![Page 1: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Important Symbiotic Relationships
By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin
![Page 2: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Coral/ Zooxanthellae Symbiosis Zooxanthellae produce the
nutrients (phosphate, nitrates, and carbon) needed by coral through photosynthetic activities.
Coral provides the zooxanthellae w/ protection and access to light (also provides steady supply of carbon dioxide for photosynthetic processes)
coral gets nutrients, algae gets substances it needs- why coral reefs grow so close to surface of water- need sunlight for photosynthesis
![Page 3: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Coral BleachingUnder environmental
stress, corals may expel their zooxanthellae (produce pigments) , which leads to a lighter or completely white appearance, hence the term "bleached".
Zooxanthellae lose pigment.
Could be caused by extreme sea temperatures and conditions.
![Page 4: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Reef Making Zooxanthellae (live
in tissues of polyps) help to create the reef foundation.
Formed layer by layer, and made up of millions of polyps.
Polyps build calcium carbonate onto the coral head continuously, creating a reef.
Zooxanthellae help the coral to grow by building the foundation material for the reefs.
![Page 5: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Malaria/Plasmodium Life Cycle1. Anopholes mosquito
bites infected person 2. Fertilization occurs in
the mosquito’s digestive tract, and a zygote forms
3. Oocyst-sporozoites develop here
4. The infected mosquito bites another person- infects victim with sporozoites
5. Sporozoites liver cells
merozoites
6. Merozoites grow and divide
7. Merozoites form gametocytes- complete life cycle in a new female mosquito
![Page 6: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Malaria Life Cycle
![Page 7: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Importance of Malaria and the parasitic protist Plasmodium to the world
40% of worlds population is at risk of contracting malaria. The majority of those people are in Africa.
It is one of the few remaining infectious diseases that has continued to persist in the modern era even though it is preventable and curable.
WHO reports 247 million cases with 1 million deaths annually.
Unreported- 300 million cases, 1-3 million deaths.
Children under 5 are the most likely age group to die from malaria.
1 child dies every 45 seconds.
![Page 8: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Youtubehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iW8n
CALx5iA&feature=related
![Page 9: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q1. Why does the coral reef normally grow
closer to the surface of the water?
A1. Because the zooxanthellae need sunlight to perform photosynthetic activities
![Page 10: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q2. What do zooxanthellae do for the coral in
the symbiotic relationship?
A2. Produce the nutrients (such as phosphate, nitrate, and carbon) needed by the coral to survive and reproduce, provide coloration of coral, (transfer nutrients through translocation)
![Page 11: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q3. How does the coral get its color?
A3. From the pigments that the zooxanthellae produce.
![Page 12: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q4. Bleaching can be caused by what?
A4. Environmental stress, decline in zooxanthellae, loss of pigments in zooxanthellae, etc.
![Page 13: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q5. Coral reefs can be made up of what?
A5. Millions of coral polyps, zooxanthellae
![Page 14: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q6. Where do zooxanthellae live?
A6. In the tissues of reef-building polyps
![Page 15: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q7. What is the coral’s role in the symbiotic
relationship?
A7. Provide zooxanthellae with protection, access to light (for photosynthetic purposes)
![Page 16: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q8. What process causes coral to reach this
state?
A8. coral bleaching
![Page 17: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q9. What is the vector of malaria?
A9. Female Anopholes mosquito
![Page 18: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q10. What part of the mosquito does
fertilization of the male and female gametocytes?
A10. mosquito’s digestive tract
![Page 19: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q11. What develops in the wall of the
mosquito’s gut?
A11. oocyst
![Page 20: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q12. The sporozoites, developed in the oocyst,
migrate to the __________.
A12. mosquito’s salivary gland
![Page 21: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q13. When the sporozoites enter the human,
what type of cell do they first enter?
A13. liver cell
![Page 22: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q14. What are the sporozoites called after they
divide?
A14. Merozoites
![Page 23: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q15. What do the merozoites infect?
A15. red blood cells
![Page 24: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q16. At the end of the cycle, the merozoites
divide to form _______.
A16. gametocytes
![Page 25: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q17. What is the only diploid stage of the
malaria cycle?
A17. zygote
![Page 26: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q18. How does the plasmodium hide from the
human’s immune system?
A18. By spending most of its time inside the human liver and blood cells
![Page 27: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q19. What percent of the world is at risk for
contracting malaria?
A19. 40%
![Page 28: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q20. Is malaria preventable? Is it curable?
A20. yes, yes
![Page 29: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q21. Annually about how many cases of
malaria are reported?
A21. 245-300 million
![Page 30: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q22. Annually about how many people die from
malaria?
A22. 1-3 million
![Page 31: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q23. Which group of people is most likely to
die from malaria? – Children (under 5), teens, middle aged adults, or elderly people.
A23. children under 5
![Page 32: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q24. Where (what continent) are most people
at risk for contracting malaria?
A24. Africa
![Page 33: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q25. How often does a child die from malaria?
Every 30,45,60, or 90 seconds?
A25. 45 seconds
![Page 34: Important Symbiotic Relationships By: Abby Keller, Ryan Kilgore, and Maddie Irvin](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062320/56649ccf5503460f9499a648/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Tic-Tac-Toe!Q26. How much zooxanthellae is lost to cause
coral to bleach? 10-20%, 30-50%, OR 60-90%
A26. 60-90%