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IDENTITY MARKERS
COMPONENTS OF SELF THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE
STRATIFICATION OF GROUPS
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VARIABLE SYMBOLS OF A SOCIAL COLLECTIVE
• LANGUAGE
• STYLE
• SOCIAL PROPS
• GESTURES / MANNERISMS
• BODY SHAPE AND SIZE
• AND MORE…..
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POWER LEVELS OF MARKERS
1. MASTER STATUS – – Bestowed, self revealing and affective
without social action, and…– Unchangeable
• Gender• Age• Race
– Skin color
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POWER LEVELS OF MARKERS
2. PRIMARY STATUS - – Bestowed or assumed, self revealing and
affective, but generally through social action, and…
– Changeable, but with effort• Economic social class• Language• Religion
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POWER LEVELS OF MARKERS
3. SECONDARY STATUS – – Assumed, visible and affected and always
revealed by social action– Easily changeable
• Makeup• Hair Styles• Clothing Styles• Jewelry
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THE POWER OF MARKERS?
• Foundation of Power:– Sociological Concept of “The Stranger:”
• We are attracted to those whom we perceive to be the most like us;
• Conversely, we create measurable social distance between those we perceive to be different, or “strangers”
– Perception of difference is more powerful than objectively measurable difference
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THE THOMAS THEOREM
If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.
- W. I. Thomas
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THE MATTHEW EFFECT
The greatest rewards go to those whom, based on prior perception, we believe to be the most deserving of those rewards…
- Robert Merton
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CATEGORIC KNOWING
• ABSTRACT GENERALIZATIONS BASED ON VISUAL AND ORAL/VERBAL INPUT:– Initial Curiosity…– Frequently followed by
• Suspicion• Distrust• Resistance• Fear
• ABSTRACT GENERALIZATIONS REPLACED BY CONCRETE ACTIONS
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THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
• Conflict Theory – Inequalities are maintained through constructed false
consciousness with intention of subsequent exploitation
• Functional Theory– Inequalities are dysfunctions that are best overcome as social
balance aimed at stability emerges
• S.I.– Inequality and discrimination are based on subjective
interpretation, rather than on objective evaluation
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RACE AND ETHNICITY
• Controversy over use of term “race,” but…
– Component of law (de jure)
• Characteristic of social identity (de facto)
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OVERT IMPACT OF LAW ANDSOCIAL PRACTICE
• TIMES OF CRISIS
– Economic– Political– Social
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Emory Bogardus(died 1973)
U.S.C.
• 1928: “Immigration and Race Attitudes”– Anticipated acceptance and exploitation
during periods of economic expansion– Anticipated conflict during times of contraction
and crisis– “Social Distance Scale” measures inter
racial/ethnic acceptance and rejection
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BOGARUS’ DEFINITIONS
Race: human group that defines itself and/or is defined by others as being distinct by virtue of perceived and assumed immutable biological differences.
Ethnic group: human group that defines itself and/or is defined by others as being distinct by virtue of perceived and assumed cultural differences.
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PRIMARY SOCIAL USE OF DEFINITIONS
• CODIFIED DISCRIMINATION
• CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION INCLUDING:
• EEO LAWS• AFFIRMATIVE ACTION LAWS
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BREAKING THE DIVIDE
• Assimilation – cultural; based on erosion of boundaries through sharing of material and non-material components of culture
• Amalgamation – biological; based on physiological mixing of members of identifiably different groups
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POTENTIAL OUTCOME
• FULL INTEGRATION
• PLURALISM
• MULTICULTURALISM
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OBSTACLES
GREATEST IMPEDIMENT –
PREJUDICE
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SOCIAL FUNCTIONS (Functional Variables)
OF PREJUDICE
1. SCAPEGOATING
2. ELEVATION OF SELF
3. EXPLOITATION OF LABOR
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PREJUDICE AS SOCIAL PRACTICE
• SURVEYS REVEAL AMERICANS OVERWHELMINGLY DECLARE THEMSELVES TO BEAR NO PREJUDICE
• EVEN FEWER OPENLY ENDORSE PREJUDICE
• OVERT PREJUDICAL PRACTICE NOT TOLERATED
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EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
MORTALITY
AND
MORBIDITY
STATISTICS
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NATIVE AMERICANS
• SUICIDE RATE: 2X
• ALCOHOLISM RATE: 20X
• DIABETES: 2X
• AUTO VEHICLE DEATH: 2X
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AFRICAN AMERICANS
• HYPERTENSION: 6.5X
• RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE: 2.8X
• CHRONIC PULMONARY DISEASE: 3.8X
• ASTHMA: 4.4X
• ACUTE APPENDICITIS: 3.2X
• CERVICAL CANCER: 2/6X
• PROSTATE CANCER: .4X
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LATIN AMERICANS
• TUBURCULOSIS: 4X
• DIABETES: 3X
• CANCER: 2-4X
• HYPERTENSION: 2X
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GENDER
• DISTINCT SOCIAL ADVANTAGES CONNECTED TO GENDER
• MEASURABLE VIA:– ECONOMICS – DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME– INDEPENDENCE– DOMINANCE– FREEDOM AND FLEXIBILITY
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FOUNDATIONS
• RELIGION– GENESIS: CREATION STORY– ORGANIZED RELIGIOUS GROUPS
• ROMAN CATHOLICISM• ISLAM• MANY PROTESTANT DENOMINATIONS
• LABOR STRUCTURES
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SCIENTIFIC DIFFERENCE
• BIOLOGY
– MALES LARGER• SHORTER LIFESPAN
– FEMALES SMALLER• LONGER LIFESPAN
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SOCIAL DIFFERENCE
• NON-SCIENTIFIC SOCIAL PRACTICE
– FEMALE > DEPENDENT– FEMALES > NUTURANT– MALES > ACHIEVEMENT– MALES > INTELIGENCE
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STEREOTYPICALGENDER ROLES
• MALES:
– BREAD WINNER, LEADER, DECIDER
• FEMALES
– WIFE, MOTHER, HOME MAKER
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IMPACT
• EDUCATION– WOMEN MAKING GAINS:
• B.A. AND M.A. DEGREES:– 1900 – 20% OF B.A. AND M.A. DEGREES– 2000 – APPROXIMATELY EQUAL
• WORKFORCE– WOMEN COMPRISE 55%
• PAY LAGS BY 30-35%
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THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
• Conflict Theory – Inequalities are counter-productive and need to be
resolved
• Functional Theory– Inequalities are based on historical evolution, have
become entrenched even without functional basis; accepted until imbalance reaches intolerable level
• S.I.– Roles are perpetuated by subjective rather than
objective evaluation; persist via cultural transmission
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AGE
• MYTH AND REALITY
– Physical Deterioration vs.– Failure to Maintain
– Mental Decline vs.– Failure to Exercise Intellect
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AGE BASEDSOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONS
• Privilege
• Employment Expectations
• Expectations for social performance– Adolescence– Retirement
• Marketing Strategies
• Media Depictions
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SHARED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. ELEVATED VISIBILITY
2. UNEQUAL TREATMENT
3. ASCRIBED STATUS
4. GROUP CONSCIOUSNESS
5. ENDOGAMY
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POTENTIAL IMPACT OF RELIANCE ON IDENTITY MARKERS
RACISM
SEXISM
AGEISM