Overview
Role of Education Intelligence Gifted Learners Mentally Retarded Integration, Mainstreaming,
Inclusion
Task Think of five people who you think
are highly intelligent and write them down.
What characteristics do they have in common?
Make your own theory of intelligence based on these characteristics
How would you test your theory?
Individual Differences: What’s the Role of Education?
Excellence- Emphasize differences between students First priority is distributing resources to
students of greatest potential Education is a gate keeper
Ach. Scores
Individual Differences: What’s the Role of Education?
Equity: Emphasize success for all. First priority is distributing resources
to students of greatest need Education as an agent for social
fairness and change
Ach. Scores
# of Students
Labels
Pros: Can Protect a
Child Eligible for :
Services Funding Information
Cons: Stigma Self-fulfilling
prophecy Treatments
unpredictable
What the heck is Intelligence?
Capacity to learn Total knowledge acquired Ability to adapt to the environment
“Intelligence is what these tests measure”-Boring 1927
Evidence for Intelligence?
Cultural factors Genes Parents’
education Enriched
environments Both heredity and
environment are about equally influential
How Many Factors? Or What do We Test? Spearman : g (general) (1) Sternberg : triarchic (3) Gardner : multiple intelligences (8) Carroll : ‘g’ with specific abilities (70) Guilford : faces of intellect (180)
Gardner’s Eight Intelligences
Logical-mathematical
Linguistic Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist
The Modern Stanford-Binet Intelligence ScaleType ofReasoning
Examples ofTest
Intelligence
Verbal ReasoningVerbal Reasoning
Abstract visualReasoning
Abstract visualReasoning
VocabularyComprehension
VocabularyComprehension
QuantitativeReasoning
Short-termMemory
Quantitative testsNumber seriesPaper foldingCopying
Memory for sentencesMemory for digits
Intelligence:Now and then…
1986 1921 Attributes of Intelligence
50% 57% Higher cognitive processes (e.g. reasoning, problem solving
21% 21% Success with novel problems, or situations
17% 0% Integrating processes and knowledge
25% 7% Executive control processes
29% 0% That which is valued by culture
8% 29% Physiological mechanisms
We want intelligence to be objective and reflect our cultural values
More Intelligent
Less Intelligent
EinsteinCarrey
Measuring Intelligence
Individual tests: Administered one on one, and typically does not rely on pencil and paper tasks
Stanford-Binet
Group Tests: Administered to group, less reliable for individual scores
Lorge-Thorndike
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
1920 1940 1960 1980
IQ Scores
Which Way is intelligence going?
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1920 1940 1960 1980
East
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
1920 1940 1960 1980
IQ Scores
Decreasing? Constant? Increasing?
Identification of GT Kids
Fast learners - retain information easily High level of creativity - original thinking High task commitment Common and practical knowledge Knows many things other children don’t Strong vocabulary Recognizes relationships Comprehends meanings Alert and keenly observant
Terms & Categories
Handicap versus disability Seizure disorder - epilepsy Cerebral palsy Hearing impairment Vision impairment Communication disorder Emotional or behavioral disorder
Terms & Categories
Hyperactivity Attention disorders
drug therapy & ADHD Learning disabilities
learned helplessness