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Download - Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

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Page 1: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because:

• Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. –determined by soil physical & chemical characteristics, amount of soil weathering

• Less weathered soils, root commonly found in the soil while in highly weathered soils rooting in soil is limited

• Soil chemical & physical characteristics control plant species dominance. Plants adapted to soil chemistry through roots.

• Symbionts and root grafting necessary for plants growing in soils with lower nutrient availabilities

• Treating ecosystems with a limiting nutrient may not increase total NPP, just shift allocation of C from belowground

• Land use legacies that alter soil nutrients can affect ecosystem recovery after a disturbance

• Natural disturbances are an important agent of increasing site nutrient availability

Page 2: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Detritus

Plants

Dissolved OM (eg, P, Si, Al)

Other crystalline & non-cryst Al-Silicate PO4

-3 exch sites

Imogolite paracrystalline Al-SilicatePO4

-3 exch sites/complex

Organic exch sites /complex

SOIL

Solution

Mineralization

Uptake

Mineralization

Decomposition

Uptake

LitterfallThe Links between Plants (Belowground) & Soils

Page 3: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil
Page 4: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Temperate Coniferous Forest Soil

Tropical Forest Soil

•Roots / mycorrhizas found more than 30 meters deep

•Roots not just found in soils

•Old soils

•Soils low in Ca, K, N (except where N fixing trees for coffee)

•Roots / mycorrhizas found mainly in the soil

•Young soils

•Soil nutrient availabilities decrease with land-uses (i.e. acid precipitation)

Page 5: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Root excavation for tracking disease in Washington (photo Bob Edmonds)

Page 6: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

http://www.hubbardbrook.org/research/gallery/soil/HB_115_Spodosol.jpg

Leached layers where nutrient availability is low

Layers that are impermeable to easy root penetration so restrict roots to surface horizons

Page 7: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Pacific silver fir tip-over, Findley Lake, Washington

Root tip-over, Kenai, Alaska

Page 8: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Canada – Root excavation

Root growth is extensive – can be 30 meters from base of the tree

Roots are growing to available nutrients

Page 9: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

http://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/rainforests-tropical/rhinohornbilldipterocarp.html

Page 10: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Sparse palm trees spread across the savanna of Madagascar. Photograph by Maria Stenzelhttp://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/savannah/palmdottedsavannah.html

Greater rheas graze in the tall savannah grass of Brazil's Pantanal. Photograph by Joel Sartorehttp://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/savannah/rheasgraze.html

Page 11: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

http://travel.mongabay.com/malaysia/images/malaysia1016.html

http://travel.mongabay.com/indonesia/images/singapore5485.html

http://travel.mongabay.com/indonesia/images/singapore5456.html

OR roots do not remain in the soil

Page 12: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Apogeous roots of Tabonuco climbing up a Sierra palm to acquire stem flow nutrients, Luquillo LTER, Puerto Rico

Roots in streams

Nodules of nitrogen fixing tree species (e.g. Inga spp.)

Page 13: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil
Page 14: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Root - fungal mats accessing nutrients

Page 15: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Tabonuco root mat (> 40 cm deep) on the surface of the forest floor, Luquillo LTER, Puerto Rico

Page 16: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Root grafting between different species of plants and borrowing C, nutrients from other plants

Page 17: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Root rot disease transmitted through root grafts – western hemlock (photo Bob Edmonds)

Page 18: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

10 year old Site Class II [HIGH SITE QUALITY] Douglas-fir, Washington (note person in photo)

Person

Tree height

10 year old Site Class IV [LOW SITE QUALITY] Douglas-fir, Washington (note person in photo)

Page 19: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Douglas-fir(% of Total Annual Production)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Aboveground Belowgr > 2mm Belowgr < 2mm

ControlFertilized

30%

18%

Page 20: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Nutrient Availability

Water Availability

Leaf Area

Root Area

Regulation point

What controls how much roots are produced?

Page 21: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Oa

E

Bhs

OeOi

Page 22: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Root appearance when not affected by high aluminum levels and properly functioning roots

Page 23: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Roots dying from aluminum toxicity and no longer able to take up nutrients

Page 24: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Image of roots taken in spruce forests in Germany where trees were dying from acid rain

Page 25: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Abies amabilis, WA

01

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Oa E Bhs Litterfoliage

ForestFloor

Ca/Al ratio

Fine roots < 1mm diam

Ca/Al ratio -< 0.2 critical, mortality

10 parts Ca and 50 parts Al = 0.2 ratio

10 Ca, 1 Al

10 Ca, 11 Al10 Ca,

50 Al

10 Ca, 100 Al

Page 26: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

0

100

200

300400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Forest floor E Bhs

ppmx10MRT, yrs

Aluminum in Roots by HorizonMRT = mean residence time (yrs) of decaying roots

Page 27: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

0

510

1520

2530

3540

4550

A. amabilis T. mertensiana

foliagebolewoodroots <1 mm

Al accumulator- foliage 500-1,120; fine roots 1320 ppm

Not Al accumulator - foliage 110-260; fine roots 730 ppm

Page 28: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Wet Nitrate Deposition (kg/ha) 1995-1998NADP/NTN Monitoring Data

Page 29: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

http://www.hubbardbrook.org/research/gallery/soil/HB_115_Spodosol.jpg

Spruce dominated stands with

co-associates fir, birch,

maple

SP

OD

OS

OL

Page 30: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

NY

aa

b

bb

bba

Between 1992-1998, BOLEWOOD GROWTH:N, Ca/N, Ca significantly increased in NY;N significantly increased in NH

a b b b

b b ba

a a

bb

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Control Calcium Ca + N Nitrogen

ANPP

(Mg

ha-1

yr-1

)

Wood

Foliage

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Control Calcium Ca + N Nitrogen

ANPP

(Mg

ha-1 y

r-1)

Wood

Foliage

ab b

b

b b ba

NY

a

b bb

a a

ab

b b

b b

bb

a a

NH

Between 1992-1998,FOLIAGE GROWTH:

N, Ca/N or Ca significantly increased in NY, NH

Page 31: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

ANPP - Tree Species compared to Controls (significant only)

Picea rubens (spruce)

Abies balsamea(fir)

Acer spp. (maple)

Betula spp. (birch)

New York – N saturation stage II

Ca

Ca + N

N

Vermont – N saturation stage I

Ca

New Hampshire – N saturation stage I

Ca

Ca + N

N

After 6 years treatment

Page 32: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil
Page 33: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

http://www.mnwetlands.umn.edu/tour/tour_images/vege1.jpg

Aerenchyma - secondary respiratory tissue or modified

periderm, found in many aquatic plants and

distinguished by the large intercellular spaces

Invasive plants without aerenchyma not persist in these environments with high rainfall

Page 34: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

http://luq.lternet.edu/research/projects/environmental_setting_description.html#Figure1

Forests almost

completely cleared in

early 1900s

Subtropical forests with

strong legacies of agriculture

i.e. fruit trees, N-

fixing trees used to

shade coffee plants

Page 35: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Soil characteristicsSite Total Soil

N%

NO3--N

mg/kg/mo

El Verde 0.34 0.6

Bisley 3 0.29 1.6

Bisley 5 0.37 6.6

Page 36: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Date

Ba

sal A

rea

In

cre

ase

(cm

2 )

0

20

40

60

80

100EVB3B5

Agriculture N legacy – coffee with N-fixing trees

Agriculture legacy – but no coffee with N-fixing trees,

had houses & farms because of royal palms

Page 37: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Hurricane Georges hits Puerto Rico on September 21, 1998. Image by Dennis Chesters, Marit Jentoft-Nilsen, Craig Mayhew, and Hal Pierce, Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center from data derived from NOAA GOES-8 satellite. Image from "http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/rsd/images/Georges.html".

6 Hurricanes during ~ 10 yr study:

Sept 1989 – Hugo;early-mid Sept 1995 –

Luis & Marilyn;Jul 1996 – Bertha;Sept 1996 -Hortense;Sept 1998 - Georges

http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/rsd/images/Georges.html
http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/rsd/images/Georges.html
Page 38: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Foliage decay < 6 months so pulse of nutrients available;

however, foliage area takes several years to

re-establish

Page 39: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Date

Ba

sal a

rea

gro

wth

ra

te (

cm2 d

ay-1

)

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

Wood RemovalWood AdditionControl

Wood removal

Wood addition

Root growth increased with wood

addition

Page 40: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

http://luq.lternet.edu/data/lterdb09/data/CTE-photos/coqui10.JPG

1 m2 calling area for mates at night

Amount habitat increases significantly with hurricanes

Page 41: Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because: Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. – determined by soil

Important to understand how roots interface with the ecosystem because:

• Roots found in the soil, tree canopies, hyporheic zone, etc. –determined by soil physical & chemical characteristics, amount of soil weathering

• Less weathered soils, root commonly found in the soil while in highly weathered soils rooting in soil is limited

• Soil chemical & physical characteristics control plant species dominance. Plants adapted to soil chemistry through roots.

• Symbionts and root grafting necessary for plants growing in soils with lower nutrient availabilities

• Treating ecosystems with a limiting nutrient may not increase total NPP, just shift allocation of C from belowground

• Land use legacies that alter soil nutrients can affect ecosystem recovery after a disturbance

• Natural disturbances are an important agent of increasing site nutrient availability


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