Download - Imperialismo e guerra
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1878
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1871
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1891-1901 740 km/anno
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1889
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da 500 a 16 mila
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confronto Germania - Gran Bretagna
produzione acciaio18 milioni di tonnellate all'anno (F e R 5, A 3, I 1)
espansione coloniale
dal 1897, la Kaiserliche Marine
(produzione grano Italia50 milioni di quintali all'anno + 15 milioni importati, poi 38)
8 milioni
Commonwealth
secolare dominio sui mari
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28 giugno 1914, assassinio dell'arciduca Ferdinando a Sarajevo
23 luglio, ultimatum di Vienna alla Serbia. Forte dell’appoggio russo, il governo serbo accetta solo in parte l’ultimatum,
respingendo la clausola che prevedeva la partecipazione di funzionari austriaci alle indagini
28 luglio, Vienna dichiara guerra alla Serbia
29 luglio, mobilitazione delle forze armate russe
31 luglio, la Germania invia un ultimatum alla Russia
1 agosto, dichiarazione di guerra tedesca alla Russia e mobilitazione francese
3 agosto, la Germania dichiara guerra alla Francia
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… fu soprattutto un errore di calcolo: gli uomini di stato usarono i bluff e le minacce che altre volte avevano dato ottimi risultati. Ma nel 1914 le cose andarono male: gli strumenti di intimidazione sui
quali si faceva tanto conto non spaventarono nessuno e gli uomini di stato divennero prigionieri delle loro stesse armi. I colossali eserciti, messi
insieme per garantire la sicurezza e la pace, trascinarono alla guerra le nazioni con la forza del
loro stesso peso. (A.J.P. Taylor)
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580
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padre Agostino Gemelli, esperto di psicologia delle masse del Comando Supremo di Cadorna:
gli orrori della trincea sono qualcosa di positivo, perché riducono progressivamente i soldati a
oggetti passivi, disorientati e frastornati, condizionati ad un'obbedienza supina, che li porta
a morire senza la possibilità di una presa di coscienza o di una reazione autonoma
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l'industria della morte
teoria dell' "attacco ad oltranza": se il nemico osa prendere l'iniziativa anche per un solo istante,
ogni pollice di terreno deve essere difeso fino alla morte e, se perduto, riconquistato con un
contrattacco immediato anche se inopportuno
battaglia di Verdun (II - XII '16): 315 mila F - 280 Dbattaglia della Somme (VII - XI '16): 1 milione
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l'industria della morte
prima della battaglia della Somme,1500 pezzi di artiglieria
spararono 1 milione di colpiin 7 giorni
750 tonnellate di colpi in un solo giorno
1 convoglio di munizioni ogni 8 minuti
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31 gennaio 1917il Comando tedesco annuncia la “guerra
sottomarina totale”: distruggere almeno 600 mila tonnellate di navi al mese per costringere
l'Inghilterra alla resa; dopo sei mesi, furono affondate 3 milioni 780 mila tonnellate, ma
l'Inghilterra non si arrese ...
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l'Italia e la Grande Guerra
il 28 luglio 1914, non interviene(Triplica Alleanza solo difensiva)
Giolitti (le due Italie) aveva avviato accordi segreti con l'Impero Asburgico che, per evitare un terzo fronte, avrebbe offerto Trento e Trieste in cambio
della neutralità
Sulla spinta dei nazionalisti, d'accordo con il re e contro la maggioranza del Parlamento, Salandra e Sonnino firmarono il Patto di Londra, allettati dalle
generose offerte in caso di vittoria
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600 km
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Le truppe oggi vanno a farsi massacrare, non a combattere (Luigi Albertini, 11 novembre 1915)
Niente è arrivato alle date promesse. Nessun arrivo è puntuale, né quello dei cannoni di medio
calibro, né quello dei lanciabombe, né quello delle perforatrici. Mancano fucili. Bisognerebbe
produrne duemila al giorno, se ne producono settecento. La guerra divora fucili. Si debbono racimolare fucili vecchi sui campi di battaglia,
magari a pezzi. Le reclute sono disarmate, vi sono poche decine di fucili per ogni reggimento a scopo di istruzione. S'incorporano nuove truppe al fronte,
e sono senza fucili.(Luigi Barzini, marzo '16)
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le cifre
nel 1916 e nel 1917, le entrate statali coprono solo un quarto delle uscite
non così i profitti delle industrie a fine conflitto:siderurgica: dal 6,3% al 16,5
laniera: dal 5,1 al 18,7automobilistica: dall' 8,6 al 30,5
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“Questa non è una pace, è un armistizio per vent'anni...”
disse Ferdinand Foch nel 1919