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Implied – indicated or suggestedStated –declared specifically or definitely
CAUSE
Effect
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Have key words, signaling words, or guiding words!!!
STATED
As a result of his mother allowing him to watch violence on TV and listen to it in songs, Peter has resulted to a life
of crime!
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Signal WordsStated
• Because • The reason for
• On account of
• Bring about • Give rise to• Created by• Contributed by • Led to• Due to• Since
• As a result• Outcome• Finally• Consequently• Therefore• For this reason• Hence• Effect• Then• So
cause effect
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Do not have key words, signaling words, or guiding words!!!
Are you implying I look like that
goofball beside me?
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Established methods to distinguish between factual claims and opinions
Specific occurrences: Examples or illustrations of events or conditions that show the fact to be true.
Statistics: Numerical expressions reporting data in a factual manner. Data may be reported in raw numbers, percentages, medians, etc. It is the responsibility of the communicator to report statistics accurately and objectively.
Exhibits: Includes visual or auditory evidence: recordings, pictures, artifacts
Presumptions: Predictions based on uniform patterns of past experiences so probable as to be accepted without question. ( The sun will rise tomorrow.)
Anecdotes: a short tale narrating an interesting or amusing biographical incident
FACTS
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LOGICAL FALLACIES
SLIPPERY SLOPE
NON SEQUITUR
false authority
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LOGICAL FALLACIESfalse authority
using a biased, suspicious, or incredible source to defend a conclusion.
False Authority
I’m a Dr.
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LOGICAL FALLACIES
person substitutes abusive remarks for evidence when attacking another person's claim or claims
Fallacy: Personal Attack
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LOGICAL FALLACIES
Using scare tactics
Fallacy: Appeal to Fear
No matter what part of the nation you live in, gun control is no control.
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LOGICAL FALLACIES
Fallacy: False Dilemma
Black or White Thinking, uninformed reasoning…no gray area
My dad’s a boy , he dresses himself.
I’m a boy, so I should dress myself !
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LOGICAL FALLACIESevent must inevitably follow from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question
SLIPPERY SLOPE
Fallacy: Slippery Slope
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LOGICAL FALLACIES
an elaborate comparison of two things that are too dissimilar
http://www.ask.com/questions-about/False-Analogy
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LOGICAL FALLACIES
in formal logic, is an argument in which its conclusion does not follow from its premises