter, and destroy
Remove damaged canes through summer pruning
Treatment threshold: 10% canes damaged (KY), 5% damaged (AR)
Treatment timing: Prebloom & Petal Fall
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Borer Management
Prune out damaged canes in winter, and destroy
Remove damaged canes through summer pruning
Be sure to prune below damage
Treatment threshold: 10% canes damaged
Treatment timing: Prebloom & Petal Fall
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Borer Management
Treatment options:
Broad spectrum materials (bifenthrin, malathion, pyrethrins)
Drench treatment of imidacloprid (pre bud formation, do not apply prebloom/bloom)
Only treat if necessary - broad spectrum materials can have non target effects
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Raspberry Crown Borer
• Pennisetia marginata• 1-2 year life cycle• Larvae overwinter in roots and crown
and tunnel into woody tissue• Infested cane wilt, adults are slow
moving and relatively easy to spot
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Raspberry Crown Borer
• Control is most effective in fall and spring (October through March)
• Capture/Brigade most effective registered material
• Newer insecticides may provide equally good control
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• Stink bugs most common
• Leaf footed bugs
• Tarnished plant bugs
• Damage fruit through feeding, contamination (SB)
Piercing & Sucking Insects
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• Stink bugs most common
• Leaf footed bugs
• Tarnished plant bugs
Piercing & Sucking Insects
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• What Lygus are not:
Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus lineolaris)
Big Eyed Bug (Geocoris spp.)
False Chinch Bug (Nysius raphanus)
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Johnson, et al. 2004 AMT
Stink Bug Management
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Strawberry Clipper
• Adult is a small weevil (beetle)• Observe 100 clusters beginning the
week after 1st bloom (AR recommendations)
• Be very careful with bloom treatments!
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Green June BeetlesCotinis nitida
• Attracted to and feed on ripe/over ripe fruit• No threshold• Treatment: Regular, thorough harvest &
Broad spectrum insecticides (if populations are high)
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Japanese Beetles
• Defoliation may not be economically significant (case by case basis)
• Fruit feeding greater concern• Adults reasonably easy to kill
– Sevin, Danitol, Assail, Mustang Max, Pyganic*, Surround*
*OMRI listed
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Japanese Beetles
Images from Donn Johnson, grapes
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Spider Mites
• Likely a secondary pest in blackberries– Can be flared by broad spectrum
insecticides
– Several species may occur, TSSM (Tetranychus urticae) probably most common
Diapausing Adult FemaleAdult Female
Adult Maleand Eggs
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Spider Mite Damage
http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb1959e/eb1959e.pdf
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Spider Mites
• Damage• Unlikely to reduce yield• Defoliation?• May impact quality, primocane
growth
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Spider Mites• Threshold
• Raspberry: 25/leaflet (WA, Bonfour 2002), 25% leaves infested (MA), 50% leaves infested (NY)
• No observed yield effect (NW raspberries, Raworth 1989)
• No threshold determined for blackberries• Management
• Biological control: Predatory mites• Chemical control: Acramite (bifenazate),
Savey (Hexythiazox) Pyrethriods not recommended
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Probable Pests:Flower thrips and leafhoppers
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The Questions• What we know:
– Thrips can be found in blackberry blooms
• What we do not know:– Thrips species composition– Thrips phenology in blackberries– Impact (if any) on fruit yield and quality– How well thrips populations can be
manipulated in blackberries
• Growers are highly concerned about thrips presence in blooms– Pollination, malformed fruit?
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Scope of the Project
• 3 year project designed to:– Determine species composition of
flower feeding thrips in NC blackberries– Track seasonal fluctuations of these
populations– Determine which monitoring tools most
accurately predict thrips in blossoms– Relate thrips populations to damage at
harvest– Test registered and experimental
materials for thrips control
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Scope of the Project
• 3 year project designed to:– Determine species composition of
flower feeding thrips in NC blackberries– Track seasonal fluctuations of these
populations– Determine which monitoring tools most
accurately predict thrips in blossoms– Relate thrips populations to damage at
harvest– Test registered and experimental
materials for thrips control
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Trap Comparison
• 5 Locations• 4 of each trap/location, changed
weekly• Sample of 5 buds, blossoms, or fruit
collected with traps to compare plant presence with trap captures
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Trap Comparison
• 5 Trap types
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Trap Comparison
• 5 Trap types
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Thrips Phenology
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Thrips Phenology
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Thrips Phenology
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Thrips Phenology
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Thrips Diversity (5/29 and 6/7)
Blossom Samples
925 total
Foliage Samples
240 total
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Trap Captures by Color
date*color p = <0.0001
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Trap Captures by ColorSite 2
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Trap Captures by ColorSite 3
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Trap Captures by ColorSite 4
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• Blue traps catch more thrips
• Trap capture patterns do not appear to differ between types
• Traps likely capture a more diverse sample of thrips (foliage + flowers)
• Traps continue to capture thrips after they decrease in blooms, so they should only be used as a treatment tools during bloom
Thrips Monitoring Conclusions (To date)
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Study Methods• Single variety: Chester• 4 rows of 8 plots of the following
treatments:– Assail 30SG, 4.5 oz/A (1.82 oz/ha)– Assail 30SG, 5.3 oz/A (2.14 oz/ha)– Delegate, 4 oz/A (1.62 oz/ha)– Delegate, 6 oz/A (2.43 oz/ha)– Pyganic, 32 fl oz/A (13 fl oz/ha)– AzaDirect, 32 fl oz/A (13 fl oz/ha)– Ecotec, 2 qt/A (26 fl oz/ha)– Untreated Control
• Applied with Solo Mistblower at 50 gpa
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Study Methods• Assessed at 3 and 7 DPT• 2 traps (one yellow, one blue) per plot• 10 bud, blossom, or fruit clustered
collected weekly• 10 trifoliate leaves (from a fruiting cane)
collected weekly– Blossom and leaf samples were aggetated in
70% EtOH for ~10 minutes and samples were filtered to collect thrips
– A subset of 30 thrips per trap or plant sample were slide mounted for ID to species
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Adults in Flowers
date*treat p = 0.0143
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Adults in Flowers
date*treat p = 0.0143
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Larvae in Flowers
date*treat p < 0.0001
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Larvae in Flowers
date*treat p < 0.0001
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treatment*color p = 0.0182
(Blue)Trap Captures by Treatment
abc
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cbc
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Th
rip
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rap
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Previous Control Work
Johnson, et al. 2004 AMT
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Scope of the Project
• 3 year project designed to:– Determine species composition of
flower feeding thrips in NC blackberries– Track seasonal fluctuations of these
populations– Determine which monitoring tools most
accurately predict thrips in blossoms– Relate thrips populations to damage at
harvest (fruit shape, size, druplets)– Test registered and experimental
materials for thrips control
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Scope of the Project
• 3 year project designed to:– Relate thrips populations to damage at
harvest (fruit shape, size, druplets)– 2008 samples showed no impact of
treatment on any parameter measured of 2 harvest dates
– Fruit set NOT measured– Data will now be analyzed via
regression analyses to compare density effects
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Leafhoppers• Leafhoppers are present in blackberry
plantings• Adults and larvae present, at least 2
species• Feeding injury?• Vector relationships?
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Invasives on the moveWhat to keep an eye out for
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Cherry vinegar fly• Not a “fruit fly”, Drosophila suzukii
• Most Drosophila feed on fungus, not fruit. CVF feeds on living fruit tissue
• Currently found in CA, HI
• Backyard cherries suspected in spread/establishment
http://ucanr.org/blogs/strawberries_caneberries/index.cfm?tagname=spotted%20wing%20drosophilid
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• Generalist stink bug, probably similar to native stink bug feeding habit
• Found along eastern seaboard (NJ, PA, NY, etc)
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys)