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Incorporating Climate Change Projections
into Culvert Design
1
A project funded by the North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative
18 May 2016
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Determine how to incorporate the effects of climate change into WDFW’s culvert design and permitting processes.
Project Purpose
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Provides design guidance for the protection of fish life and fish habitat.
Issues permits for the installation of culverts. Enforces regulations.
Designs culverts for its own lands and other clients. Reviews designs.
WDFW’s Role in Ensuring Fish Passage
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4
Unimpeded fish passage is mandatory in Washington. Statewide effort to replace fish-passage barrier culverts. Climate change will result in higher (and lower) stream flows. Undersized culverts can become fish passage barriers. Until now, WDFW has lacked the capacity to address climate change in culvert design.
Why this Project Now
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Jane Atha, Geomorphologist, WDFW
George Wilhere, Research Scientist, WDFW
Timothy Quinn, Chief Scientist, Habitat, WDFW
Lynn Helbrecht, Climate Change Coordinator, WDFW
Don Ponder, Engineering Section Manager, WDFW
Kevin Lautz, Hydrologist, WDFW
Ingrid Tohver, UW Climate Impacts Group
Jennie Hoffman, Adaptation Insight
Project Team
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1. Assess climate sensitivity of current culvert design process.
2. Project changes in instream flow due to climate change.
3. Convert stream flow projections into stream channel width – an important culvert design parameter.
4. Develop approaches for applying findings in policy and practice.
Major Steps
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14,000 known culvert barriers in database 35,000 estimated culvert barriers state-wide
A Severe and Urgent Issue
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• Provides design guidance for the protection of fish life and fish habitat.
• Issues permits for the installation of culverts. Enforces regulations.
• Designs culverts for its own lands and other clients. Reviews designs.
WDFW’s Role in Ensuring Fish Passage
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Geomorphic Approach to Culvert Design
• Emphasis on continuity of stream processes.
• "By measuring the channel width, one takes a measure of the watershed, its area and rainfall, its vegetation and substrate."
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BFW
1.2*BFW + 2ft
Stream Simulation (<15 ft BFW)
BFW
No-slope (<10 ft BFW, gradient <3%)
Bankfull width (BFW) is a key parameter
12
Culvert Design
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2011 2014
Width Matters
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Width Matters
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Projecting Future Changes in
Bankfull Width Due to Climate Change
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Climate Change
Temperature Precipitation
Runoff
Streamflow
Channel Form
Culvert Size
Fish Passage Fish Habitats
winter peak flows spring peak flows
channel width
width
snow rain
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Global Climate Models
future projections: temp. and precip.
Hydrologic model projects runoff
Estimate bankfull flow
Predict bankfull width
UW
WDFW
Modelling Process
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Global Climate Models
• Projections from 10 independent models
• 1 global emissions scenario: moderate A1B
• Down-scaled and bias-corrected for PNW
• Climate projections for 2 future time periods
2030−2059 (2040s) 2070−2099 (2080s)
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Hydrological Model
Temperature
Precipitation
Global Climate Model Outputs
19
Variable Infiltration Capacity Model (VIC)
Future Mean Daily Flow
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Hydrological Model
Temperature
Precipitation
Historical Weather Data
20
Variable Infiltration Capacity Model (VIC)
Historical Mean Daily Flow
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Validation of Flow Projections
Ratio of 100-year Flood to Mean Annual Flood
VIC USGS HCDN
Q100 /
Q2
Stream Gauge Station
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VIC Grid Cells
1/16 degree ≈ 5 x 7 km ≈ 12.6 mi2
5,270 grid cells in Washington
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VIC Output
1/16 degree ≈ 5 x 7 km ≈35 km2
≈ 13.5 mi2
5,270 time series of mean daily flow
050
100
150
200
250
300
350
45_53125_-122_21875
years
cfs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Years
2 future periods for 10 models
historical period 1916−2006
2030−2059
HADGEM1
CFS
45.53125, -122.21875
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200
300
400
500
600
Return Interval (years)
Ret
urn
Leve
l (cf
s)
1.2 2.0 3.0 5.0 10.0
Estimating Bankfull Discharge (QBF)
45.53125, -122.21875
2030−2059
HADGEM1
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Bankfull Flow Recurrence Intervals
Q1.5
Q1.5
Q1.2
Q1.5
Q1.4 Q1.2
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200
300
400
500
600
45_53125_-122_21875
Return Interval (years)
Ret
urn
Leve
l (cf
s)
1.2 2.0 3.0 5.0 10.01.5
45.53125, -122.21875
2030−2059
HADGEM1
QBF
Estimating Bankfull Discharge (QBF)
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Bankfull width = aQb
Q = QBF = Q1.2 or Q1.4 or Q1.5
Predicting Bankfull Width
a and b determined empirically r2 = 0.76 to 0.87
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% Change in Bankfull Width
Projected Mean Daily Flow
2030 - 2059 2070 - 2099
Projected Historical
Mean Daily Flow 1916 - 2006
Predicted Bankfull Width 2030 - 2059 2070 - 2099
Predicted Historical
Bankfull Width 1916 - 2006
Predicted % Change in
Bankfull Width 2030 - 2059 2070 - 2099
Estimated Bankfull Flow 2030 - 2059 2070 - 2099
Estimated Historical
Bankfull Flow 1916 - 2006
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• Where?
• How large?
• How likely?
Projected Changes in BFW
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Mean % Change BFW: 2070 − 2099
-20 – -14 -14 – -9 -9 – -4 -4 – 0 0 – 4 4 – 8 8 – 12 12 – 16 16 – 24 24 – 38
30
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Global Climate Models
future projections: temp. and precip.
Hydrologic model projects runoff
Estimate bankfull flow
Predict bankfull width
Dealing with Uncertainty
Uncertainty
Uncertainty
Uncertainty
+
+
r2 > 0.75
10 GCMs
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Uncertainty in 2070 − 2099
Number of models projecting >BFW: 0 5 10
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Incorporating Climate-based
Bankfull Width Projections into Culvert Design
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Chehalis River Basin
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Culvert Projects in Chehalis River Basin
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Polson Camp Road on Big Creek
Area = 1.85 mile2 BFW ≈ 12 ft
Area weighted average of
QBF1
QBF2
QBF3
QBF4
11 bankfull widths
QBF2
QBF4
QBF1
QBF3
A1
A3
A2
A4
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Perc
en
t C
han
ge in
BFW
b
etw
een
N
ow
an
d 2
07
0-2
099
Projections of 10 models
% Change in Bankfull Width
Mean % Change
• mean projected change in BFW = +9.5%
• range of projected change in BFW between -6 and 34%
• 7 of 10 models project an increase in BFW
• 6 of 10 models project an increase greater than 5%
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BFW
1.2*BFW + 2ft
Stream Simulation (<15 ft BFW)
BFW
No-slope (<10 ft BFW, gradient <3%)
Bankfull width (BFW) is a key parameter
38
How Engineer might use it
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How Engineer might use it
Pro
ject
ed
Fu
ture
Ban
kfu
ll
Wid
th in
2
07
0-2
09
9 (
ft)
Current BFW
• current BFW = 12.2 ft
Mean Future BFW
• mean % change in BFW = 9.5%
• mean future BFW = 13.3 ft
• 6 of 10 models project an increase greater than ½ ft
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Cli
mate
A
dap
ted
C
ulv
ert
W
idth
s f
or
20
70
-20
99 (
ft)
How Engineer might use it
Stream Simulation Culvert
• mean future BFW = 13.3 ft
• “climate adapted” culvert width = 18 ft
climate adapted
• current BFW = 12.2 ft
• culvert width = 17 ft
not climate adapted
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Construction Cost of Wider Culvert Assume:
• one-lane, gravel road • stream simulation design • round, steel culvert • and many other details
BFW (ft)1.2 x BFW
+ 2 ftCulvert
Diam (ft)
Est. Project
CostCost
Increase% Cost
Increase12.2 16.6 17 $117,030 $0 0 13.3 18.0 18 $124,125 $7,095 6 13.8 18.6 19 $144,303 $27,273 23
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Potential Costs of Undersized Culvert
• Increased maintenance
• More repairs
• Early replacement
• Damage to aquatic resources
Not yet quantified
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What is a Manager to do?
• Risk how bad (cost or damage) how likely (uncertainty)
• Weigh Trade-offs pay more now, or maybe pay a lot more later
• Manage Risk What risk is “actionable” ?
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How Bad: Mean % Change BFW
-20 – -14 -14 – -9 -9 – -4 -4 – 0 0 – 4 4 – 8 8 – 12 12 – 16 16 – 24 24 – 38
44
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How Likely: Model Agreement
Number of models projecting >BFW: 0 5 10
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Actionable Risk: 2070-2099
How Bad
How Likely
actionable risk
Polson Camp Road Project
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Actionable Risk: 2070-2099
How Bad
How Likely
actionable risk
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Actionable Risk 2070 − 2099
Actionable Risk Mean % change in BFW ≥10% Models Projecting Increase ≥ 5
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• Bankfull width is projected to increase in many watersheds due to climate change.
• Many culverts are at risk of being undersized.
• We now have a spatially-explicit, state-wide assessment of the magnitude and likelihood of change in bankfull width.
• We have developed a framework for addressing uncertainty inherent in climate change projections.
The Bottom Line
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2. Work with managers of WDFW lands to incorporate climate projections into culvert projects.
Next Steps for WDFW 1. Learn from collaboration on climate-adapted culverts in Chehalis Basin projects.
3. Continue to disseminate our results to organizations that replace or install culverts.
4. Explore development of voluntary guidance.
5. Explore funding opportunities to provide easier access to information for users.