Download - Improving Client and Nurse - CEConnection · Improving Client and Nurse Satisfaction Through the Utilization of Bedside Report Mary M. Vines, MN, RN, CMSRN, CHES ƒ Alice E. Dupler,

Improving Client and NurseSatisfaction Through the Utilizationof Bedside Report

Mary M. Vines, MN, RN, CMSRN, CHES ƒ Alice E. Dupler, JD, APRN-BC ƒCatherine R. Van Son, PhD, RN ƒ Ginny W. Guido, JD, MSN, RN, FAAN

Bedside reporting improves client safety and trust and

facilitates nursing teamwork and accountability; however,

many nurses do not consider it best practice when caring

for their clients. A literature review was conducted to

determine whether bedside report is an essential shift

handover process that promotes both client and nursing

satisfaction. Implications for nurses in professional

development are discussed, and strategies for developing

and implementing bedside report using Lewin’s theory

of planned change are provided.

E ffective communication is essential to maintain asafe and trusting environment for clients. Eightypercent of medical errors are attributed tomiscom-

munication among caregivers (American Nurses Associa-tion, 2012). Miscommunication is also a leading contributorof patient harm, identified in more than 80% of medicalmalpractice lawsuits (Lang, 2012). Thus, increased empha-sis has been placed on effective communication strategiesthat promote client safety and facilitate nursing teamwork.

The purpose of this article is to evaluate one such strat-egy, bedside report, to determine whether evidence sup-ports its use as an essential shift handover practice thatpromotes safety and facilitates client and nurse satisfactionwithin an adult clinical care environment. Implications fornurses in professional development are discussed, and

strategies for developing and implementing bedside reportusing Lewin’s theory of planned change are provided.

BACKGROUNDCommunication errors can be verbal orwritten and involveall members of the healthcare team. It can be a failure torelay critical laboratory results or medication informationto another caregiver, resulting in preventable complica-tions (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2003).Although it can occur at any time during client care, thegreatest risk for miscommunication is during shift hand-over (Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2013).

The standardization of shift handovers was identifiedas one of the 2009 National Client Safety Goals from TheJoint Commission (TJC). Shift handovers must includeup-to-date information about the care, treatment, currentcondition, and recent or anticipated changes in the client.It should also encourage client involvement in their care(TJC, 2008). Employing a standardized bedside report asa universal handover process is one strategy that in partmeets the requirements of these goals.

Anderson and Mangino (2006) identified specific mo-tivating factors to support the need for bedside reporting.Today, clients aremore informed consumers, accessing theInternet to gain knowledge about their conditions andtreatment options. Educated clients desire a collaborativemodel of care to be involved in their plan of care and tobe kept informed of their condition and treatment options.Although the intent of bedside report is to provide the on-coming nurse with pertinent up-to-date information on theclient’s clinical course and plan of care, it also allows anopportunity for clients and family members to contributetheir input anddesires, opening the lines of communication(Griffin, 2010; Tobiano, Chaboyer, & McMurray, 2013).

Bedside report increases client safety and satisfaction;creates trust between the nurse and client; reduces com-munication errors; and promotes accountability, team-work, and respect among staff (Cairns, Dudjak, Hoffman,& Lorenz, 2013; Reinbeck & Fitzsimmons, 2013; Sand-Jecklin& Sherman, 2013). Nevertheless, Cairns et al. (2013) indicatedthat shift reports are occurring away from the client’s bed-side, with increased length of time, disorganization of

MaryM. Vines,MN, RN, CMSRN, CHES, is an Adjunct Nursing Instructorat Columbia Basin College, Richland, Washington, and a Surgical StaffNurse at Kadlec Regional Medical Center, Richland, Washington.

Alice E. Dupler, JD, APRN-BC, is an Associate Professor at the School ofNursing and Human Physiology, Gonzaga University and a Clinical Asso-ciate Professor atCollegeofNursing,Washington StateUniversity, Spokane.

Catherine R. Van Son, PhD, RN, is an Assistant Professor at College ofNursing, Washington State University, Spokane.

GinnyW.Guido, JD,MSN, RN, FAAN, is theRegionalDirector ofNursingand Assistant Dean at College of Nursing, Washington State University,Vancouver.

The authors have disclosed that they have no significant relationship with,or financial interest in, any commercial companies pertaining to this article.

ADDRESSFORCORRESPONDENCE:MaryVines,MN,RN,CMSRN,CHES,College of Nursing, Washington State University, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane,WA 99210 (e<mail: [email protected]).

DOI: 10.1097/NND.0000000000000057

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content, and interruptions. Verbal report alone, without theclient’s collaboration, can impact safety if information isincomplete or communicated poorly because of interrup-tions or distractions (Anderson & Mangino, 2006; Cairnset al., 2013).

Regardless of the evidence, nurses are hesitant to adoptbedside report as a standard of care for client handover(Caruso, 2007; Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2013; Wakefield,Ragan, Brandt, & Tregnago, 2013). One obstacle resultsfrom the responsibility to protect client confidentiality,whichis at risk when patients are sharing semiprivate rooms(Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2013; Wakefield, et al., 2012).Medical information can beunintentionally disclosed duringbedside report, and staff may be concerned that this is aviolation of the Health Insurance Portability and Account-ability Act (HIPAA). However, the HIPAA Privacy Rule‘‘permits certain incidental uses and disclosures of pro-tected health information to occur when the covered entityhas in place reasonable safeguards and minimum neces-sary policies and procedures to protect an individual’sprivacy’’ (Office for Civil Rights, 2002, para. 1). Therefore,the apprehension to provide bedside reporting related toprotecting client confidentiality can be overstated, given thatit is already incorporated within the HIPAA Privacy Rule.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKSHildegard Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relations andKurtLewin’s theory of planned change are two theoretical frame-works that are applicable to the bedside report process.

Peplau focused on the interactions between the nurseand the client in an attempt to establish a therapeutic andtrusting relationship. Bedside report is an essential com-ponent to building this relationship, and Peplau’s theoryprovides the conceptual framework to help guide caregiversto succeed (Radtke, 2013). Peplau identified three phaseswithin the theory of interpersonal relations: orientation,working, and termination. Clients are the main focus ofthe first phase, orientation. During bedside report, the nurseintroduces himself or herself, explains the process of bed-side report, obtains the client’s permission, and then pro-ceeds. During the second phase, ‘‘working,’’ caregiversand clients collaborate to identify needs and determinemethods to accomplish them, developing and initiating aplan of care. During the third phase, ‘‘termination,’’ whenthe needs of the client aremet, the relationship comes to anend (McCarthy & Aquino-Russell, 2009).

Lewin’s theory of planned change can be used as afoundation to facilitate and implement education for staffabout the use of bedside report as a fundamental handoverpractice (Caruso, 2007; Chaboyer, McMurray, & Wallis,2009; Costello, 2010; Hagman, Oman, Kleiner, Johnson, &Nordhagen, 2013;McMurray, Chaboyer,Wallis, & Fetherston,2010). There are three stages to the change theory: unfreez-ing, moving, and refreezing. These stages outline the

activities related to educating and informing to change per-spective, inspiring and directing new activities, and codi-fying and establishing a new set of norms postadoption.During the unfreezing phase, the proposed change of bed-side report, the reasoning behind it, and the anticipatedoutcomes are presented and explained to the staff. A forcefield analysis should also be conducted to determine moti-vating and restraining forces, which may assist or impedethe change. By addressing and overcoming the restrainingforces, motivating forces increase and enable the individ-ual to progress into the second stage, which is moving(Costello, 2010). It is during the moving stage that the pro-cess of initiating and conducting bedside report begins.Lastly, the final stage, refreezing, is accomplished whenbedside report is considered the exclusive handover pro-cess, utilized at every shift change (Kassean& Jagoo, 2005).

LITERATURE REVIEWMethodsA review of literature served as a foundation to establishwhether or not bedside report is an essential handoverpractice to facilitate client and nurse satisfaction.Usingkey-words client satisfaction, nursing satisfaction, bedsidereport, bedside handoff, shift report, and shift handoff, a lit-erature searchwas conducted in Academic Search Complete,ArticleFirst, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE,PubMed, andWorldCat databases. Ninety-five publicationswere retrieved; the results were then limited by date (2006to present), setting (hospital/adult clinical care), population(adult), and relevance to purpose statement. Subsequently,nine articles were chosen for this review and were catego-rized into two sections: client satisfaction and nursingsatisfaction (see Figure 1). These categories provided the or-ganizational framework for this article and were examinedin detail.

Findings

Client satisfactionThe Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Pro-viders and Systems (HCAHPS) is a 27-item survey, whichmeasures client perceptions of their hospital experience(Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2014). Onefocus of the HCAHPS survey is nursing communication.Clients are asked how often nurses listened carefully tothem, whether nurses explain things in a way they couldunderstand, and if nurses treat them with courtesy and re-spect. Respondents answer these questions on a 4-pointrating scale of never, sometimes, usually, and always.Higher scores signify higher satisfaction with communica-tion (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2013).

Lack of communication between nurses and clients hasbeen verified through the HCAHPS surveys. Often, clientsfeel excluded from information and decisions related to

Journal for Nurses in Professional Development www.jnpdonline.com 167


their health and hospitalization (Radtke, 2013). Bedside re-port can contribute to an increase in satisfaction andHCAHPScommunication scores, as it assists in keeping clients in-formed and involved in their plan of care (Cairns et al., 2013;

Maxson,Derby,Wrobleski,&Foss, 2012;McMurray,Chaboyer,Wallis, Johnson, & Gehrke, 2011; Radtke, 2013). It also al-lows clients to address problems or concerns and correctinaccuracies (Maxson et al., 2012).

FIGURE 1 Literature review.



The traditional taped or verbal report can result in acommunication failure among staff members, increasingerrors and decreasing client safety. These factorswere citedby Anderson and Mangino (2006) as driving forces behindthe implementation of bedside report on a 32-bed surgicalunit utilizing a client-centered care deliverymodel. In prep-aration for implementation, the staff received classroomeducation, with written handouts. Upon admission to theunit, clients received information regarding the expectationsof bedside report. Eight months after initiation, resultsobtained from informal rounds conductedbyunitmanagers,as well as HCAHPS scores, were analyzed and compared tothe preimplementation data. Results showed that bedsidereport increased in client satisfaction within three key areasof communication: (1) ‘‘nurses keptme informed’’ (56%Y99%),(2) ‘‘staff workedwell together to provide care’’ (98%Y99%),and (3) ‘‘staff included me in decisions regarding my treat-ment’’ (58%Y97%; Anderson & Mangino, 2006).

Freitag and Carroll (2011) described an analysis of shifthandoffs conducted on a 24-bed telemetry unit. After exam-ining the current process, it was determined that the bestmethod for improving and facilitating client communicationand participation was to relocate nurse-to-nurse handoff tothe bedside. Over a 3-month period, a pilot study was con-ducted on the unit, employing both bedside report and theSituation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation(SBAR) handoff tool. Using PressYGaney client satisfactionscores to measure outcomes, initiation of bedside reportcontributed to a 4.4% increase in overall client satisfactionand a 5.5% increase in client perceptions of being informed(2011).

Reinbeck and Fitzsimmons (2013) observed similar re-sults when a 592-bed acute care hospital initiated bedsidereport to enhance client safety and experiences throughcommunication. To make the report concise, the staff choseto utilize the SBAR handoff tool. Within 6 months of imple-mentation, HCAHPS scores within nursing communicationincreased from 74 to 80, an 8% change as compared to base-line, confirming the positive influence that bedside reporthas on client satisfaction (Reinbeck & Fitzsimmons, 2013).

Sand-Jecklin and Sherman (2013) discussed the intro-duction of bedside report on a medical surgical unit in alarge teaching hospital. Using Cronbach’s alpha to deter-mine and establish reliability, the ‘‘Client Views on NursingCare’’ survey (Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2013) was selectedto gather data. The survey contained 17 questions charac-teristic of nursing care, including respect, listening, com-munication, and teaching. Data were collected from 232clients and 70 family members before initiation and from178 clients and 72 family members 3 months after imple-mentation. Utilizing independent t tests, the research teamdetermined that bedside report significantly impacted re-sponses; clients and family members reported that nursesmade sure they knew who their nurse was (p = .029) and

included them in shift report discussions (p = .017) (Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2013, p. 4).

A 20-bed health center in the Midwest transitioned tobedside report with the intention of improving client satis-faction (Wakefield et al., 2012). Before the changeover, ananalysis was conducted on the existing report process,collecting baseline data through nurse surveys and clientcommunication scores. For 6months after implementation,monthly client satisfaction scores, obtained through thePressYGaney survey instrument, increased by an averageof 11.1 points (range, 8.7Y14.0), as compared to preim-plementation. Longitudinal results, which were observed23months after initiation, showed an increase of 6.9 points(range, 5.5Y7.6). In addition, during this time, 43 client in-terviews were conducted in an attempt to determine theclient’s perceptions of bedside report and how satisfiedthey were with the process. Seventy-two percent of sur-veyed clients indicated that they were very satisfied withbedside report.

Nursing satisfactionResearchers have identified positive nursing perceptions to-ward bedside report. Nurses utilizing bedside report statedthat it reduced communication errors among staff; promotedaccountability; and enhanced teamwork, collaboration, andrespect (Anderson & Mangino, 2006; Cairns et al., 2013;Reinbeck & Fitzsimmons, 2013; Sand-Jecklin & Sherman,2013). Bedside report allows for immediate visualizationof the client during shift change, facilitating the prioritiza-tion of care (Anderson & Mangino, 2006; Jeffs et al., 2013;Maxson et al., 2012). In addition, it encourages experientiallearning and improves the accuracy and efficacy of shift re-port (Anderson &Mangino, 2006; Sand-Jecklin & Sherman,2013).

Nurses at a large academic hospital expressed concernsover disorganization, length, and accuracy of shift reporting.As a result, the hospital launched bedside reporting on a23-bed trauma unit to improve efficiency and value of thehandover process (Cairns et al., 2013). Anonymous surveyswere completed by staff 3 months prior to and following theimplementation of bedside reporting. The survey tool wasdeveloped by an investigator, tested on nursing manage-ment to determine clarity, and then uploaded to SurveyMonkey. Using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly agree to5 = strongly disagree), nurses were asked to rank the currentautomated method based on conciseness of the report, ac-curacy of information, nurse availability after report, andexcessive time spent on report. Three months following theinitiation of bedside report, nursing satisfaction increasedin several areas; positive change was identified in concise-ness of the report (38% [n = 29] to 77.8% [n = 18]), accuracyof information (72.4% [n = 29] to 83.4% [n = 18]), and nurseavailability after report (75.9% [n = 29] to 88.9% [n = 18]).



Nurses reported that time spent on report decreased from48.2% (n = 29) to 38.9% (n = 18). In addition, the nursesbelieved that bedside report generated more staff account-ability and provided a greater sense of confidence inthemselves while providing client care (Cairns et al., 2013).

Chaboyer et al. (2010) conducted a descriptive study insix medical and surgical units in two hospitals that focusedon the components and processes of bedside report in re-lation to nurse perceptions and outcomes. The componentsof bedside report consisted of the oncoming team, as wellas the outgoing team leader, the client, a handover sheet,which included the client’s demographics, diagnosis, his-tory, and clinical condition, and the bedside chart contain-ing medication records and risk assessment charts. Theprocesses were identified as three phases: before, during,and after handover. Before handover, involved staff up-dating the computer generated handover sheet and in-forming the client about the upcoming shift change. Duringhandover, information was reviewed and communicatedat the bedside, allowing for client contributions. Perceivedoutcomes of bedside handover and its components andprocesseswere identified through interviewswith 34nurses.Nurses acknowledged that bedside report improved accu-racy, accountability, delivery, preparation, and communi-cation, and it encouraged client-centered care (Chaboyeret al., 2010).

The initiation of bedside report on a 32-bed medicalYsurgical unit was the result of nurse dissatisfaction (Evans,Grunawalt, McClish, Wood, & Friese, 2012). Literature onbest practices for handover was reviewed by the unit man-ager, nurse specialist, nurse supervisor, and clinical edu-cator. It was determined that bedside report may resolvesome of the issueswith the current handover process, suchas the lack of client involvement. Preimplementation datawere collected to establish a baseline, and postimple-mentation data were collected 6 months after to evaluateeffectiveness. After transferring handover to the bedside,nurse satisfaction scores increased from a baseline of 37%to 78%. Having the ability to assess the client immediatelywhile conducting a report and then clarify or ask questionswith the outgoing shift contributed to this increase in satis-faction (Evans et al., 2012).

Maxson et al. (2012) conducted research in a small11-bed acute care unit to determine whether bedside re-port increased communication, accountability, and prior-itization among nursing staff and, therefore, increasednursing satisfaction. Using a survey developed by an inves-tigator with a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly agree to 5 =strongly disagree), 15 nurses participated in a pre- andpost- bedside report survey focused on the connection be-tween handover and the hypothesized benefits. Baselinescores had been between 2 (agree) and 4 (disagree). Everyquestion on the post-bedside report survey scored a 1, in-dicating the nurses strongly agreed that bedside report

increased accountability, communication, and prioritiza-tion. In addition, nurses stated they felt more prepared tospeak to physicians about their clients after utilizing bed-side report (Maxson et al., 2012).

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NURSES INPROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENTThe reviewed studies provide evidence that supports usingbedside report as an essential shift handover practice with-in an adult clinical care environment, with improvementsin client and nurse satisfaction determined repeatedly. Itis integral to the development of best practices that this cur-rent evidence is included. Bedside reports, modified tomeetclient preferences and values when exercising clinical judg-ment, facilitates patient-centered care.

Lewin’s theory of planned change was cited in the re-viewed literature as the foundation for transforming nurseattitudes and shift handovers to the bedside (Caruso, 2007;Chaboyer et al., 2009; Costello, 2010; Hagman et al., 2013;McMurray et al., 2010). Implications and suggestions fordeveloping and initiating an educational inservice for staffon bedside report utilizing Lewin’s theory aswell as recom-mendations for maintaining the new handover process aredescribed below.

Implementing Bedside Report Using Lewin’sTheory of Planned ChangeLewin’s theory of planned change can provide the founda-tional framework to achieve success when implementingbedside report (see Figure 2).

Unfreezing phase. The purpose of the unfreezing phaseis to confront and challenge existing staff attitudes and be-liefs toward bedside report. Despite research and docu-mentation of the benefits of bedside reporting, numerousbarriers are cited in the opposition against implementingit into standard practice. Although the barriers related tonurses comfort level can vary in origin and validity, it is un-derstood that nurses are generally supportive of change if itimproves client care and outcomes (McMurray et al., 2010).Appealing to this favorability is critical in ‘‘unfreezing’’ thechallenge to change.

Using valid and reliable evidence retrieved from litera-ture and TJC recommendations for best practice, a commit-tee composed of staff nurses, unit managers, and clinicaleducators who support bedside report can lead the changeprocess, providing information to the staff behind the needfor change to bedside handover. Informational meetingswith open forums can allow staff to ask questions, receiveanswers, and express concerns about the impending changein a nonjudgmental environment (Burke & McLaughlin,2012; Caruso, 2007; Grant & Colello, 2009).

Moving phase. In themoving phase, the process of bed-side report is introduced, with a focus on achieving staffacceptance. To begin, the committee should explore current



literature on standard scripts used during bedside report.Existing handover scripts such as SBAR, AIDET (acknowl-edge, introduce, duration, explanation, and thank you), andISHAPED (introduction, story, history, assessment, plan, er-ror prevention, and dialogue) have been widely acceptedand useful for communicating essential elements duringhandover (Friesen, Herbst, Turner, Speroni, & Robinson,2013; McMurray et al., 2010; Reinbeck & Fitzsimmons, 2013;Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2013). Ultimately, however, thefinal script selection should be made by the affected staff(Costello, 2010; Risenberg, Leitzch, & Cunningham, 2010).

Staff should participate in determining the actual pro-cess of the bedside report. Chaboyer et al. (2009) outlinedthat important components of the process should includewhowill be involved in the handoff (oncoming and off-goingnurse, nursing assistant, lead nurse) and what informationshould be covered (vital signs, flow sheet, medications,plan of care). Safety checks, including addressing client-controlled analgesics (PCA) and intravenous fluids, shouldbe included (Costello, 2010), as well as a nonmedicationreview, including a room check, quick access to oxygen, tub-ing, suction, and an Ambu bag.

Once the components and processes have been deter-mined, an educational inservice should be conducted to

present and discuss expectations, address concerns thatwere identified during the unfreezing phase, and reiteratethe importance behind bedside report. Another aspect ofthe inservice is the enhancement of communication skills,which contributes to client satisfaction (McMurray et al.,2011). Role-playing can provide an opportunity to cultivateand improve communication skills, while easing anxietyand increasing confidence in the ability to perform bedsidereport (Burke&McLaughlin, 2013; Cairns et al., 2013; Caruso,2007). Novice nurses may need guidance on what materialshould be communicated during report, whereas veterannurses may need reminders on what is appropriate forthebedsideversuswhat shouldbecommunicatedelsewhere.Role-playing can be especially beneficial when handlingdifficult situations and clients (Hagman et al., 2013). Usingnonmedical terminology during handover should also beemphasized, as it enables clients to comprehend their planof care more thoroughly, providing them with the oppor-tunity to share their opinions and expectations (McMurrayet al., 2011).

Refreezing phase. In the refreezing phase, bedside re-port has been incorporated into daily practice and hasbecome the primary handover method utilized at everyshift change. Evaluations, anonymous surveys, debriefing

FIGURE 2 Implementing bedside report: Strategies for nurse educators.



sessions, and monthly meetings can identify unresolvedissues or concernswith the newprocess. Obtaining contin-uous staff feedback allows for modifications and generatesgreater nurse satisfaction and adherence (Anderson &Mangino, 2006; Caruso, 2007; Costello, 2010). Sharing(HCAHPS) scores with staff can also provide tangible ev-idence of client satisfaction, providing the encouragementneeded to sustain the change (Baker, 2010). Mandatorycontinuing education and annual performance compe-tencies for staff may be necessary to maintain the newpractice. In addition, new staff orientation should includetraining on bedside report, so individuals are aware ofthe expectations for handover (Chaboyer et al., 2009;McMurray et al., 2010).

RECOMMENDATIONSFORFUTURERESEARCHAlthough there are several handoff methods in use, bed-side report certainly seems to warrant further study to con-tinue to demonstrate the opportunities to improve clientsatisfaction, nursing satisfaction, and client outcomes.

Athwal, Fields, and Wagnell (2009) stated that ‘‘shiftreports that lack a formal structure and guidelines can leadto inefficiencies and the sharing of irrelevant and inade-quate information’’ (p. 143). The connection between theuse of a standardized script or handoff tool during bedsidereport and its correlation to an increase in client and nursesatisfaction should be further examined. In addition, useof whiteboards in conjunction with bedside report can befurther tested to assure that conveyed information is rele-vant, accurate, consistent, and easy for staff to use (Sehgal,Green, Vidyarthi, Blegen, & Wachte, 2010). Investigating aconnection betweenwhiteboard use during bedside reportand client and nurse satisfaction should be further examined.

Further investigation into the role of bedside report andits connection to client outcomes is warranted. Current re-search suggests that initiating bedside reports is correlatedwith a decrease in client falls during shift change (Athwalet al., 2009; Frietag & Carroll, 2011) and a decrease in med-ication errors (Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2013). Others havealso suggested that the relationship between bedsidereport and activation of rapid response or code teamsshould also be analyzed to examine its effect on adverseor sentinel events.

CONCLUSIONThe greatest risk for miscommunication within thehealthcare environment is during shift handover (Sand-Jecklin & Sherman, 2013). In an effort to eliminate this risk,TJC recognized the need to standardize shift handoversand involve the client during the interaction (Joint Commis-sion on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 2008).Employing bedside report as a universal handover processis one strategy that in part meets these provisions. The pur-pose of this article was to determinewhether bedside report

is an essential handover practice that facilitates both clientand nursing satisfaction in care settings. Evidence showeda direct correlation between this handover and increasedsatisfaction in both groups, validating the importance ofshifting the process to the bedside. The nurse in professionaldevelopment can be the primary facilitator for change, mak-ing bedside report an effective communication tool for theshift change process.

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Sand-Jecklin, K., & Sherman, J. (2013). Incorporating bedside reportinto nursing handoff: Evaluation of change in practice. Journalof Nursing Care Quality, 28(2), 186Y194. doi: 10.1097/NCQ.0b013e31827a4795

Sehgal, N., Green, A., Vidyarthi, A., Blegen, M., & Wachter, R. (2010).Clientwhiteboards as a communication tool in the hospital setting:A survey of practices and recommendations. Journal of HospitalMedicine, 5(4), 234Y239.

Tobiano, G., Chaboyer, W., & McMurray A. (2013). Family members’perceptions of the nursing bedside handover. Journal of ClinicalNursing, 22(1Y2), 192Y200. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04212.x

Wakefield, D., Ragan, R., Brandt, J., & Tregnago, M. (2012). Makingthe transition to nursing bedside shift reports. The Joint Com-mission Journal on Quality and Client Safety, 38(6), 243Y253.

For more than 21 additional continuing education articles related to professional development,go to NursingCenter.com\CE.



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