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Importance Of Importance Of Quality QueensQuality Queens
Clarence H. Collison
Emeritus Professor/Dept. Head
Mississippi State University
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Workers are affected by the Workers are affected by the presence of the queen and presence of the queen and her pheromones.her pheromones.
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Queens live 2-4 yearsQueens live 2-4 years
Mate only once (7-15 drones)Mate only once (7-15 drones)
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Requeen On Requeen On
A Regular BasisA Regular Basis
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Requeen at a minimum of Requeen at a minimum of every two yearsevery two years
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What makes a good queen?What makes a good queen?
How can you determine if How can you determine if you have a good queen?you have a good queen?
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Beekeepers evaluate queens Beekeepers evaluate queens on basis of colony on basis of colony characteristics:characteristics:
• Brood patternBrood pattern• Behavior of the queen on Behavior of the queen on
the combsthe combs• Temperament of workersTemperament of workers• Production recordsProduction records
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A queen controls A queen controls fertilization by regulating fertilization by regulating
the release of spermatozoa the release of spermatozoa from her spermatheca.from her spermatheca.
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Her entire supply of Her entire supply of spermatozoa is limited to spermatozoa is limited to those obtained before she those obtained before she starts egg laying, so she starts egg laying, so she
must dispense them must dispense them gradually.gradually.
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Several spermatozoa are Several spermatozoa are apparently released each apparently released each
time a fertilized egg is laid, time a fertilized egg is laid, but the actual depletion rate but the actual depletion rate
is unknown.is unknown.
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Queens (Alberta Canada)Queens (Alberta Canada)
1-2 weeks old 9.77 million sperm1 year old 7.63 million sperm2 years old 5.57 million sperm3 years old 2.08 million sperm
Szabo & Davis 1991
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Genetic FactorsGenetic FactorsPhysiological ConditionPhysiological Condition
Food Quality and QuantityFood Quality and QuantityOvary SizeOvary Size
Mating SuccessMating Success
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Number Of Nurse BeesNumber Of Nurse Bees
Broodnest TemperatureBroodnest Temperature
Fresh Nectar And PollenFresh Nectar And Pollen
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Significant correlations Significant correlations have been found between have been found between egg laying rate, population egg laying rate, population size, and honey production.size, and honey production.
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Several researchers have Several researchers have attempted to evaluate queens by attempted to evaluate queens by relating body size or weight and relating body size or weight and
other morphological other morphological characteristics with:characteristics with:
Egg productionSize of brood areaTotal colony populationHoney production
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Queen WeightQueen Weight& &
Number Of OvariolesNumber Of Ovarioles
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Weight of QueenWeight of Queen& &
Brood AreaBrood Area
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Brood AreaBrood Area&&
Honey ProductionHoney Production
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Weight Of Queen Weight Of Queen &&
Honey ProductionHoney Production
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Heavier queens produce more brood and Heavier queens produce more brood and honey.honey.
Best time to weigh queens is when they Best time to weigh queens is when they are 12 days old and in their mating nucs.are 12 days old and in their mating nucs.
Discard 15 to 25% of the lightest queens.Discard 15 to 25% of the lightest queens.
Nelson and Gary 1983Nelson and Gary 1983
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Heavier queens have more Heavier queens have more ovarioles/ovary and thus ovarioles/ovary and thus potentially can produce more potentially can produce more eggs.eggs.
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Number of ovariolesNumber of ovarioles
130-186 ovarioles/ovary130-186 ovarioles/ovary
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Queens with 300 or more Queens with 300 or more ovarioles are considered to ovarioles are considered to
be of good quality.be of good quality.
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Dietz (1985, 1986) was able Dietz (1985, 1986) was able to show that queen weights to show that queen weights are correlated with queen are correlated with queen
acceptance by workers and acceptance by workers and hence may indicate the hence may indicate the
value of a queen.value of a queen.
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Colony traits change due to Colony traits change due to different matings.different matings.
Sperm clump and form layers Sperm clump and form layers in the spermatheca.in the spermatheca.
Needs to be considered when Needs to be considered when judging a queen.judging a queen.
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Poor QueensPoor Queens
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Larval AgeLarval Age
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Each Increase In 1 Day of Age Each Increase In 1 Day of Age of Brood Graftedof Brood Grafted
Decreased Decreased Body WeightBody Weight
Size of SpermathecaSize of SpermathecaNumber of OvariolesNumber of Ovarioles
Number of Spermatozoa In Number of Spermatozoa In SpermathecaSpermatheca
Woyke 1971Woyke 1971
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Larval NourishmentLarval Nourishment
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Inadequate starter or finisher Inadequate starter or finisher colonies result in small cells.colonies result in small cells.
Small queen cells should be Small queen cells should be discarded.discarded.
Cell sculpturing should also be Cell sculpturing should also be considered.considered.
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Volume and Length Queen Cell Volume and Length Queen Cell &&
Weight of QueensWeight of QueensNumber of OvariolesNumber of Ovarioles
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Chilling Of Queen Chilling Of Queen CellsCells
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Rough Handling Of Rough Handling Of Queen CellsQueen Cells
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Queen Cells Placed On Queen Cells Placed On Their Sides During The Their Sides During The
Pupal Stage May Die Or The Pupal Stage May Die Or The Virgin Queen May Emerge Virgin Queen May Emerge
With Deformed Legs Or With Deformed Legs Or Wings.Wings.
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Poor Mating Poor Mating ConditionsConditions
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Number of SpermatozoaNumber of Spermatozoa&&
Size of SpermathecaSize of Spermatheca
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Queens With Sperm Counts Queens With Sperm Counts Less Than 3 Million Are Less Than 3 Million Are
Unable To Head Colonies Unable To Head Colonies For One Season.For One Season.
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Average DroneAverage Drone8 million Spermatozoa8 million Spermatozoa
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Average QueenAverage Queen50 million Spermatozoa50 million Spermatozoa
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Queen’s spermatheca normally Queen’s spermatheca normally contains 5-7 million contains 5-7 million
spermatozoa.spermatozoa.
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Drones are sexually mature at Drones are sexually mature at approximately 12 days of age.approximately 12 days of age.
Sperm count goes down after Sperm count goes down after 20 days of age.20 days of age.
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Shipping ConditionsShipping Conditions
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There are numerous There are numerous diseases and physiological diseases and physiological problems that can prevent problems that can prevent
the queen from laying the queen from laying fertilized eggs.fertilized eggs.(Drone Layers)(Drone Layers)
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Lack of FertilizationLack of FertilizationUnsatisfactory FertilizationUnsatisfactory Fertilization
Exhaustion of Sperm SupplyExhaustion of Sperm Supply
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11% Low Sperm Counts11% Low Sperm Counts10% Queens had Nosema10% Queens had Nosema
54% Attendants had Nosema54% Attendants had Nosema47% Packages had Nosema47% Packages had Nosema
(1963-1966)(1963-1966)
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Late Packages Arriving In Late Packages Arriving In Canada, Queens Had Higher Canada, Queens Had Higher
Sperm Counts.Sperm Counts.
Queens In Mid- To Late- Queens In Mid- To Late- Summer Are Best.Summer Are Best.
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Nosema causes a high level of Nosema causes a high level of supersedure.supersedure.
Damages cells lining mid and hind Damages cells lining mid and hind guts.guts.Metabolic processes are disturbed.Metabolic processes are disturbed.Ovaries suffer severe damage.Ovaries suffer severe damage.High proportion of eggs fail to hatch.High proportion of eggs fail to hatch.Stops laying eggs.Stops laying eggs.
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SummarySummary
Colonies should be headed by young vigorous queens.
Select large queens that have been reared when colony nutritional conditions are excellent and mated when large drone populations are present.
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Summary ContinuedSummary Continued
Solid brood patterns, temperament, colony characteristics and productivity are the characteristics that you should be using to judge your queens.
Remember, you cannot judge a queen without a large population of bees so the queen is able to develop to her full potential.