IndogermanischesEtymologischesIndogermanischesEtymologisches
Woerterbuch(JPokorny)Woerterbuch(JPokorny)
AProto-Indo-EuropeanLanguageLexicon,andanAProto-Indo-EuropeanLanguageLexicon,andan
EtymologicalDictionaryofEarlyIndo-EuropeanEtymologicalDictionaryofEarlyIndo-European
LanguagesLanguages
ThedatabaserepresentstheupdatedtextofJ.Pokorny's“IndogermanischesEtymologisches Wörterbuch”,scannedandrecognizedbyGeorgeStarostin(Moscow),whohasalsoaddedthe meanings.ThedatabasewasfurtherrefurnishedandcorrectedbyA.Lubotsky.Pokorny'stextis givenpracticallyunchanged(onlyafewobvioustyposwerecorrected),exceptforsome rearrangementofthematerial.Thenumbersinthelemmataaregivenaftertheroot(e.g.Pokorny's1. bher- appearsasbher-1)becauseautomaticalphabetizationwouldotherwisetoomuchaffectthe orderofthelemmata.
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:abhro- abhro-  (*hebhro- *hebhro- )
 
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:'stark,heftig'
Note:Note:TheRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:apelo- apelo- ::`strength'seemsrelatedtoRoot / lemma:Root/lemma:abhro- abhro-  (*hebhro- *hebhro- ):: `strong,mighty'[theshiftll >rr ].
Material:Material:toMir.Prefixabor- ,cymr.afr- `verymuch';got.abrs `getstrong,violent',adv.abraba `very much',bi-abrjan `beforewereastonishedbesideoneself',aisl.Prefixafar- `verymuch';ill.VNΑβροι, thrak.PNΑβρο-.
Maybeillyr.VNΑβροι,thrak.PNΑβρο-:alb.(*Αβροι)afronj `bringclose,squeeze',afër `near' similartoformationsoflett.blaîzît `squeeze,clash,hit':OldChurchSlavicbliz ,bliz Adv.`nigh, near'(eigentl.`adjacent').
Heremaybegot.aba (n- stem)`husband'.
NoteNote:
Therootabhro- abhro- ::'strong,mighty'isrelatedtothecultoffertilityhencethegoddessoflove,beauty andsexualrapture'ΑφροδτηAphrodite'.ThenameofAphroditederivedfromGr.φρς`seafoam'+ Τιτανες`titaness'.ThenameofAphroditeisalsorelatedtoRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ab(n) ab(n)  ::(ape,aquatic demon)andtoRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ab- ab- ::(water,river)[seebelow].
InGreekmythology,Aphroditeisthegoddessoflove,beautyandsexualrapture.Accordingto Hesiod,shewasbornwhenUranus(thefatherofthegods)wascastratedbyhissonCronus.Cronus threwtheseveredgenitalsintotheoceanwhichbegantochurnandfoamaboutthem.Fromthe φρς`aphros("seafoam")'aroseAphrodite,andtheseacarriedhertoeitherCyprusorCythera. HencesheisoftenreferredtoasKyprisandCytherea.
ThenameofAphroditeisrelatedtoPIERoot/lemma:Root/lemma:(enebh-2  enebh-2 ):nebh-  nebh- ,embh-  embh- ,mbh- mbh- ::(wet, damp;water;clouds)OldIndianabhrá- m.(*mbhros ),av.awra- n.
References:References:WP.I177,Feist1bf.,579a.,W.SchulzeKZ.52,311=Kl.Schr.398.
Seealso:Seealso:abh- 
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:quick,abrupt
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`rasch,heftig'
Note:Note:alterr/n- stem
 
`quickness'),forwhat,nevertheless,probablyatfirstφνω,φνως`suddenly'.
HereatmostOldChurchSlavicabje `straightaway,directly',butuncertainlyOldIndianahnya  `directly,straightaway,instantly,speedily'(rathertoáhar ,áhan- `day'p.7).
References:References:WP.I177,Feist1bf.,579a.,W.SchulzeKZ.52,311=Kl.Schr.398.
Seealso:Seealso:abhro- 
Englishmeaning:Eng lishmeaning:ape,*waterdemon
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`Affe'
Note:Note:(kelt.neologism).Theanimalintroducedbytravelingmerchantscanhavebeennamedbythe Celtswiththenameofheraquaticdemon(seeaboveab -).
Material:Material:Hes.βρναςΚελτοτοςκερκοπιθκουςismaybeββνας(Akk.Pl.)toreadandstill beforetheconsonaticmutationinGerm.stubby;hence,in.api m.`Monkey,gate',as.apo ,ahd.affo  m.,affa ,affin f.,ags.apa m.`Monkey',aech.opice comesaruss.opica fromtheGerm.
References:References:WP.I51f.
Seealso:Seealso:compareab- water'andSchraderReallex.,HoopsReallex.s.v.ape.
Page(s):Page(s):2-3
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:water,river 
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`Wasser,Fluß'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ak- ak- (moreproperlyk k ):k-  k-  ::`water,river'[throughtheshift -g->-b-,-  k->-p- attestedinGreek,IllyrianandCelticlanguages]derivedRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ab- ab- ::(water,river) andRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:p-2 p-2 ::`water,river'.
Material:Material:Lat.amnis f.,latem.c(*abnis );air.ab (*aba )Gen.abae `river',besidesabann ,cymr.afon , orn.bret.auon ,gall.brit.FlNAbona ,derivedcymr.afanc `beaver,waterdemon,dwarf',tomir.abac  (*abankos )`beaver,dwarf',schweiz.-frz.avañ `pasture'(*abanko- );lett.FlNAbava .
TheWestGermanFlNin-apa ,nhd.-affa ,probablygobackpartlytousuallylostwestgerm.*ap- (idg. *ab- ),partlyinven.-ill.ap- (idg.*ap- ).
rum.ap `water'
 
References:References:WP.I46f.,WH.I40,Feist19a,579a,GIPatSR.II134.
Seealso:Seealso:comparealsop-2 `water,river'andab (n )`ape'.
Page(s):Page(s):1
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:ades-,ados-  ades-,ados- (*heh- *heh- )
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:sortofcereal
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`Getreideart,Spelt'
Grammaticalinformation:Grammaticalinformation:n.
Material:Material:Lat.ador ,- ris n.`akindofgrain,spelt',maybeingot.atisk(*ades-ko-) `sowingfield', probablym.asahd.ezzisca Pl.`sowing',mhd.dial.Esch ,schweiz.dial.Aesch ,`fieldentranceofa village';toch.ABti `grass'[Batiyo (f.pl.)`grass'(Adams9)](differentlyPedersenToch.641).about gr.θρ`anearofcorn'seeunderandh- .
PerhapsArmenian:Armenian:hat `grain',Hittite:Hittite:hattar n.`cereal'
Note:
ItseemsRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ades-,ados-  ades-,ados- ::`sortofcereal'evolvedfromanolderroot*heh- *heh- `akindof  grain'.Thisrootwassuffixedwithcommon-ska formantingerm.branchGermanic:Germanic:*at-isk-a- ,while inAnatolianbranchtherootwassuffixedwithcommonPIE-tar formant.Theoldlaryngeal(centum-  >a-,e- :satem->s- )waslostexceptinhitt.andarm.Clearlygerm.tonguesborrowedthecognate fromareducedlat.(*hattar- )adris> Germanic:Germanic:*at-isk-a- .
Finallyzerogradeinalb.(*ad ris )*dris,drizë `thornyplant',(*dris )drithë `grain'wherethelat.-is endinghasbeensolidified.
Thesurpriseisthephoneticmutation-h->-d- foundonlyinav.-illyr.-balt.languages.
References:References:WP.I45,Feist61a,andersWH.I14.
Page(s):Page(s):3
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:ad-1ad-1(*hed -)
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:to,by,at
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`zu,bei,an'
 
gldur `callupon,appealto'),cymr.add- ,gall.ad- prefix(e.g.,MNAd-iant :cymr.addiant `longing', Admrus :air.már `large');cymr.â ,withvowelag `with'(ad +he ,OldIndianha ,not=lat.atque  `and,aswellas,togetherwith');germ.*at preverbandprepositionmostlywith`dative'=Lok.,rarem. Akk.(got.westgerm.fromthetime,ags.alsofromtheplace),aisl.alsowithGen.:got.at `to,by',aisl. at `to,by,against,after',ags.æt ,as.at ,ahd.az `to,by,in'.
zerograde:ved.t-sárati `creeps,creepsup',ahd.zagn (:got.*-agan `fear'),ahd.z-ougen ,mhd. zugen ,as.t-gian comparedwithgot.at-augjan `withraisedupeyes,point,show'.
References:References:WP.I44f.,WH.I11f.
Seealso:Seealso:Perhapstoad-2 .
Page(s):Page(s):3
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:toestablish,putinorder 
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`festsetzen,ordnen'
Material:Material:Umbr.arsie (*adio- )`venerable,august,divine,sacred,pure,holy(veryfreq.andclass.);of  adivinity,andofthingsinanywaybelongingtoone',arsmor (*admon )`aformofreligious observance,religioususage,ceremony,rite',arsmatiam (*admatio- )`relatingtoreligiousritesor  ceremonies,ritual',armamu `youshallbeordered,setinorder,arranged,adjusted,disposed, regulated',Amune epithetofJupiter,to*ad- `settle,order';air.ad n.`law',Pl.ada `ceremonious customs',fromitAdj.`lawful',adas `proper',cymr.addas `suitable',eddyl(*adilo-) `duty,purpose'; probablyalsogerm.*tila- `suitableopportunity'ingot.til n.,ga-tils `suitably',ags.til `suitable,useful' asn.`goodness,suitability'=ahd.zil `purpose',prepositionags.aisl.til `to,for'.
References:References:WE.I12,DevotoMél.Pedersen224.
Page(s):Page(s):3
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:ad(u)-,ad-ro- ad(u)-,ad-ro- (*hehero *hehero )
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:watercurrent
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`Wasserlauf'
FromRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ang(h)i- ang(h)i- ::`snake,worm'derivedRoot / lemma:Root/lemma:ak- ak- (moreproperly k k ):k-  k-  
::`water,river';Root / lemma: Root/lemma:ehero- ehero- :: lake,innersea';Root / lemma:Root/lemma:ad(u)-,ad-ro- ad(u)-,ad-ro- ::`water  current':Illyr.pannon.VNΟσεριτες[commonalb.-illyr.-balt.-h->-d-,-z-  h->-d-,-z-  phoneticmutation].
 
lemma:lemma:au (e)-9,au ed-,au er- au (e)-9,au ed-,au er- ::`toflow,towet;water,etc.`
Material:Material:Avest.aδu `waterrun,brook,canal',ven.-ill.FlNAd(d)ua (forPo),*Adulia >Attel (to DanubeinBavaria),MonsofAdula `St.Gotthard'(probablynamedaftertheriversstreamingthere), oberösterr.FlN*Adra >Attersee ,Attergau ,FlNAdrana >Eder (Hessen),maybealsoPNAdria in Venetien(afterwardsmareAdriaticum ),sizil.FlNΑδρανςandven.-ill.nameofOderΟι-αδοας; furtherlett.FlNAdula .
Note:
ThenameoftheprimordialhillinEgyptianmythology,thefirstmountainthatraisedfromtheocean. ThemountaingodwasborrowedbyHittieswhocalledthedreaminggodUpelluri.Greeksreceived AtlasfromHittites.Atlas`*mountainprobablynamedaftertheriversstreamingthere':Ατλας,-αντος m.`Atlas'(Od.,Hes.,Hdt.,A.etc.),nameofaGodwhocarriesthecolumnsofthesky;originally probablynameofArcadianmountainswhichwerespreadthenbytheepicingeneralandespecially (byIonicseafarers)wastransferredtotheAtlasMountainsinWestAfrica,seeSolmsenWortforsch. 24;aboutAtlasasapersonificationoftheworldaxisTiècheMus.Helv.2,65ff.Berberádrr  `mountain'.
Derivatives:Deriva tives:Ofit Ατλαντςf.(Hes.etc.),nameofamythicalisland,accordingtoBrandenstein Atlantis(Wien1951,=Arb.Inst.Sprachw.3)=Crete;further`Ατλαντικς(E.,Pl.,Arist.etc.)and `Ατλντειος(Kritias).
References:References:VasmerZslPh.8,114f.,PokornyUrill.4,70,93,109,124.
Page(s):Page(s):4
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:disgusting
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`widerwärtig'
Possiblyhereow.aghá- (=av.a- )`nasty',n.`horrible,damage',aghalá-` bad'.
Heremaybetomir.lad n.`wound'(*agloton ),mcymr.aele(u) `painful',aeleu m.`pain'(*aglou- ).
References:References:WP.I41,Feist15a,SpechtDekl.136,LothRC.38,56.
Page(s):Page(s):8
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:rainyweather 
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:etwa`dunkleWolke,regnerischesWetter'
Material:Material:Gr.χλς`fog,darkness'
Maybealb.agull `badvision'
OldPrussianaglo n.`rain'(u- stem),arm.*alj- inajaj ,ajamujkh `darkness'(MeilletMSL.10,279).
References:References:WP.I41.comparePetersenAr.andArm.Stud.126.
Page(s):Page(s):8
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:tofear 
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`seelischbedrücktsein,sichfürchten'
Material:Material:Gr.χοςn.`fear,pain,grief',χνυμαι,χομαι`grieving,sorrowing,mourning'(Aor.καχε, καχμην,Perf.κχημαι),χεων,χων`mourning,groaning',καχζω`sadden';hereprobably χθος`load,grief'(*χτος),thereofχθεσθαι`tobeloaded,bedepressed'.
Maybenasalizedalb.(*aghos )ankth `fear'[commonalb.-s>-th phoneticmutation].
Ags.ege m.`fear',egisi-grima gl.`ghost,spectre,evilspirit',n.es- stem*agiz =gr.χος`getafright';
Note:commongr.-h->-χ- phoneticmutation
compareahd.egis-lh `dreadful',egisn `getafright'andtoo- anden stemsextendedgot.agis n. `fear,anxiety,fright',ahd.agiso ,egiso m.,egisa f.`fear,frightfigure',ags.egesa m.`fear';anord.agi  m.(-en- stem)'Fear',ahd.eg ;mhd.ege f.`fear,fright,punishment';got.-agan inunagands `arenot afraid',af-agjan `frighten',us-agjan `frightensomebody', inagjan `snubsomebody';preteritpresent got.g(gum) `fearsme',nigs `fearnothing'(oldshortvocalsubjunctive*giz ),anord.a-sk `be afraid';got.gjan `snubsomebody'=anord.ægja `getafright';anord.gn f.`fright',tti m.`fear',ags. ga f.`fright'.
Air.ad-agor,-agur `fear'(becauseoftheablautequalitywithgot.g supposesBrugmannGrdr.II23, 484originsfromolderPerf.),verbalnounigthiunder 
References:References:WP.I40,Feist14,380.
Seealso:Seealso:hereuponbelongsprobablyalso:agh-(lo-) 
Page(s):Page(s):7-8
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:fault,sin,*bloodguilt
 
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`Fehl,Schuld,Sünde'
Material:Material:OldIndian gas- n.`offence,injury,sin,fault',changebyablautwithgr.γος`heavyguilt, bloodguilt';OldIndianángas- ,gr.ναγς`innocent,guiltless';γς,ναγς`curses',γιοςμιαρς.
ags.acan ,c `hurt'(engl.ache ),ndd.äken `hurt,fester,dent,blow',mndl.akel `grief,wrong,pity', nfries.akelig ,aeklig `wretched,vehement'.
Maybenasalizedalb.(*ángas )nëkónj ,geg.angój `groan,sigh,complainofpain,evil'(*enq -);prove thelinkbetweenRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:agos- agos- ::[fault,guilt,blame,sin(damage,injury,sacrilege,evil)]and Root/lemma:Root/lemma:enq- enq- ,onq- onq- ::(tosigh,groan)[seebelow]
Note:Note:ItispossibleRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:agos- agos- (*hege  *hege  --)::`fault,sin,*bloodguilt'isazerogradeoflat. sangue `blood',alb.gjak `blood'seeRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:s(u )eko-s  s(u )eko-s  ::`sap,pitch,*blood'.
References:References:WP.I38.
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:top,first,beginning
Germanmeaning:German meaning:`Spitze,oberstes,erstes,Anfang'
Material:Material:OldIndianágra- n.`point',agr (Lok.)`atthetop',alsotimewise`inthebeginning,first', agrimá- `first',av.ara- `first,uppermostaftertimespaceetc.`,n.`beginning;theuppermost,point'; lett.agrs (Adj.)`early',agri Adv.`early,earlyon',agrums `theearlymorning'.
maybealb.agu `dawn,morning,beginningoftheday'.
Whetherherelat.MNAgrippa from*agri-p(e)d- `breechbirth(onewhocausesgreatpainathisbirth',
W.SchulzeKZ.32,1721,in1721,doubtingLat.Eig.2305
IfOldIndianágraon*ogro- or*egro- retrograde,onecouldcomparehitt.é-kur ,é-gur 'cliffsummit, rock,crag'.
MaybeAgrianes Illyr.TN,Agron `Illyrianking'.
References:References:WP.I38f.,PedersenHitt.183.
Page(s):Page(s):8-9
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:agu (e)s agu (e)s ,aks aks 
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:axe
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`Axt'
 
(germ.forms*aqwizi and*akusi havemaybederivedaccordingtoZupitzaGG.89fromagradating *agués :*agusi s ),gr.ξς`ax,hatchet'
Note:commongr.-h->- ξ- phoneticmutation
lat.ascia `axofthecarpenters'(from*acsi likeviscus: ξς,vespa from*veps ).
maybealb.(*asca )ashka `shavings,woodsplinter',(*viscus )vishk,fishk `makethin,wither'.
References:References:WP.I39,WH.I71,Feist54b,SpechtDekl.150,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I4654.
Page(s):Page(s):9
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:ploughanimal
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`trächtigesTier'
Material:Material:OldIndianah `cow',av.az f.Adj.`pregnant'(fromcowsandmares),mir.ag (s- stem)m., f.`bovineanimal,cow',agallaid `deer'(actually,`wildox'),ál `brood,throw'(*aglo -),cymr.ael ds., mcymr.aelaw `abundance,fertility',eilion(*agliones) `fallowdeer,horses';herewithe- vocalismarm. ezn `bovineanimal'
References:References:WP.I38,LothRC.38,55.
Page(s):Page(s):7
Seealso:Seealso:s.a- 
Page(s):Page(s):9
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:tolead,*drivecattle
Germanmeaning:German meaning:`treiben'(actuallyprobably`mitgeschwungenenArmentreiben'), schwingen',in Bewegungsetzen,führen'
Grammaticalinformation:Grammaticalinformation:originallylimitedtothepresentstem.
Note:
oldlaryngealcentum->a-,e- :satem->s- ;
Material:Material:a a :OldIndianájati `drive',ajá- m.`adrove,troop;adriver';jí- m./f.`runningmatch, combat',av.azaiti `drive,leadaway',arm.acem `lead,bring';
 
day':lat.agoagereegiactum `tosetinmotion,drive;ofanimals,todriveorhunt',agon-onis m.`a contestinthepublicgames',agonalia-iumand-orum n.`afestivalofJanus'.
gr.γω'lead'(Aor.Aor.γαγον,ξαarenew),lat.ag `tosetinmotion,drive,lead,negotiate'(Pf.g  withablautinnovation),osk.Imper.actud =umbr.aitu `agito',osk.acum `agere',air.ad-aig (*aget ) `adigit',acymr.agit ,hegit ,morerecentlyëyt(*agti) ,besidesthestronginflectionincymr.corn.bret.a  (*aget )`goes';t- Preteritair.ro-da-acht `drivenaway',cymr.aeth (*ag-t )`toputinmotion'etc.,see PedersenKG.II451following,air.in `activity,play'(from*agnis ),gallo-rom.*and-agnis `bigstep', frz.andain `swath,scytheslash',afrz.`widestep',anord.aka `driving'(Preteritk likeOldIndian Gram.ja );ags.ac `however,but,yet'(wörtl.`go!'likelat.age );toch.Bak- ,ABk- `travel,lead';
Maybealb.ec- `walk,travelonfoot',vocativehec ,eja `come!'.
to to- participle:κτς,lat.ctus 'putinmotion,moved,driven,tended,conducted',*amb(i)-aktos , actually,`sentaround(:air.imm-aig )messenger,servant'ingall.(-lat.)ambactus `vassal,slave', cymr.amaeth `servusarans'(fromKelt.derivesgot.andbahts,ahd.ambaht `servant',fromwhichthe kinshipwithnhd.Amt ).
Asidg.Instrumentalnounin-tr hereOldIndiana r `goadtodrivethelivestock',av.aštr `whip, scourge'.
MaybeTokharian:Tokharian:Bk n.`zeal'(Adams35),ABk- `lead,guide,drive'(36).
lengthenedgradeformations:OldIndianjí- m.f.`race,fight',mir.g (Gen.ga ,u- stem)`fight', ga ,ige `leaders'(cfalsogall.PNAgo-mrus =air.ágmar `warlike';Com-gius ),lat.onlyin compounds:ambgs ,around`aroundaboutway,winding.Hence,inspeech,etc.,either  circumlocutionorobscurity'(conservativestemlikeOldIndianáj- `tolead'=lat.ag Inf.Pass.,and likeOldIndianaj- inprtan  j- `inthefightpulling',however,withstretchinthecomposition),indgs  andindgo ,-inis `surroundinganddrivingofgame',co-gulum `ameansofcoagulation,acoagulum orcoagulator(thecurdledmilkinthestomachofasuckinganimal,thestomachitself,etc.),rennetor  runnet;thecurdledmilk;thatwhichholdsorbindstogether,abond,tie',OldIndiansamja-  `meeting,society',gr.γωγς`leading,leadingly',γωγ`guidance,management,freight',Hes. γανα`spokes',στρατ-ηγς(seeunder).aboutdor.γον(OldIndianjam )`Ilead'see,nevertheless, SchwyzerGr.Gr.I654,4.
oo -stem:ved.ajá-`activity,train;driver',gr.γς`leader,militaryleader',στρατ-γς,att.ion. στρατ-ηγς'militaryleader',λοχγς(originallyDoric)`leader',lat.prdigo-igere-egi-actum `todrive forth;tospend,waste',prd-igus `profuse,extravagant;rich,aboundingin.Adv.prodige'(fromprd-  igere ),abiga `plantwhichhasthepowerofproducingabortion;ground-pine'(`closetomiscarriage' fromab-igere =πγω,OldIndianapa-ájati `todriveaway,driveoff').
i o i o -stem:ir.aige `race',OldIndianinprtanjyam `competition'.
amn ,amos  amn ,amos  :OldIndianájman- n.`road,train',ájma- ds.(however,about jman ,pari-jman- , prthu-jman- , jma-y - s.hÞem- `earth'):lat.agmen `adrivingmovementoramassin(orderly) movement,astream,band,train;esp.milit.,anarmyonthemarch'(toneologismag for*ammen ), exmen `aswarm;athrong,crowd,shoal.(2)thetongueofabalance;testing,consideration';then`to check,toweigh;toconsider'(from*agsmen ),ammentum (*agmen-to-m )`inloopform-possiblyin
 
γμος`fieldfurrow,roadofheavenlybodies;swathbymowing'.
lo lo -stem:OldIndianajirá- `quick,nimble'(however,lat.agilis `flexible,nimble'isaneologism);gr. γλη`herd,crowd',lat.agolum `shepherd'sstick'.
Gr.γν`race,competition';γυια'street'(part.Perf.),fromwhichaboutnewer*γειαlat.aga `a gangwayinaship';lak.kret.ätol.γνω`leads,brings',ep.ion.γνμεναι,γνωds.(:γνωand γω,likeρ-νωtowardsρ-νυ-μιandρ-μην,alsofroman endingrootform;cfSchwyzerGr.Gr.I
694,696).aboutγεμνseeSchwyzerGr.Gr.I5227andundersg- .
Lat.rmex ,rmigre ,rmigium ,ltigre `arower,oarsman'andotherverbsin-(i)gre .-Presumably lat.indigits `thelocaldivinitiesandheroes'(indigitre `adivinitycall',indigitmenta `invocation formulae'),as*end(o)-aget-` theindigenous,native'.
formationdevelopmentto'toweigh'(from`bringinoscillation')inlat.exagium `aweighing,weight;a balance',exigere [ex +ago ]'todriveout,pushforth,thrustout,takeout,expel:--Toweigh,try,prove, measure,examine,adjust,estimate,consider':amongotherthings`weigh,measure',exctus  `precise,accurate,exact',exiguus `strict,exact,scanty,small,little,petty,short,poor,mean, inadequate,inconsiderable,paltry',exlis (*ex-ag-slis )`strict,narrow,thin,slender,lank,small, meagre,poor',exmen (seeabove),agna `theopeningintheupperpartofabalance,inwhichthe tonguemoves'(formationasforexamplecoquna ),gr.γεινalso`weigh'(withAkk.oftheweight), ξιος`weighingasmuch,oflikevalue,worthasmuchas'(from*κτιος,onthegroundsof*ag-ti-s  `weight',actually:)`fromsuitableweight',hence,`worth,solemnly',ντξιος'worthjustasmuchas, equally'.
stillcfWH.I9,10,24aboutacnua ,ctusquadrtus `afieldmeasureof120feetinthesquare',and acttum `straightaway,immediately,forthwith',ags `footman,driver,hostler',ag,-nis `ofthe priestskillingthesacrificialanimal'(fromagere inmeaning`sacrifice'),agnium `avictim,beastfor  sacrifice'belowlikewise
Heremaybegall.exacum `theherbcentaury'ifprescribedfor*exagum (=*exago -`pure-craving').But betterto*ak - `sharp',seethere.
Furtherbelonghere:
aes  aes  -, -, aks aks ...`(fulcrum,pivot:)axis-shoulder':
OldIndianák a `axis',gr.ξωνds.,μ-αξα`carriage,wagon'Gl.12,217;KZ.40,217f.);
Note:commongr.-h->- ξ- phoneticmutation
lat.axis `axis'=lit.ašìs ,OldPrussianassis ,OldChurchSlavicos f.ds.;ahd.ahsa ,nhd.Achse , ags.eax ds.;in.xull (fromurg.*ahsulaz )'axis';mir.ais `axis'(*aksil incymr.echel f.`axis',bret. ahel ).
Lat.la `shoulder',fromwhichtheusualmeaning`wing',from*agsl (cfDemin.axilla `armpit')=in. xl ,ags.eaxl ,ahd.ahsala ,nhd.Achsel ,wherenearlengthenedgradendl.oksel ds.,andwithoutl-  formant:ahd.uochisa ,mhd.uohse ,üehse andahd.uochsana ,ags.xn `armpit',in.st f.,str m. `Cervicalpit',ags.custa ,xta m.,engl.oxter `armpit';avašay Gen.Du.`ofbothshoulders',arm. anut `shoulderpit'(atfirstfrom*asnut `).
maybezerogradeinalb.geg.(*aksla-të )sqetla `armpit'.
 
OldIndianinghasajra- `todriveconsuming,excitingappetite',av.(vehr-km )azr-daiδm `doing thehunt,outgoingonprey(she-wolf)';gr.γρ,ion.γρη`hunt,catch',πναγρος`catching everything,catching',κρεγρα`meattongs',πυργρα`tongs',ποδγρα`prostration,enuflection', Μελαγροςoriginallynameofa`demonwhichasaquick-temperedfeverseizesthelimbs'(?),γρες
`hunter',γρεω`catch';butγρω`take'accordingtoSchwyzerGr.Gr.I7271from*-γρο-;ir.r n. `defeat'(*agron )`battle,fight'(*agr ),actually,`rush',acorn.hair `destruction,injury,mischief,harm, misfortune,disaster,loss,detriment,calamity',abret.airou PI.`anoverthrow,destruction,ruin,defeat, slaughter,massacre,butchery,carnage',gall.VNVeragri `theimmensecombatants'.
maybealb.Agron `appellationofanIllyrianking'.
aros  aros  `field,camp'(to*ag asherdtodrivewie,alsooriginally`placewherethecattleisbeing driven,pasture').
OldIndianájra `surface,camp,fields'(withoutrespectonagriculture),gr.γρς`field,land'(in contrasttotown),lat.umbr.ager `field',got.(etc.)akrs ,ahd.ackar ,ahhar ,nhd.Acker (Acker andags. æcer alsoacertainlandmeasure,`somuchabottomplatecanoxenplowduringoneday'),arm.art  `field'(withpuzzlingt about*atgr- ,*atr- ,seePedersenKZ.39,352;thereofartak `s `out',prefixarta-`  from').
OldIndianajríya- `locatedintheplain'=gr.γριος`onthefield,outsidegrowingorliving,wildly'; γρτερος`wildlyliving',lat.agrestis `acountryman,peasant,rustic,rural,crude'.(aboutgot.akran , dt.Eckern ,however,seeunder*g- `grow'.)
maybealb.egër `wild,rural,crude',ager `donkey(pullingawagon)',illyr.TNAgrianes .
References:References:WP.I35f.,WH.I22f.,89,H.ReicheltWuS.12,112.
Page(s):Page(s):4-6
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:`lamb'
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`Lamm'
Note:Note:(z.T.also*agnos )
ItseemsthatfromRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:a- a- ::`tolead,*drivecattle'derivedRoot / lemma:Root/lemma:agh-no-s agh-no-s :: `lamb'.
Material:Material:
Note:
Theoldlaryngealcentum->a-,e- :satem->s- inPIE;onlyalb.andumbr.andSlavicpreserved theoldlaryngealthroughalb.->k- phoneticmutation.
 
Gr.(*agnos,abnos )μνςderivedfromanearlier*abnos `lamb'[commongr.k>p,g>b phonetic mutation,laterb>mb>m commonillyr.-gr.phoneticmutation]
gr.μνςm.f.,μνf.`lamb';
lat.agnus,- ,fem.-a `lamb'(agnle `sheepstable',lackingsuffixaffinitywithOldChurchSlavic jagnilo  `placewherethesheeplamb',aderivativeoftheverb jagniti `tolamb');air.an cymr.oen ,acorn.oin , bret.oan `lamb'(urk.*ognos with-gn- wouldhavederivedfrom*-ghn- ,not-*gn- ,inspiteof  PedersenKG.I109-bn -;
o- probablyinfluencefrom*ouis `sheep');ags.anian ,engl.toyean `tolamb',ndl.oonen ds.(from *aunn from*auna- =idg.*aghno- );OldChurchSlavic(j)agne`lamb'(withformants-et- broadened aroundpopularnamesofyounganimals),(j)agnc `lambkins'containfullgradation.Orisplacedidg. *g(h)no- :to*g(h)no -
ThroughtheGerm.andKelt.presumedvoiced-aspiratedalsowouldunderliethebasisoflat.and slav.forms,sothatgr.μνς(atfirstfrom*βνς)remainstheonlydependableindicationinvoiced- nonaspiratedg .Ifumbr.habina(f) `ofalamb'couldbeexplainedfromintersectionfrom*hdno- = lat.haednus `ofakid'and*abnno-= lat.agninus `ofalamb;f.assubst.,lamb'sflesh',however, wouldpointumbr.b tovoiced-nonaspirated.Butmaybeithasbecomegh inOsk.-Umbr.tob .
Note:
CelticIllyrianconcordances:commonillyr.-g->-b-,-d- :alb.-g->-d- phoneticmutation.
Lat.avillus `lambkin'becauseofthesuffixformationnottoovis ,butfrom*aghnelos .
Note:
[commonlat.-Italicgw->v- phoneticmutation]Lat.avillus (*abillus )`lambkin':rum.(*agenus ) ageamiu `lamb'.
References:References:WP.I39,WH.I.23.
Page(s):Page(s):9
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:toburn
Note:
Material:Material:OldIndianinddh `inflamed,isaroused'(pass.idhyáte ,Perf.dh ,part.Perf.Passiddhá-   ),indhana-m `lighting'.
Gr.αθω`lights,burns'(αθμενος),αθων,αθοψ`igneously,sparkling',θανεσθαιθερμανεσθαι Hes.,hylleischαδσσααθουσα'loggia';changingbyablautκακ-ιθςHes.`ravenously'(W.Schulze KZ.29,269=Kl.Schr.329).commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ss- phoneticmutation
 
o -St.:gr.αθοςm.`fire'(αθς`burntly')=OldIndiandha- m.`Firewood'=ags.d ,ahd.mhd.eit m. `Glow,pyre':zerogradeprobablynorw.schwed.id `leuciscusidus'(abrightcarpkind),cfnhd.dial. aitel `leuciscuscephalus'asthe`shining';besidesu- stem*aidhu- ingall.VNAedui ,air.áed `fire', alsoasMN;lat.aeds `adwellingofthegods,asanctuary,atemple',ursprüngl.`thedomesticstove', alsoaedis =maked.διςσχραHes.
Fromtheverbaladjectivein-to- derivedprobablylat.aests,-tis `warmseason,summer'(from *aisto-tt- ,idg.*aidh-to- );aestus ,-s (from*aidh-tu- )`heat,glow,surf',aesture `cook,surge,roar';
Maybealb.(*aest-,*vesna,*vièsienta   )vjeshta `autumn,harvesttime(longsummer)':Go.asans  `harvesttime,summer'[commonalb.protheticv- v- beforebareinitialvowels]henceVesta `goddessof  hearthanditssacredfire'wasanIllyriangoddess,alsoalb.vatra (*vas-tra )`hearth'with-tre suffix.
agerm.MNAistomdius (`withquick-temperedcourage'),ags.st f.`driedstove',engl.oast `drying room,dryingloft'.
r- formants:gr.αθρ`theupperair'(maked.δ),αθρα`thecheerfulsky'(maked.δραι),αθριος `brightly,cheerfully(fromtheweather)',forwhatchangingbyablautθαρς'cheerfully',OldIndian vdhrá- (=vi-idh-rá - )ds.
l- formants:gr.αθλη,αθαλος`soot',maked.δαλος;underacceptanceofadevelopmentfrom `shining,appearing'`tooapparently'oneputsalittlebitconstrainedlyhereags.del `vain,pointless, trifling',ahd.tal ,nhd.eitel .
Inidg.*aidh-lo- isbasedgerm.ail- inags.lan `burn'tol n.`Flame',andinags.led m.,aisl.eldr  (Gen.elds )`fire,flame'.Fromdifferentdevelopment-gradingags.led areborrowedcymr.aelwyd ,
bret.oaled `fromfire,stove'(M.FörsterThemse4872).Mir.el `lime'couldhaveoriginatedfrom *aidhlo -.However,couldgerm.andkelt.wordsbeformedalsodirectlybytheroot4.4. i- with-lo - suffix.
s -formants:es -St.gr.αθοςn.`Glow,fire'=OldIndiandhas- n.`Firewood'.
Continuingformation:aisleisa f.(*aidhsn )`fire',norw.`Hearth',mnd.se f.`chimney,firestove' (however,ahd.essa `chimney,hearth'seeunder s- `burn');av.asmam .`Firewood'(*aidh-s-mo- , cfwithouts OldIndianidhmá m.ds.);inadditionbalt.*aismi inlit.íesm `firewood';lit.aistrà f. `passion';aech.niestj (fem.Pl.)`stove',laternístj (withn- suggestionbywrongdecompositionof  theconnections*vnstje   ,vn-stjach ,Berneker275)from*aidh-s-to ;inadditionzrogrades *idh-s-to- inslov.ist  je ,st  je Pl.`stovehole';toJohanssonIF.19,136alsoOldIndiani ak `ofburnt bricks',av.ištya- n.`brick,(backedbrick)'.
In*indh- goesback:alb.geg.idhun ,tosk.idhëtë `bitter',tosk.idhrím `bitterness,anger,irritation', h dhitë Pl.`nettle'(Joklstudies29).
Note:
Alb.andgr.aretheonlyIElanguagestopreservetheoldlaryngeal- in:alb.geg.hidhun `bitter', hithra `nettle';
References:References:WP.I5,WH.15,20,843,Trautmann3,SchwyzerGr.Gr.I347.
Probablyto i-4 .
Page(s):Page(s):11-12
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:`swell'
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`schwellen'
Page(s):Page(s):11
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:disspirited,sick,ill
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`verstimmt,unwirsch,krank'
Material:Material:Alb.kë-ék `nasty,bad,evil'(fromkë +*aigio- );
Note:
Alb.solidifiedtheoldlaryngeal->k- (*eigio- )kë-ék,keq `nasty,bad,evil'similartoabbreviated alb.(*abe )kam `hold,possess,have',commonalb.->k- ;-b->-mb->-m- phoneticmutations foundincorn.caf(f)os,cafes ,mbret.caf(f)out ,bret.kavout `have';alsozerogradeinalb.preterite (ha)pata `Iheld,possessed,had',seeRoot / lemma:Root/lemma:ghabh- ghabh- ::tograb,take
lat.aeger ,aegra ,-um ,aegrotus `unwell,ill,sick,diseased,suffering,feeble';anord.eikenn dismays `wild,furious',ags.col `excited,dismayed',nnorw.eikja ,eikla `continuallywithattacks, contradictions,assertionstorment',eikjen `argumentative';toch.aik(a)re (=lat.*aegro- ),Aekro `ill';
nasalized:*ing -:lit.ìngis `lounger,idler',ìngas andangùs `idle,sluggish';
lett.îgstu,îgt `haveinternalpain,besullen,morose',îgnêt `havedisgust',îgnis `sullenperson'(lit. éngti `choke,torment'probablystaysaway);OldChurchSlavic jdza `illness',nslov. jeza `rage',poln.  jdza `fury,witch'('gruff,sullen'),ech. jezinka `forestwoman'(etc.,seeBerneker268f.;in*jga ,not *aig ,isconsequentlytobeledbackalso:)russ.bábajagá 'witch'(s.BrücknerKZ.45,318);
aisl.ekki `pain,grief'=ags.inca `pain,suspicion,quarrel',afries.inc (d.i. jinc )'angry',alsonengl. inkle `anticipate,foresee',inkling `whispering,notion,indication,sign'.
References:References:WP.I9,WH.I16,843,Trautmann70.
Page(s):Page(s):13
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:oak
Material:Material:Gr.αγλωψ`anoakenkind'(seeunder),presumablyalsoκρτ-αιγος,κρατ-αιγν`an uncertaintypeoftree'(possibly`hardoak').
TheoutcomefromαγλωψappearsλψλψχλαμςHes.,cf.λωπον,λπη,λοπς`bowl,bark' andPlin.n.h.16,6,13aegilopsfertpannosarentes...nonincorticemodo,verumeteramis  dependentes ,KretschmerGl.3,335.
Anord.eik (conservativestem)f.`oak',as.k ,ags.c (engl.oak ),ahd.eih ,mhd.eich ,eiche ,nhd. Eiche ;
Allothercognatesaredubious:gr.ιγρος(moreproperlythanαγειρος,s.FickBB.30,273) possibly'aspen'couldbecreatedas'treetrembler,(*oakshaker)'alsoderivativelikeοκτρωfrom *αγρω`swing,tremble'(:*aig- `moveviolently');
lat.aesculus `(mountainoak),thewinterorItalianoak'(*aig-sklos )isstillunclearafteritsformation, maybeMediterraneanword.
Maybealb.geg.(*asi )ahi `*oak,beech'[thecommonalb.s>h s>h  phoneticmutationinthemiddleof  theword(SeeRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:su ekr- su ekr- Meaning:Meaning:`mother-inlaworfather-in-law'shifts>h s>h  inalb. (*váura -)vjehërr `father-in-law').
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:*s *s ,s-i-s s-i-s ,s-en- s-en- ,os-k- os-k- ::`ashtree(alb.ahi `beech')'musthavederivedfrom Root/lemma:Root/lemma:aig-2  aig-2  ::`oak(alb.ahu `oak')'.
References:References:WP.110,WH.I20,844,SpechtKZ.68,195f.S.untenS.18Z.1/2.
Page(s):Page(s):13
Englishmeaning:Engl ishmeaning:tomoveswiftly,swing,vibrate
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`(sich)heftigbewegen,schwingen,vibrieren'
Material:Material:OldIndianjati `stirs,moves,trembles',jathu`thequakeoftheearth',vicvamjaya-  `makingeverythingshake',nasalpresentigati,igate `stirs,moves',Kaus.igáyati `setsinmotion, touches,shakes',udigayati `swings',samigayati `setsinshakingmovement'(formrelationlike betweenαθω:OldIndianindhate );
fromGr.hereveryprobablyαγεςτακματα.ΔωριεςHes.(alsoArtemidorOneirokrit.2,12:καιγρ τμεγλακματααγαςντσυνηθελγομεν),αγιαλς'strands'(probablyfromarisethe connectionναγιλs`inthesurfofthesea';differentlyBechtelLexil.16),αγς`gale,stormcloud;
 
TheverynameoftherootlemmaforgoatderivedfromtheshieldofZeuswhichafterthecrashwith cloudscreatedthunderstorm.SincetheshieldofZeuswascoveredwithgoat'sskintheverynameof  thegoatwasstampedwiththenameofthecloudshaker.
HenceRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ai- ai- ::(goat)isidenticalwithRoot / lemma:Root/lemma:aig-3  aig-3  ::(tomoveswiftly,move violently,swing,vibrate).
inadditiongerm.nameofthesquirrel:ahd.eihhurno,eihhorn ,mhd.eichorn (nhd.Eichhorn with supportofEiche `oak'andHorn `horn',ags.cweorna,-wern ,mnd.keren,khorn ,anord.korne(k  oldablautorimpairmentfromaik- inaddition),neunorw.alsoeikorne ,aschwed.korne (wasbased ontheconcept`flexible,swingingitselffrombranchtobranch';inearliestwithoneto*uer-,uuer-  `squirrel,weasel'thebelongingsecondlimb:*aik-werna );akslOldChurchSlavicigr ,igra `play', igrati ,perfectivevzigrati `σκιρταν,hop,jump,dance'(from*gr  ;lit.withBerneker422).
References:References:WP.I11,Trautmann103.
Page(s):Page(s):13-14
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:goat
Note:
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:digh- digh- ::`goat'derivedfromazerogradeofRoot / lemma: Root/lemma:deih- deih- ::`toprick;tick'. FromtheolderrootRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:deih- deih- ::`toprick;tick'derivedRoot / lemma:Root/lemma:ai- ai- ::`goat'and Root/lemma:Root/lemma:-  -  ::`goat'[commonbalt.-illyr.-alb. de-,da->zero phoneticmutation].Hencethe gr.cognatederivedfromprotoillyr.
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`Ziege'
Material:Material:Gr.αξ,-γς'nannygoat',arm.aic `nannygoat';zerogradeav.izana- `fromleather' (actually,`fromgoatskin'asgr.αγειος,cfthesameimportancerelationswith*ao- `goat').
References:References:WP.I8,SpechtKZ.66,13.
Page(s):Page(s):13
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`sichschämen'
Material:Material:Directlyfromtherootword:ags.wan `despise','bedisgusted'alsomnd.eichelen, chelen,gelen (from*aiwiln )(fromitborrowsmhd.ekeln `bedisgusted').
 
Gr.ασχοςn.`disgrace'(from*aigh-s-kos ,k- derivativeofas -St.*aighes- ,as:)got.aiwiski n. `disgrace,embarrassment';cffurtherασχνη`shame,senseofhonor,disgrace',ασχνω`dishonors, violates,disfigures',med.`avoidsme,isashamedofme',ασχρς`ignominious,fullofdisgrace; rebarbative';got.unaiwisks `unharmed',aiwiskn act`shameful',ags.wisc(e) n.`disgrace,offense', Adj.`shameless',mnd.eisch `nasty,hideous',nnd.eisk ,aisch `revolting,rebarbative'.
References:References:WP.I7,Feist30.
Page(s):Page(s):14
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:tocall(?)
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`anrufen'(?)
Material:Material:Gr.ακζεικαλεHes.,lett.aîcinât `load,shout'.
Butκαλεcanbeprescribedforακλλει`flatters',andaîcinât aderivativefroma   `hears!'explain(cf  vaict `ask'tovai ).
References:References:WP.I8,Mühlenbach-EndzelinI12.
Page(s):Page(s):15
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:todrive,tooverwhelm,harm
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`woraufeindringen,treiben,überwältigen,kränken'
Material:Material:present*(a )ineumi :OldIndianinóti ,ínvati ,Imper.inuhí ,participle-inita- (úpenita-  `pushed,cutinto'),`penetrateintosomething,master',av.inaoiti ,Inf.anahe `violate,hurt',ainita  (from*an-inita byhaplology)`notviolated,notpainedly'(fromaiénas- n.`Crime,sin,misfortune'=av. anah- `actofviolence,crime',inadditionm.`evildoer'?),av.intay-` rape,injury;torture',OldIndian iná- `strong;m.master',maybealsoti f.`plague,need';gr.ανς`tremendous';
maybealb.inati `anger;ire;rage;dander;dudgeon;rampage;down;disappointment;malice;blood; rancour;rancor;pique;spunk;miff;temper;must'.
maybehere-in- ingot.faír-ina `guilt,reproach',ahd.firinn `sin',aisl.firn n.Pl.`theextraordinary'(cf  WeisweilerIF.41,29f.),iforiginalmeaning(asintheHeliand)`actofviolence'.
References:References:WP.I1,Feist139/140.
Page(s):Page(s):10
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:togive
 
Note:
FromthereducedRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ghabh- ghabh- ::`tograb,take',derivedRoot / lemma:Root/lemma:ap-1ap-1(exact p- p- ):p- p- ::`totake,grab,reach,*give'>Root / lemma:Root/lemma:pi- pi- ::`comrade'>Root / lemma: Root/lemma:ai-3 ai-3 :: `togive'.
Maybealb.tosk.(*eipmi )ep , jap ,geg.nep (*na `us'+ep `give')`giveus(*take)':hitt.eipmi  ( pmi )`take',3.Pl.ap-pa-an-zi(apanzi ):gr.πτω`giveahand.
Material:Material:Gr.ανυμαι`take,pack,touch',onlypresentandimperfecttense.
Note:
Gr.ανυμαιderivedfromareduced(*heiun- );comparetheformationgr.οη,η,α`service-tree, rowantree'(*oiu )=lat.va `agrape,berryofthevine';[seeRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ei-3 ei-3 ::`multicoloured; reddish']
Alsoillyr.(*avetor )Aetor :Ven.(*avimos )Aimos suffixedwiththecommonsatem-tar formantasIE rootsaresuffixedwith-tar or-ska formants.Tochariancognatebelongstothe(-ts< *-tska )suffixed roots.
Ven.MNAimos,illyr.MNAetor .
Maybealb.(*-eip )geg.ep ,tosk. jap `Igive':Lycianpije ,pibije `togive':Hittitepai ,pija `togive'alb.  j-standsforthelostlaryngeal-.
hett.pí (-ia )-an -`theygive':mess.pi-do `togive'arezerogradesofRoot / lemma: Root/lemma:ai-3 ai-3 ::`togive'
Note:
Theoldlaryngeal- couldhavebeencreatedfrombalt.-illyr.d->zero phoneticmutation.
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:d- d- :d- d- ,alsod-u-  d-u- :du- du-  :du- du- :: togive'>Root / lemma: Root/lemma:ai-3,ai-3,(*hei  *hei- )::`to give'
Lat.(*ave-mulus )ae-mulus `emulous,rivalling;inbadsense,jealous.M.orf.assubst.,arival,esp.in love',probablyas`reachesforsomething'(FriskEranos41,53).
Toch.ai -, - ,infinitiveaitsi ,essi `give';hett.paai `hegives',3.Pl.pí (-ia )-anzi withpreverb pe `there'.
Note:
Toch.ai -, - ,infinitiveaitsi ,essi `give'displaythecommonToch.ts>ss mutations.
References:References:PedersenGroupement20,Hittitisch115,Tocharisch227;FriskIndo-germ.10f.
Seealso:Seealso:Herebelongscertainly:ai-ti-,ai-to- 
Page(s):Page(s):10-11
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:importantspeech
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`bedeutsameRede'(?)
Material:Material:Gr.ανημι,ανω`praises',ανοςm.,ανηf.`significantspeech,praise';ανσσομαι`talksin riddles',commongr.-illyr.-ks->-ss- phoneticmutation;ανιγμαn.`darkspeech'(however,ν-ανομαι `saysno,deny'-io- appearsderivativeofthenegationν-);
ablaut,mir.eth m.`oath'(acymr.anutonou Pl.,gl.`theperjured,theperfidious',ncymr.anudon  `perjury,actoflyingunderoath')=got.aiÞs m.,aisl.ei ð r ,ags.Þ ,as.  ,ahd.eid m.`oath'(probably kelt.Lw.).
References:References:WP.I2,103,OsthoffB.24,208f.
Page(s):Page(s):11
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:ak.ofgrass
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`Grasart'
Note:
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:ai-r ai-r ::`ak.ofgrass'isareducedroot *ai-tra fromwhichderivedalsoRoot/Root/ lemma:lemma:ai-tro-  ai-tro- ::`bitter,sharp'.
Material:Material:OldIndianrak `agrasskind',gr.αρα`weedinthewheat,ryegrass,darnel'αρικς, αρινος`fromryegrass,darnel'),lett.a   res ,a   renes `ryegrass,darnel'.
maybethroughmetathesisalb.(*a   res>ser )egjër `Loliumtemulentum,ryegrass,darnel'[common alb.-s->-gj- shift].
References:References:WP.I12,SpechtDekl.2061.
Page(s):Page(s):16
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:bright,shining
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`klar,hell,leuchtend'
Material:Material:Awnord.eiskra `ragebeforehotexcitement',nisl.iskra alsofromburningpain.
Lit.áiškus ,wherebesidezerogradealit.iškùs `clear,bright'.
 
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*aiskno- )shkëndijë `spark'[commonalb.n>nd phoneticmutation].
Alsoalb.zerograde(*jaskry ),shkrinj `melt,burn',participle*scrum >shkrumb `ashes'[commonalb. m>mb shift]loanedinrum.scrum `ashes'.
Russ.dial. jáska ,demin. jásoka `brightstar',besidesabg. jasno Adv.`clear,distinct',russ. jásnyj  `bright,clear'from*aiskno ;poln. jaskry,jaskrawy `brilliant,sparkling'from*aiskro ;abg.iskra `spark' etc.from*iskr.
HeretheFlNnhd.Aisch (Bavaria),Eysch(en )(Luxembourg),nengl.Axe fromkelt.orven.-ill.*Aisk.
Maybealb.(*aisk )eshkë `mushroom(whendriedusedtokindlethefire)'relatedtolat.esca-ae f. `food,victuals,esp.asbait',
References:References:WP.I2,Trautmann4,PokornyUrill.70,113,M.FörsterThemse839.
Seealso:Seealso:perhapsoriginatedfrom*aidh-sk- ,orfrom*ai-sk- ini-4 i-4 .
Page(s):Page(s):16-17
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:towishfor,searchfor 
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`wünschen,begehren,aufsuchen'
Note:
TheRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ais-1ais-1::`towishfor,searchfor'isatruncatedrootofai-ska ai-ska .Theformant-ska is acommonGermanicsuffixaddedtoRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ai-2 ai-2 ::`todrive,tooverwhelm,harm'
Material:Material:OldIndianšati `looks', á m.`wish,choice',anv-i áti `looksfor=av.išaiti `wishes', OldIndianiccháti (*is-sk  )`looks,wishes'=av.isaiti ds.,OldIndianicch `wish',iš(2.compound part)`searching,strivingafter'=av.iš ds.,f.`Wish,theobjectofthewish',OldIndiani ta-` desiredly'   má- m.`LoveGod';
arm.aic(*ais-sk  )`investigation';umbr.eiscurent (BuggeKZ.30,40)`theywillhavecausedto come,called,sentfor,invited,summoned,fetched'(probablyas*eh-iscurent `theywillhavedriven out,pushedforth,thrustedout,takenout,expelled');
Maybezeroforminalb.(*assa- )shanj `curse,blame'.
lat.aeruscre `tobeg,togetmoneybygoingaboutandexhibitingtricksoflegerdemain,toplaythe  juggler'as*aisos-k o- `demanding'toav.Imp.išas `longsfor'(-esk o- besides-sk o-:isaiti `wishes'); ahd.eiscn `research,ask,demand,(nhd.heischen `demand'withh afterheissen `hot'),as.scn, scian `demand',ags.scian,xian `try,demand,ask',ahd.eisca `demand',ags.æsce f. `investigation';
 
Page(s):Page(s):16
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:tobeinawe,toworship
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`ehrfürchtigsein,verehren'
Note:
TheRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ais-2 ais-2  ::`tobeinawe,toworship'isatruncatedrootofai-ska ai-ska .Theformant-ska  isacommonGermanicsuffixaddedtoRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ai-3 ai-3 ::`togive'
Material:Material:Ahd.ra ,nhd.Ehre ,ags.r `Relief,consideratetreatment,honour,luck',anord.eir  `consideratetreatment,peace,alsonameofthemedicinegoddess';ofitahd.rn ,rn `honor, spare,betake',ags.rian `honor,spare,betake',anord.eira `spare'.
Osk.aisusis Abl.Pl.`sacrifices',marruc.aisos D.Pl.`gods',pälign.aisis `gods',volsk.esaristrom  `sacrifice',umbr.esono- `divine,sacred',comefromEtruscan.DifferentlyDevotoSt.Etr.5,299f.
d-extension:gr.αδομαι(from*aiz-d- )`shies,reveres',αδς,-ος`reverence,shyness,shame', αδομαι(*αδσ-ομαι)`αδομαι';got.aistan ,-aida `avoid,payattention';zerogradeOldIndian    `reveres,praises,implores'.
References:References:WP.I13,WH.I20,419,844;Feist28a,KretschmerGl.30,882.
Page(s):Page(s):16
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:ai-ti-,ai-to-  ai-ti-,ai-to-  :oi-to- oi-to- 
Englishmeaning:Engl ishmeaning:part,share,allotment,quantity,quota,portion,stake,stock,proportion,cut, contribution
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`Anteil'
Coments:
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:ai-ti-,ai-to- ai-ti-,ai-to-  :oi-to- oi-to- ::`part,share,allotment,quantity,quota,portion,stake,stock, proportion,cut,contribution'isatruncatedroot*ai-tra intothesuffixedRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ai-2 ai-2 ::`to drive,tooverwhelm,harm'withtheformant-tra .
Material:Material:Av.ata- `theproperpart'('punishment';dual`guiltandpunishment').
Gr.ασα(*ατια)`interest,destiny',hom.σα,betterσσα`theproperinterest',commongr.-illyr.-ks->-  ss- phoneticmutation;σσασθαικληροσθαι.ΛσβιοιHes.;ασιος`promisinggoodtalent,favorabe', ασιος`certainfromthedestiny,proper',ναισιμω`apply,use,consume',ασυμνω`dispenses  justice,itrules';
 
certainwayoflife;prescribeacertainmeasureinfoodanddrinking',hence,δαιτα'referee'soffice' and`life-style,lifearrangement',ξαιτος`well-chosen,particular'.
Osk.Gen.aeteis `partis',aíttíúm `portionum'.
FromGr.hereprobablyalsoατιος responsible,guilty'(τafterατω),fromwhichlaterατα`guilt, cause';alsoατω,ατζω'demands'as`requireshisinterest';ablaut.οτοςm.`Destiny'.
Air.es n.,cymr.oes f.`period,age'from*aitto -,air.es m.`People'from*ait-tu- ,cymr.oed m. `Age'from*aito .
References:References:WP.I2,HirtIdg.Gr.II,82f.SchwyzerGr.Gr.14213,6969,7057.
Page(s):Page(s):11
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:[bitter,sharp]
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:[bitter,scharf]
Coments:
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:ai-tro-  ai-tro- :`bitter,sharp'isatruncatedroot*ai-tra intothesuffixedRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ai- ai-  22 ::`todrive,tooverwhelm,harm'withtheformant-tra .
Material:Material:lit.aitrùs `bitterly,harsh',aitrà f.`sharpness'(alsofigurative);thenasalformation*intro-  perhapsinabg.ob-triti `setonfire',o .s `burn,bequick-tempered',wru.zajáti `anger',klr.roz-   jatr ý tiša `fester'.
Maybealb.hithrë `nettle,thronyplant'.Alb.haspreservedtheoldlaryngeal- .
References:References:WP.I3,Berneker269.
Seealso:Seealso:perhapsini-4 i-4 .
Page(s):Page(s):17
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:`vitalenergy,vitality'
Material:Material:OldIndian yu- n.,anominalizedadjectiveto  ú- `flexibe,active';yu   - m.`Geniusofthe vitality',thereofderiveds -stem yu n.,Gen.yuša `vitality'(* iuos ,Gen.*aiusés );n -steminthe locative.yuni ,Instr.yun ;yúh vitality';
av.y n.`Lifespan',Gen.yaoš ,dat.yavi ,Instr.yav ,ofityavatt- `duration',yavaj- `living always';yušm.`Lifespan';
 
(*αιFεσι),Akk.att.α(*αιFοσα);Dat.-Lok.withoutextensioninion.α,lesb.ι(*αιFι)(afterwards διος'forever',δην-αις'long-living');n -stem:ανm.(andf.afterας)`vitality,lifespan', αν'always';
alb.eshë `periodoftime;span;space;stretch;lapse'from*aiuesi (JoklL.-k.U.34);
lat.o -stemaevus m.andaevum n.`eternity,age,time,lifetime,ortimeoflife,aperiodoflife'; however,arebasedaetas f.`age:ofhumanlife,eitheralifetimeortimeoflife,age,aperiodoftime, epoch',oldaevitas (fromitosk.Gen.aítateís ,Akk.aítatúm ,päl.Abl.aetatu )`age,timeoflife', aeternus `ofanage,lasting,enduring,permanent,endless,forever'inadverbial*aiui .
maybezerogradeinalb.(*aetas ), jetë `life,lifespan'.
Got.o -stemaiws m.`time,eternity,world';i- stemadverbialaiw (*aiui )=aisl.æ ,ei (alsoinei-gi `not'), ags., ,ahd.io `ever,always',got.niaiw `never',ahd.neo ,nio ,nhd.nie ;ags.n- ,engl.no `not,no';
maybealb.(*nio ) jo `not,no'.
aisl.lang-r= lat.longaevus `ofgreatage,aged,ancient';i -stemalsoinaisl.fi ,vi f.(*aiui -)`life, age'; -steminahd.wa f.`time,eternity',thereofahd.wid `eternity',wg `forever';got.aju-k-dÞs  f.`eternity'from*ajuki- (=ags.ce `forever'),withidg.g -suffix+idg.-tti ;
toch.Aym- `mind,life'whichm attributedtoñm- `life'.
References:References:WP.I6,WH.I21,EM.21,Feist30,32,BenvenisteBSL38,103ff,DumézilBSL39, 193,SpechtKZ.68,196,Dekl.88ff.,VanWindekens15.
Seealso:Seealso:Fromthisderived*iuuen- (ieu-3 )'young';Spechtalsowantsverymuchrisquelybeputin addition*aig -,oak'(=`vitality'?).
Page(s):Page(s):17-18
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:`exclamation'
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:Ausruf 
OldIndianai thesame;ayi interjectionwiththevocative;
av.i interjectionofthephonecall(beforethevocative);
gr.α,α,ααexclamationofthesurprise,ofastonishmentorpain(thereofαζω`sighs,deplores', ααγμα'Sigh');
lit.a   andái `oh!blows!'andbeforevocatives.
References:References:WP.I1,WH.I396,BenvenisteOrigines130f.
Seealso:Seealso:seealso*aik- *aik- .
 
Germanmeaning:German meaning:`Metall',underzw.probably`Kupfer('brandfarbig'?),Bronze';imArischenalso `Eisen'
Note:
Material:Material:
OldIndianáyas- n.,av.ayah- n.`metal,iron';
lat.aes ,g.aeris ;got.aiz (protogerm.*a (i    )iz- =idg.*aies -)`copperore,andthealloyofcopper, bronze.Transf.,anythingmadeofbronze;avessel,statue,trumpet,kettle',ahd.r `ore',anord.eir n. `ore,copper'.
thereofav.ayahana- `metallic,iron',lat.anus (*aies-no- =umbr.ahesnes `ofcopper,ofbronze'), aneus ,ags.ren ,as.ahd.mhd.rn ,nhd.ren (ehern ).despitePokornyKZ.46,292f.isnotidg. aios oldborrowingfromAjasja ,olderAas(ja) ,theoldnameofCyprus,aslat.cuprum :Κπρος,there accordingtoD.Davis(BSA.30,74-86,1932)thecopperpitsweretackledinCyprusonlyinlate Mycenaeantime.
Note:
Ajasja ,olderAas(ja) (Cyprus):HittitePNWilusa (gr.readingIlios )[commonphoneticmutationofthe oldlaryngeal->a-,i- ]:gall.Isarno- PN,ven.FlN'Iσρας,later sarcus ,nhd.Eisack (Tirol);urir.PN I(s)aros ,air. är ,balkanillyr.iser ,messap.isareti (KraheIF.46,184f.);kelt.FlNIsar ,nhd.Isar,Iser , frz.Isère ;*Isi ,frz.Oise ;*Isur ,engl.Ure ,etc.(PokornyUrillyrier114f.,161);nhd.FlNIll,Illach,Iller , lett.FlNIsline,Islcis ,wruss.Isa ,alb.VNIllyrii .
Herelat.aestim ,oldaestum `toappraise,rate,estimatethevalueof;toassessthedamagesina lawsuit;inawidersense,tovalueathingorperson;hence,ingen.,tojudge',Denomin.from*ais-  temos `hecutstheore'(totemn ).
References:References:WP.I4,WH.I,19,20,Feist31.
Seealso:Seealso:Toi-4 i-4 `burn'?
Page(s):Page(s):15-16
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`Mutter'(Lallwort)
Maybealb.Ajkuna `greatmother'inalb.epos.
References:References:WP.I34,WH.I5.abouttoch.ammaki seeunderam(m)a .
Page(s):Page(s):23
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:ak-,ok- ak-,ok- (*hek- *hek- )
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:`sharp;stone'
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`scharf,spitz,kantig'and`Stein'
Material:Material:1.e/o-  e/o-  and -St:
Npers.s (lengthened-gradeform)`millstone,grindstone';gr.κ`point',lengthened-gradeformion. κκωκ,πιδορατς,κμHes.,redupl.κωκ`point,edge'(asγωγ:γω);afterKretschmer  KZ.33,567andSchwyzerGr.Gr.I348belongsκοω`hears'as*κ-ους-`havingsharpear'here, see,however,1.keu -;alb.athëtë `sharp,sour',
Note:
Inalb.athëtë (*ake- )`sharp,sour'+commonalb.suffix-të [commonalb.-k>-th phoneticmutationas inalb.(*mag -)math `big'].
lat.acre `sharp,cutting,keen.Hence,totaste,biting;totouch,sharp;ofsounds,shrill;ofsmells, penetrating;ofsight,keen;ofemotions,painful;ofunderstanding,quick,vigorous,energetic',acidus  `sour,acid,tart',actum `vinegar';
maybealb.acar `frost,sharpsteel'.
witho: mbr.convocarvilin `sharpenthemillstone',cymr.hogi `sharpen',acymr.ocoluin ,ncymr. hogalen ,mbret.hygo(u)len ,nbret.higolenn `whetstone'(withtheunclearsecondcomponent;to explainbret.vocalismoftheinitialsoundbythepretone);mc.cyfogi `vomit,fight',withsecondaryio - suffixacymr.cemecid ,ncymr.cyfegydd (*k om-ok íio- )'pickaxe';
withzerograde:acymr.diauc ,ncymr.diog ,mbr.dieuc (*dk o -)'decayed,spoiled',mcymr.ym-am-  ogawr (*-k r )`onestirs,isactive'(LothRC.45,191)andmbr.eaug ,nbret.eok `ripe,madesoft' (*eks-k o- ),togall.excum `centaurionlepton'(ErnaultGloss.MBret.201);comparealsoaboveS.5;
schwed.ag m.`marshgrass,Cladiummariscus,edge,blade'(*ak o - ),mhd.ag `perch',egle ,eglinc  ds.,nhd.schweiz.egel ,Demin.egli ,aschwed.agh-borre ds.,maybealsoschwed.agg `rancor, hatred',agga `sting,torment',norw.dial.agge `tooth,point'(*ak uko- orexpressiveGemination?),as wellas(withsecondarygerm.vowelgradationa :u orfrom*ak uko- withassimilationa inu ?)norw. dial.ugg `sting,frightening',schwed.dial.ugg `point,tooth',anord.uggr `fear',norw.dial.ugge `fin';
lit.akúotas *`awn',ã šaka (*ak o-k )`fishbone,bran'=wruss.osoka `sedge',pr.ackons (*ak no- )ds.
maybe(*esel ),egjër `Loliumtemulentum,ryegrass,darnel'[commonalb.-s->-gj- phoneticmutation],
 
----------------------
----------------------
2.i- and j- stems:
Arm.asen `needle'(from*asin ,MeilletEsquisse43);gr.κς,-δος`point,sting';lat.acis  `keenness,edge;ofthemind,penetration,insight;oftheeye,apiercinglookorkeenvision; sometimesthepupiloftheeye,ortheeyeitself.Milit.,battleline;hencebattle,battlefield';as.eggja  f.,ahd.etcekka `point,swordedge',nhd.Ecke (protogerm.*a  i ,anord.egg `edge,cliffbacks', eggja `sharpen,spuron',ags.ecg `edge,blade,sword'(fromitborrowsmir.ecg `edge',nbret.ek  `point'),egle Pl.`awns',engl.ails ;OldChurchSlavicosla (*osla ),russ.osëok m.`whetstone',ech. osina f.`awn'.
Maybezerogradeinalb.(*askel ),halë `needle,fishbone,awn',[commonalb.sk->h- phonetic mutation],olderalb.(*haskel )hakël `needle,fishbone':lat.aculeus-i m.`sting,point;fig.,esp.in plur.,painfulthoughts,cuttingremarks'.Itseemsalb.[togetherwithcymr.hogi `sharpen',ncymr. hogalen ,mbret.hygo(u)len ,nbret.higolenn `whetstone']haspreservedtheoldlaryngeal- .
aboutags.eher `ear'seeunders- formant.
3.u -stem:
Gr.χυρον`chaff'seeunders -formant;lat.acus ,-s f.`needle;fishname',acuere `sharpen', acmen `sharppoint;hencethepointofremarks,etc.;sharpnessofintellect;cunning,trickery',acia  (*acu-i )`threadtothesewed',aquifolium (besidecrifolium )`holly',aculeus `sting',accipiter `hawk, falcon'(*acu-peter `quick-flying');
Maybealb.(*ak u-lio- )akull `ice,sharpice',(*accipiter )skifter `falcon,hawk',skip(ë)tar `eagle-man', truncatedskipe,shkabë `eagle',suffixedgeg.Shkipni `landoftheeagles'.
Fromlat.aquila-ae f.`aneagle;milit.,aneagleasthestandardofaRomanlegion;architect.,gable orpediment'.aquilo-onis m.`thenorthwind;thenorth'.aqua-ae f.`water'itseemsthatRoot/Root/ lemma:lemma:ak- ak- (moreproperlyk k ):k-  k-  ::(water,river)derivedfromRoot / lemma:Root/lemma:ak-,ok- ak-,ok- :: (sharp;stone).
gall.acaunum (*akounon )`rock';ill.ONAcumincum todaySzlankamen `saltstone'(Banat);
Note:ill.PNAcu-mincum `saltstone':alb.(*ak u-lio- )akull `ice,sharpice'.
nhd.Achel f.`earpoint,awn'fromndd.aggel (withspirant.g )fromidg.*ak ul ;ags.wel m.`fork', anord.so ð -ll `meatfork'(germ.*ahwala- ,idg.*ák uolo -);ifheregallo-lat.opulus `commonmaple' (Marstrander,Corr.germ.-celt.18),wouldbeplacedidg.*ok u-olo- ;aboutanord.uggr etc.seee /o - stem,aboutags.éar sees -formant;cymr.ebill `drill',mbr.ebil `peg,nail'(*ak u    -lio -);
Note:
 
Themutationkw>p,b inCeltictongues,lat.andgr.
balt.*ašus inlett.ass `sharp,pointed',lit.ašuta   m.Pl.`coarsehorsehair'=slav.*ošuta m.`Thistle'in ChurchSlavic st ,russ.osót .Onaccountofheretoch.Acwe `rough'(VanWindekensLexique 15)?
seeunder*k u-s `fast(sharpinthemovement)'.
4.Withmm -formant:
Gr.κμ`point,edge,sharpness;thehighestpoint,climax,decisivepoint'(κμνAdv.,κμαος, κμζω);schwed.dial.å m `marshgrass,Cladiummariscus'(germ.*ahma- ,comparefinn.Lw.ahma  `equisetum').
ak-men-/-mer- ak-men-/-mer- 
OldIndianaman- n.`Stone,sky'(asastonevault,ReicheltIF.32,23ff.),amará- `stone',av. asman- stone,sky'(OldIndianGen.ána ,Instr.án ,av.Gen.ašn ,Abl.ašnat with-n- from-mn -; Instr.Pl.OldIndiananihaftero -stem);phryg.PNΑκμονα;gr.κμων'anvil',κμωνορανς;lit. ã šmens m.Pl.`Edge',akmu õ ,-eñs m.`stone'.
5.Withn -formant:
aken- aken- 
OldIndianaáni- `headofthearrow,missile';av. sg  - ,Oldpers.a ϑ anga- `stone'(*akengo , BenvenisteOrig.28);gr.καινα`point,sting;longitudinaldimension'(however,aboutlat.acuna `a cavity,hollow,dip;esp.apool,pond.Transf.,gap,deficiency,loss'seeWH.I9),κνη`whetstone', κων,-οντος`spear'(forolderκων,*-ονοςaftertheparticiples),κοντζω`throwthespear',κανος `thistlekind,pricklyheadplant',κανζειν`fruitcarrypricklyheads',κανθος`thistle'(from*καν- ανθος`stingflower'),κανθα`thistle,sting,thorn,spine,esp.ofthefish',καλανθς'goldfinch'(from *κανθαλς),καθος`barque',κτη,κτιον`woman'sshoe'(*ak no- ,probablyfromthepointed form);lat.agna `earofgrain'(from*ak n );got.ahana f.`chaff',anord.gn ,ags.egenu f.andäegnan  Pl.,ahd.agana ds.,nhd.Ahne ,dial.Agen `stalksplinteroftheflaxorhemp'(germ.*ag- ,*ahan ,idg. *ak n );lit.em.ašnìs `edge,sprouting,germinating,sowing',lett.asns m.`germburstingout'.
6.Withr -formant:
aker-,oker- aker-,oker- 
Note:
ManyGermaniccognatesprovethattherealrootswerethelabiovelars:aker-,oker- aker-,oker- 
Air.a(i)cher `sharp(fromthehoist)',becauseoftheGen.Sg.Akeras (PNintheOgham)notlat.Lw.; abret.acer-uission `withsharpfingers'(biss ),ocerou Pl.`sharpened',acymr.ar-ocrion gl.atrocia;lit. ašer  s,ešer  s `riverperch';pol.dial. jesiora (from*aser );anord.gr ds.(fromprotogerm.*agura- , idg.*ok r-o- ),westnorw.augur (from*gurr ,newerdevelopmentfromgr ),influencedfromauga `eye',
 
labiovelars:aker-,oker- aker-,oker- whosezerogradeproducedalb.(*k  erna ),gurrë `stream'[commonalb. rn>rr shift],(*k  er- )gur `stone';
Herealsomaybethenameofthemaple(duetothepointedleafsections):
lat.acer ,-eris n.`themapletreeormaplewood'(fromacerarbor becamevlat.acerabulus ,Meyer- LübkeREW.93),dän.ær ds.(germ.*ahira -);nhd.dial.Acher ds.(germ.*ahura -);
gr.καστοςσφνδαμνοςHes.(*καρστος,meaningasπλατνιστοςbesideπλτανος;tostem comparealsoκαρναδφνηHes.);galloRome.*akaros ,*akarnos `maple'(HubschmiedRC.50,263 f.);ahd.ahorn `maple'
(fromschweiz.andotheroralkindswoulddevopcertainly -,however, -wouldhavearisenalsoof  people'setymologicaldistortion,likemnd.nhorn ,lhorn ;ahorn (idg.*ak rno- )isuptothedeclension class=καρνα,whilelat.acernus `ofmaple'issyncopatedfrom*acer-inos ;however,thatn has probablyalsoarisenfromtheformeradjectivematerialdevelopingformants-no- andnotfromr/n - stembyaccumulationofbothelements.
Ratherthatcountsforgr.κορνα(*-ια)`yellowthistlekind'κανοςds.,maybeherealsoκορος `Kalmus',κορον`hisspicyroot',comparewithotherformsstillκινοςf.`odoriferousflower',κιμον `basil'(ifheresuitablly,namedafterthesharpsmell?).
akri-,akro- akri-,akro- 
OldIndianárih`corner,edge,border',catur-ara-`square';gr.κρος`sharply',κρον,κρα,κρις `point,mountaintops'(alsoinκροομαιas`havesharphearing,sharpentheear',andκρς,-δος `grasshopper',shortformforκροβατοσα`tiptoe',κρζουσα;κρεμν`pointoftheboughs',seeto
theformationBrugmannGrdr.II21,241);
lat.(to seeFriskIF.56,113f.)cer ,cris ,-e (alat.cra ,-um )`sharp,piercing,penetrating,cutting, irritating,pungent',osk.akrid `sharply,fiercely,keenly',umbr.peracri- `fat,plump,corpulent'(=lat. percer `verysharp',comparetomeaninggr.κρος,also`uppermost,excellent',andκμαoς),lat. acerbus `acidic,sad,harsh,bitter,unripe'(from*cri-bho-s );comparegall.AX POTALVS `withhigh forehead',air.r `high'(from*akros );lit.ašrùs ,aštrùs ,alit.aštras ,OldChurchSlavicostr `sharp'(t - interpolatedwording).
Maybealb.geg.(*akri )hakërronj `threaten,frighten'.
okri-,okri-,ok ro-ok ro-
Withshadingo -:gr.κριςf.`sharp'mountainpoint,corner,edge',alat.ocris m.`roughmountain',lat. mediocris `average,mediocre,ofmiddlingsize,medium,middling,moderate,ordinary',actually`tobe foundhalfwayup'(hereablautcouldbedisplayedinthecompoundlikeinextorris:terra,meditullium:  tells ),Ocriculum,Interocrea,ocrea `splint,agreave,legging',umbr.ocar ,ukar ,Gen.ocrer  `mountain,castlemountain',marr.ocres `amountain,mount,rangeofmountains',mir.och(a)ir  `corner,edge',fromitborrowscymr.ochr `edge'.
 
akes- akes- :ak s-ak s-
Gr.χνη`chaff'from*ak    -sn ,afterwardsreshuffledχυρονds.insteadof*κυρον;gr.κοσ- τ'Barley'(`awned,bristly',formationlikelatonus-tus ,venus-tus );gr.κςξ,Hes.πυρι-κης`with igneouspoint',μφκης`two-edged',τανηκης`withlongpoint'(maybeonlywithstretchinthe compound,afterwhichthelengthalsoinsimpleκς;however,lieslengthenedgrade*k- also beforeinion.κκωκ,πιδορατς,κμHes.,κδανδρωμνηνγυνακαHes.,compareto meaningκμ`climaxoflife').
maybezerogradeinalb.(*κοσ-τ)kash-të `chaff(*barley)'where-të istheneuterending,(*χνη), sanë `chaff'.
additionalformationsingr.ξς`sharp',comparetoformationlit.tamsùsto OldIndiantmas- ,lit. tamsa (inadditionξνη`harrow'Hes.),ξος`winevinegar'.-Also*καχμνος`sharpened'seemsto be*κ-ακσ-μνος,HirtIF.12,225.
Note:commongr.-h->- ξ- phoneticmutation
Lat.acus ,-eris `aneedle'acervus (*aces-vo-s )`aheap,mass;inlogic,argumentbyaccumulation'; got.ahs Gen.*ahsis n.,aisl.ax n.,ahd.ahir ,ehir n.(germ.*ahiz ),fromthePl.nhd.`earofcorn'f.,but ags.ear (*ahuz ),dat.Sg.nordhumbr.æhher ,eher ds.(aboutthecoexistencefromi -,u- ands -stems, partlyalreadyidg.,butesp.inGermanic,compareBrugmanncompareGr.II1,522,underSpecht Idg.Dekl.152.Onaccountoforiginallyidg.-es- or-is -,or-us -stemdisplay,isdifficultintheisolated casetodecide.comparealsoSievers-BrunnerAengl.Gr.pp.128,2under288f.)
ak-sti- ak-sti- 
Cymr.eithin m.Pl.`gorse,furze'(*akstno- ),fromitborrowsmir.aittenn ds.(withunclearsound gradation);lit.akstìs following'smokedspit'(=russ.ost `point,ear,spike'),ã kstinas m.`Sting,spur'= OldChurchSlavicostn m.`Sting',ech.osten ds.
maybealb.(*osten )hosten `stickfordrivingcattle'[alb.haspreservedtheoldlaryngeal- sothis cognateisnotaSlavicloanword],zerograde(*ak -sti- )heshtë `spear',[lat.hasta `spear,sting'].alb. suggeststhatRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:hasto-1hasto-1,hazdho- hazdho- ::(twig;pole)derivedfromRoot / lemma:Root/lemma:ak-,ak-, ok- ok- ,(ak-sti- ak-sti- )::(sharp;stone)
8.Witht- formant:
OldIndianap há- m.(from*apaatha )`barbinthearrow';gr.κτ`gruffcoastwithbreaker; headland,elevation';toch.c- ,cce-` head,beginning'(from*ak t -).
NoteNote:
Againtherehasbeentheshiftgr.kw>p inOldIndian
oket oket `harrow,devicewithpoints':
 
Note:commongr.-h->- ξ- phoneticmutation
acymr.ocet ,corn.ocet ,bret.oguet: ahd.egida ,mhd.eg (e )de ,ags.eg (e )de f.(nhd.Egge renewed fromtheverbeggen fromahd.egen ,ecken ,protogerm.*agjan ,onitspartonlyfromtheSubst. *agi   revertformation);
lit.ak ios ,ek ios `harrow',OldPrussianaketes `harrows', insteadofe derivesfromtheverb *aki inlit.ak  ju,ak ti ,besidesak  ju,ek ti ;theanlaut(initialsound)a- frequentlyhasbecomee in anunstressedpositionabeforepalatalvowel(EndzelinLett.Gr.36).
References:References:WP.I28ff.,WH.I6ff.,SpechtDekl.24,69,125,271,331.SpechtKZ.62,210ff. (unglaubhaft).
Seealso:Seealso:S.under*ok-tu  *ok-tu  `eight',actually`bothpointsofthehands(withoutthumb)'.
zerogradesk - stuckprobablyinstemsk emen-,k emel-,k men- `stone,skies',k omor- `stone hammer',ki- ki- ,k i -,k i- `sharpen,whet',k- k- `sharp,spit,spear'.
Page(s):Page(s):18-22
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:`toeat'
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`essen'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ak-,ok- ak-,ok- (*hek- )::`sharp;stone'derivedRoot / lemma:Root/lemma:ak-1,ak-  ak-1,ak-  (*hek -):: `toeat'
Material:Material:OldIndiananti (insertedInf.ai-tum etc.)`eats,consumes',áanam n.`food',ána-  `greedy',lengthenedgradeayati `allowstodine',prtar-a- `breakfast';av.kahrk-sa `chicken eater=vulture'etc.;
gr.κυλοςf.`acorn'(as`food',compareformallyOldIndianaú-a- `greedy'),κολος`bite';
Maybealb.ha `eat,bite,consume':κολος`bite';
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:ak-,ok- ak-,ok- (*hek- )::`sharp;stone':Root / lemma: Root/lemma:ak-1,ak-  ak-1,ak-  (*ek -)::`toeat'.
Note:
Onlygr.andalb.havepreservedtheoldlaryngeal- 
an.agn n.`baitforfish'(*ak -nó- ),ja `allowtograze'(*ahjan ).
References:References:WP.I112f.,WH.I210f.
Page(s):Page(s):18
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:`tear'
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`Träne'
Material:Material:Ved.áru n.,lateralsoáram `tear',av.asr- n.,lit.ašara andã šara f.,toch.kör Pl. krunt ds.,compareOldIndianarymi ,lit.ã šaroju `cries'.Therelationshiptoidg.*dak ru `tear'is unsettled.compareMeilletBSL.32,141.
Note:
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:akru  akru  ::`tear'derivedfromRoot / lemma:Root/lemma:dakru- dakru- ::`tears'.Thephoneticshiftda->  a-,zero isacommonBalticIllyrianphoneticmutation.CompareRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:del-5  del-5  ::`long':balt. withunexplainedd -loss(seeunder):lit.ìlgas ,f.ilgà ,lett.il gs ,OldPrussianilga andilgi Adv.`long': hitt.Nom.Pl.da-lu-ga-e-eš (dalugaes )`long',da-lu-ga-aš-ti (dalugasti )n.`length'.Thisisasound proofofAryanmigrationfromtheBalticregiontoNorthIndia.
References:References:WP.I33,WH.I746.
Page(s):Page(s):23
Root/lemma:Root/lemma:ak- ak- (moreproperlyk k ):k-  k- 
Englishmeaning:Englishmeaning:`water,river'
Germanmeaning:Germanmeaning:`Wasser,Fluß'
Note:
FromRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ang(h)i- ang(h)i- ::`snake,worm'derivedRoot / lemma:Root/lemma:ak- ak- (moreproperly k k ):k-  k-  
::`water,river';Root / lemma: Root/lemma:ehero- ehero- :: lake,innersea';Root / lemma:Root/lemma:ad(u)-,ad-ro- ad(u)-,ad-ro- ::`water  current':Illyr.pannon.VNΟσεριτες[commonalb.-illyr.-balt.-h->-d-,-z-  h->-d-,-z-  phoneticmutation].
FromRoot/lemma:Root/lemma:ak- ak- `water,river'nasalizedin*akuent- (suffixedin-er,-or )derivedRoot/Root/ lemma:lemma:au (e)-9,au ed-,au er- au (e)-9,au ed-,au er- ::`toflow,towet;water,etc.`
Material:Material:
Lat.aqua `water,waterpipe'(thereofaquilus `dark',aquila `eagle',eigentl.`theswarthy',aquil `north wind',eigentl.`thedarkeningsky')=got.a  a f.`river,bodyofwater',aisl. ,ags.a ,as.ahd.aha , nhd.Ache ds.(germ.*ahw ,thereofderived*ahwj ,*awj `surroundedbythewater'inaisl.ey f. `island,pasture,grassland',ags.íeg ,ahd.-ouwa,-awa ,mhd.ouwe f.`water,peninsulaintheriver, grasslandrichinwater';
maybealb.(*aquil )akull `frozenwater,ice'
 
nhd.Aue ,compareafries.ei-land `island',Sca(n)din-avia KretschmerGl.17,148ff.),russ.FlNOká , pannon.PNAquincum `stove(*cookingstovewherewaterboilsmakingbubbles)',apul.FlNAquil , ven.PNAquileia (alsoinSouthGermany);withablaut(idg. )inadditionaisl. gir (*kiós )`Godof  thesea',ags. g-weard `watchatthesea',éagor `sea,flood'(theinitialsoundaftera );maybehere OldIndiankm `water',dak.plantNκοαδμαποταμογετων`watercolonist'(*ka-dhmn),poln. (nordill.)FlNKwa .
Theaffiliationfromhitt.e-ku-uz-zi (ekuzi )`drinks',3.Pl.a-ku-wa-an