In this unit, we will learn:• How living things are classified• How different species are named• What bacteria look like• What microorganisms are• If microorganisms are dangerous
1. Classification of living things
• Classification systems are used to organize all the living things on Earth.
• We used to use artificial systems– Based on visible characteristics
• Now we use a natural system– Based on evolution
1.1 Classification categories
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
SpeciesMost specific
Least specific
- Naming the species
• Two individuals belong to the same species if they can reproduce together and have fertile descendants.
Labrador retrieverPoodle Labradoodle
- Naming the species
• Binomial Nomenclature – A two word naming system
• (1st name: Genus, 2nd name: species).
• Common Name: The everyday name given to an organism
• Scientific Name: The two-word Latin name of a species– Homo sapiens– Canis familiaris
Why do we need scientific names?
• In the U.S and England this bird is called the house sparrow, in Spain the gorrion, in Holland the musch, and in Sweden the hussparf
• However, this bird has only ONE scientific name: Passer domesticus
Homework
• Page 125
• #7, 8, 10, 16
2. The five kingdomsKINGDOM TYPE OF
NUTRITIONCELLULAR ORGANISM
TYPE OF CELL
HAS TISSUES?
Moneran Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Single cell Prokaryotic No
Protist Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Single cell or Multicellular
Eukaryotic No
Fungus Heterotrophic Single cell or Multicellular
Eukaryotic No
Plant Autotrophic Multicellular Eukaryotic Yes
Animal Heterotrophic Multicellular Eukaryotic Yes
SPECIAL NOTE: VIRUSESBecause viruses cannot survive outside the cells of another animal, and they only perform one of the three vital functions, they are not included in any Kingdom.
The Family Tree of Living Things
3. The Moneran Kingdom
• This Kingdom includes unicellular organisms without a nucleus– PROKARYTIC cells
• Bacteria – Can be pathogens
• Treated with Antibiotics
– Most bacteria are beneficial
What do bacteria look like?
What do bacteria look like?
• Prokaryotic
• Single-cell
• Very simple structure
• Size: 1-10 microns– one-millionth of
a meter – μm
Types of Bacteria
What type of bacteria?
A B C
DE F
Homework
• Page 125 #8e, 15
• Page 129 #22
4. The Protist Kingdom
• The “random kingdom”
KINGDOM TYPE OF NUTRITION
CELLULAR ORGANISM
TYPE OF CELL
HAS TISSUES?
Moneran Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Single cell Prokaryotic No
Protist Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Single cell or Multicellular
Eukaryotic No
Fungus Heterotrophic Single cell or Multicellular
Eukaryotic No
Plant Autotrophic Multicellular Eukaryotic Yes
Animal Heterotrophic Multicellular Eukaryotic Yes
4.1 Protozoa
• Single-cell heterotrophs
• Live– In water– Parasites
• Divided into four groups
Ciliates• Have cilia to move
• Have two nuclei
• Can be parasites or live freely in water
• Example: Paramecium
Flagellates
• Most types are parasites
• Use one or two flagella to move
• Example: Trypanosoma brucei– Causes sleeping sickness
Rhizopoda • Have pseudopods to move and eat with
• Some are parasites– Entamoeba histolytica
• Others live freely– amoeba
Sporozoa• Non-motile
• All parasites
• Reproduce asexually through spores
• Example: Plasmodium malariae
Homework
• Page 129
• # 20, 23
4.2 Algae
• Aquatic
• Single-celled – BUT can group together with other algae to
form a mass of algae
4.2 Algae
• Have chlorophyll – or other photosynthetic elements– NOT plants!– Autotrophic
4.2 Algae
• Many types – classified by their main pigment color
1.Brown Algae– Marine – Multicellular– Biggest ones are ~50
meters long
4.2 Algae
2. Red Algae– Single-celled or multicellular– Attach to sea floor or shells– Have red pigment
4.2 Algae
3. Green Algae– Cells have a lot of chlorophyll– Live in all aquatic environments– There is a lot of diversity in this type of algae
-The importance of algae
• Produce marine organic matter
• Used in food and fertilizers
• Used in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Homework
• Page 129
• #26 and 29
5. The Fungus Kingdom
• Mushrooms, yeasts, and moulds
KINGDOM TYPE OF NUTRITION
CELLULAR ORGANISM
TYPE OF CELL
HAS TISSUES?
Moneran Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Single cell Prokaryotic No
Protist Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Single cell or Multicellular
Eukaryotic No
Fungus Heterotrophic Single cell or Multicellular
Eukaryotic No
Plant Autotrophic Multicellular Eukaryotic Yes
Animal Heterotrophic Multicellular Eukaryotic Yes
- Characteristics of fungi
• Eukaryotic
• Single-celled or multicellular
• Reproduce sexually and asexually
• Need a humid atmosphere
- Types of fungi
• Single cell fungi– Yeasts
• Cause fermentation (to make alcohol, yogurt, bread, etc.)
- Types of fungi
• Multicellular fungi– Mushrooms
• Caps are the reproductive apparatus
• Use spores to reproduce
- Types of fungi
• Multicellular fungi– Moulds
• Don’t have real tissue• Cells are grouped into
hyphae
Homework
• Page 131
• #30, 33, 35, 38