BS 536STUDIES ON TALL BUILDINGS: DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Fall 2011-2012

Case Study: Bank of China Towerby

Serdar Eri en

Submitted to: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Mehmet Halis GünelAssoc.Prof.Dr. Ali Murat Tanyer

Arch. H.Emre Ilg n (MSc.)

MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE / BUILDING SCIENCE PROGRAM

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Country/City: China/Hong KongBuilding Function: OfficeStructural Material: CompositeConstruction: 1985 1990*Architects:I.M. Pei & Partners, Sherman Kung & Associates*

Structural Engineer:Leslie E. Robertson Associates;Valentine, Laurie and Davis*

Structural SystemMega Column System (Günel Ilg n)Mega Frames with super columns **Space Structure (Smith)***Space Truss System (Emporis)

Height: Architectural: 367.4 meter*Floors Above Ground: 72*Number of Elevators: 49*Gross Floor Area Total: 135.000 m2*Owner: Bank of China, Hong Kong*

*CTBUH, Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, www.ctbuh.org**Taranath, B., Steel, Concrete & Composite Design of Tall Buildings***Smith, B.S. & Coull, A., Tall Building Structures: Analysis and Design

Emporis, Emporis Corporation, A Global Building Information Company,www.emporis.com/building/bankofchinatower hongkong china.

Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong

Case Study: Bank of China Tower by Serdar Eri enSubmitted to: Günel, Tanyer, Ilg n – Fall 2011

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Important FactsThe architect of Bank of China Tower,I.M.Pei, was the son of one of the previousmanagers of Bank of China*At the time of its completion, was the;*.tallest building in Asia.tallest building outside the continent ofAmerica.fifth tallest building in the world.first composite megastructure tall buildingin the world.

Challenges for design:Site in a dense business district, but at the edgeof it**Site is surrounded by elevated highwaysSite had bad memories from the Second WorldWar**Norman Foster’s HSBC building is near to it**Site is in a typhoon and earthquake zone*Restricted budget ($ 150 million)**

*Philip Jodidio and Janet Adams Strong, “Bank of China”,I.M.Pei: Complete Works, New York : Rizzoli : Distributed tothe U.S. trade by Random House, 2008, pp.194 201.

**Peter Blake, “Scaling New Heights”, Architectural Record, January, 1991.

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Articulation of the geometry

Architectural Design

Architectural expressionismExpression of structure at façadeIntegration of pure structure, function, form,and urban symbolismBamboo symbolism for the architecturalinspiration *Bracing structure is expressed with aluminumarchitectural cover.****

Feng Shui effect

X’s at the façade with their negative meaning haschanged into the ‘Diamond shape’by the articulation of ‘quadrants’**Surrounding site has been integrated with‘triangulated gardens’*** withthe Feng Shui understanding.

image from “Scaling New Heights”, Architectural Record January 1991.

*Peter Blake, “Scaling New Heights”, Architectural Record, January, 1991**Architectural Record, January 1991***Jodido and Strong, “Bank of China”, 2008, pp.195 200****Architectural Record, September 1985

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Architectural Plans

Floors 6 – 16* Floors 26 – 31*

*Drawings from “Scaling New Heights”, Architectural Record 1991 January

rs 6 – 16* Floors 38 – 44* Floors 51 – 66*

*Drawings from “Scaling New Heights”, Architectural Record 1991 January

ors 38 44*

Structural plans*

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*Architectural Record September 1985

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Structural plans*

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*Architectural Record September 1985

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Structural plans*

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*Architectural Record September 1985

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Structural plans*

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*Architectural Record September 1985

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Structural designRestricted budged and regional factors such astyphoon and earthquake lead to be madebuilding light and efficient structure*

Mega column system / Space truss system

Composite structure

Mega composite columnswith steel bracing system**

At every thirteen floor gigantic horizontalbracing frames**

Stiffening trusses on the perimeter with12 story major bracing configuration**

40 % less steel usageby the composite structure systemwhen compared to the conventional solutionsas a more light and efficient solution**

drawn by Serdar Eri en

*Jodidio and Strong, 2008, “Bank of China”**Architectural Record 1985 September

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The load of the fifth column is transferred to the corner columnsby diagonal steel structures*

Steel box diagonals filled with concrete

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Section, Elevation*

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*Architectural Record September 1985

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Axonometric drawings

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ReferencesBlake, P., “Scaling New Heights”, Architectural Record, January, 1991.

CTBUH, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Illinois Institute of Technology,S.R. Crown Hall, 3360 South State Street, Chicago, Illinois, USA,<http://buildingdb.ctbuh.org/building.php?building_id=287>

Dupré, Judith, “Bank of China”, Skycrapers, New York: Black Dog & Leventhal ;Poole : Chris Lloyd [distributor], 2008, pp. 108 109.

Emporis, Emporis Corporation, A Global Building Information Company,Theodor Heuss Allee 2, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany,< http:// www.emporis.com/building/bankofchinatower hongkong china>

Gordon, Douglas E., “Curtains’s Up in Hong Kong”, Architecture, No. 79, February 1990: 95 96.

Günel, M.Halis & Ilg n, H.Emre, Yüksek Binalar: Ta y c Sistem ve Aerodinamik Form,Ankara: ODTÜ Mimarl k Fakültesi Bas m li i, 2010.

Jodidio, Philip & Strong, Janet Adams, “Bank of China”, I.M.Pei: Complete Works,New York: Rizzoli : Distributed to the U.S. trade by Random House, 2008, pp.194 201.

Rastorfer, Darl, “Logic of Eccentricity”, Architectural Record, September, 1985.

“Stretching the art of composite structures”, ENR, October 1988: 35 46.

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