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Revolution
Industrial
ThePrepared by
Arun Saran
Ajay Choudhary
Virendra Saran
Shahrukh Khan
Submitted To: •Pradeep Sir
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INTRODUCTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS THE TIME PERIOD WHICH TOOK PLACE BETWEEN 17THAND 18THCENTURY .
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AS, “A WIDESPREAD REPLACEMENT OF MANUAL LABOUR BY MACHINES THAT BEGAN IN BRITAIN IN THE 18TH CENTURY.”
PEOPLE DID NOT WANT TO DO THEIR WORK MANUALLY FOR THE REST OF THEIR LIVES.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS THE TRANSITION TO NEW MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. THIS TRANSITION INCLUDED GOING FROM HAND PRODUCTION METHODS TO MACHINES, NEW CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING AND IRON PRODUCTION PROCESSES, IMPROVED EFFICIENCY OF WATER POWER, THE INCREASINGUSE OF STEAM POWER AND DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE TOOLS
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Why did the Industrial Revolution first start in England by the 1780s?
The factors are :Geographic factors-As an island separated from, and yet close to, the European continent, England enjoyed a geographical situation that was favourable in several ways.
Political factors-Government was ready to provide conditions in which trade, industry, banking and farming for profit could flourish. The best single condition it provided was laissez-faire -no government interference with private businesses.
Economic factors–Internally, the purchasing power of the people was generally greater than that of other peoples. Externally, the rapidly increasing trade stimulated the production of cheap manufactured goods in England.
Technological factors-Before and during the Industrial Revolution, several technological processes converged: tool improvement, use of coal as fuel, greatly increased use of iron, and use of steam power.
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Population Increase
At the start of the 19th Century about 1/5 of Britain’s population lived there, but by 1851 half the population of the country had set up
home in London.
The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1851 and, by 1901, had nearly
doubled again to 30.5 million.
Europe’s population doubled during the 18th century, from roughly 100 million to almost 200 million, and doubled again during the
19th century, to around 400 million.
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What Was the Effect
on Agricultur
e
Farmers that had always done
everything by hand were now using machines in their fields.
With all of the machines not as
many farm workers were
needed so they had to move to
cities to find work.
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Impact of Industrial Revolution
Countless discoveries were made in many fields of work.Textile plants were affected greatly with the use of coal.Travel was made easier with the use of trains, canals and
the fixing of many roads throughout countries.As canal was constructed, the need for a quicker ship
became more and more obvious.When the steam boat came along trade, travel and many
other daily jobs were done much quicker.Steam powered trains also had a major breakthrough,
which increased the need for more railway systems along the countryside.
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Mass production of goodsIncreased numbers of goodsIncreased diversity of goods produced
Development of factory system of production Rural-to-urban migration
People left farms to work in cities Development of capitalism
Financial capital for continued industrial growth Development and growth of new socio-economic classes
Working class, bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial class Commitment to research and development
Investments in new technologiesIndustrial and governmental interest in promoting invention, the sciences, and overall industrial growth
Developments
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“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
Spinning machine
Need to speed up weaving
Power loom created
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“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
Power loom
Increased demand for raw cotton
Invention of the cotton gin
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“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”
Cotton gin
Demands for stronger iron
Improvements in iron smelting and the development of steel (Bessemer process)
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“Necessity Is the Mother of Invention”As more
steam-powered machines
were built,
factories needed
more coal to create this steam
Mining methods improve
d to meet the demand for more
coal•The process of inventing never ends
•One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions
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The Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry
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The Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry
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Early water power involved mills built over fast-moving streams and rivers
Early water power had problems
Not enough rivers to provide the power needed to meet growing demand
Rivers and streams might be far removed from raw materials, workers, and markets
Rivers are prone to flooding and drying
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Humans tried harnessing steam power for millenniaHero of Alexandria, Egypt – created a steam-
driven device in the 1st century B.C.E. Thomas Newcomen, England (1704)
Created a steam engine to pump water from mines
James Watt, Scotland (1769)Improved Newcomen’s engine to power
machinery
Steam Power
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Steam EnginesBy 1800, steam engines were replacing water
wheels as sources of power for factoriesFactories relocated near raw materials,
workers, and portsCities grew around the factories built near
central England’s coal and iron minesManchester, Liverpool
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Vast amounts of fuel were required to smelt iron ore
to burn out impurities
Abraham Darby (1709)• Discovered that heating coal
turned it into more efficient coke
John Smeaton (1760)• Smelted iron by using water-
powered air pumps to create steam blasts
Henry Cort (1783)• Developed the puddling process
which purified and strengthened molten iron
Coal and Iron
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Coal production doubled• 6 million to 12
million tons
Pig iron production increased 250%• 1800 – 130,000
tons
Great Britain produced as much
coal and iron as every other
country combined
INCREASES IN COAL AND IRON PRODUCTION, 1770-1800
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Prior to the Industrial Revolution, steel was difficult to produce
and expensive
Henry Bessemer,
1856
Other improvements in steel production
Bessemer Process and Steel
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Increased
production
Search for
more markets and raw material
s
Better and
faster means
of transpor
tation
Before the Industrial Revolution• Canal barges pulled by mules• Ships powered by sails• Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages
After the Industrial Revolution• Trains• Steamships• Trolleys• Automobiles
Transportation
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Transportation Revolution Robert Fulton (American)
• Steamboat (1807)
• Sped water transportation
Thomas Telford and John McAdam (British)
• Macadamized roads (1810-1830)
• Improved roadsGottlieb Daimler
(German)
• Gasoline engine (1885)
• Led to the invention of the automobile
Rudolf Diesel (German)
• Diesel engine (1892)
• Cheaper fuel
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Communications Revolution Samuel F.B.
Morse (American)•Telegraph (1844)•Rapid communication across continents
Alexander Graham Bell (American)
•Telephone (1876)•Human speech heard across continents
Cyrus W. Field (American)
•Atlantic cable (1866)•United States and Europe connected by cable
Guglielmo Marconi (Italian)
•Wireless telegraph, an early form of the radio (1895)•No wires needed for sending messages
Lee de Forest (American)
•Radio tube (1907)•Radio broadcasts could be sent around the world
Vladimir Zworykin (American)
•Television (1925)•Simultaneous audio and visual broadcast
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Printing Revolution Printing – 1800-1830
Iron printing pressSteam-driven press
Rotary press – 1870 Invented by Richard HoePrinted both sides of a page at once
Linotype machine – 1884 Invented by Ottmar MergenthalerA machine operator could create a “line of type”
all at one go, rather than having to individually set each letter
Newspapers became much cheaper to produceCost of a newspaper plummetedNumber of newspapers increased
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The Agricultural Revolution Agricultural methods had not changed much
since the Middle Ages Tools – hoe, sickle, wooden plow Three-field system – farmers left 1/3 of the
land fallow each year to restore fertility to the soil
Open-field system – unfenced farms with few improvements made to the land
No significant surplus – only enough food was made to feed the population
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Economic Changes
Expansion of world trade
Factory system
Mass production of goods
Industrial capitalism
Increased standard of living
Unemployment
Political Changes
Decline of landed aristocracy
Growth and expansion of democracy
Increased government involvement in society
Increased power of industrialized nations
Nationalism and imperialism stimulated
Rise to power of businesspeople
Social Changes
Development and growth of cities
Improved status and earning power of women
Increase in leisure time
Population increases
Problems – economic insecurity, increased deadliness of war, urban
slums, etc.
Science and research stimulated
Results of the Industrial Revolution
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Domestic systemWorkers and employers knew each other
personallyWorkers could aspire to become employers
Factory systemWorkers no longer owned the means of
production (machinery)Employers no longer knew workers personally
○ Factories often run by managers paid by the corporation
Relationships between employers and employees grew strained
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Problems of the Factory System
Factories were crowded, dark, and dirty Workers toiled from dawn to dusk Young children worked with dangerous
machinery Employment of women and children put men
out of workWomen and children were paid less for the same
work Technological unemployment – workers lost
their jobs as their labor was replaced by machines
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Factories driven solely by profitBusinesses largely immune to problems of
workers Factory (also company or mill) towns
Towns built by employers around factories to house workers
Workers charged higher prices than normal for rent, groceries, etc. Workers often became indebted to their employers Created a type of forced servitude as workers had to
stay on at their jobs to pay their debtsConsidered paternalistic by workers
Some employers had workers’ interests at heart But workers wanted to control their own lives
Poor Living Conditions
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Rise of Labor Unions Before labor unions, workers bargained
individually – “individual bargaining”Before factories, a worker could bargain for better
wages and working conditions by arguing his or her particular skills
But in factories, work is routine and one worker can easily replace another
With labor unions, workers bargained together as a group, or collective – “collective bargaining”Organized groups of workers elected leaders to
bargain on their behalfUsed tools (such as strikes) to gain rights
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Legal Protections For Workers
•Limited hours for women• Later – equal pay for equal work
•Eventual end to child labor• Schools and requirements for school attendance grew as children were removed from the workforce
•Health and safety codes•Minimum wage•Legalization of unions
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Rights of Female and Child Workers
Women and children could legally be paid less than men for the same workFactory owners were more willing to hire themMale workers grew resentful
English child laborersEngland had a history (going back to the 17th
century) of training pauper children (even those younger than five years old) in a trade
Poor children followed their mothers into factories Early male-dominated unions fought to banish
women and children from the workplaceEventually this strategy was abandonedWomen eventually won right to equal pay for equal
work Though women today, in reality, still earn less than men
at the same types of work
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Invention of the steam engine in 1763 by James Watt shifts labor from humans and animals to machines
Inventions continue to make life, manufacturing, and farming easier and better
Continuous reinvestment of profits fuel even greater growth
Inventions in one area often led to inventions in others
Transportation and communication systems are greatly enhanced
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Cities begin to dominate the western world
Creates a new social order with the rise of an influential middle class
Poor working conditions for lower classes eventually lead to new social and political movements
Need for markets and resources force Europeans to take over foreign lands (imperialism)
CHANGES BROUGHT BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill
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James Watt’s Steam EngineScottish inventor and mechanical engineerImproved upon Newcomen steam engine by
using condenserKey power source of the Industrial Revolution
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Bessemer’s Smelting Process
Bessemer Process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel
Removed impurities from the iron by blowing air through it
Allowed the manufacture of bridges, railroads, skyscrapers, and large ships
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Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
Created in 1793
Separated Cotton Fibers from seeds
Caused massive growth of production of cotton, exports to Britain, and Demand for U.S. Slavery
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The Spinning
JennyInvented by James Hargreaves in 1764
Produced several threads at the same time
Were Later Powered by Water, and then Steam Engine
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Louis Pasteur and Germ
TheoryoFrench chemist and microbiologist, known as one of the fathers of microbiologyoSupported the germ theory of diseaseoInvented a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness
Advancements In Science And Medicine
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The Great and Terrible Scourge
Erupted in epidemics every 10 years in densely populated areas
Edward Jenner developed vaccine
Used samples of cowpox disease from women who had worked with cows
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Women begin to take jobs in factories performing manual labor and skilled crafts
Women are always paid less than men and not much more than children
Women begin to organize for equal rights and suffrage
Women’s Roles and Suffrage
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Negative Effects of the Industrial
Revolution
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The HavesThe entrepreneurs
(Individuals who start a new business) who opened factories and shipping companies became very rich during the early industrial revolution.
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The Have-NotThe people who
worked in the factories for the entrepreneurs (the working class), were soul-crushingly poor
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Don’t Forget!The enclosure movement pushed people off the farms and into the cities
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City LifeCities grew around
factoriesThese cities grew
rapidly, without planning
Working people lived in tenements in hellish slums
The lack of planning meant that there was no sewage, running water, or sanitation system
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Working Life in FactoriesFactory work was difficult and
dangerousTypical shifts lasted 12 to 16 hoursIf you complained, you were fired.If you got sick, you were fired.If you got hurt and could no longer
work, you were fired.
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Women at WorkFactory owners
hired women because they could pay them less
Women with families worked 12 hours a day and were still expected to cook, clean, etc. when they finally got home.
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Children at WorkFamilies needed the income working
children could provide.Children could be hired at very low
wagesChildren worked in the same
dangerous factories, for the same long hours
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Business Owners Managers, accountants,
ministers, lawyers, doctors, and other skilled
professionals
Factory workers in the cities and peasant farmers
in the countryside
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Positive Change 1883 – British Parliament passed laws limiting
hours of each workday, restricted children from working in factories , and required factory owners to make safer & cleaner working conditions Labor Unions: formed to bargain for better working
conditions, higher pay, and threatened strikes. Factory owners came to the realization that healthy,
happy, and somewhat well-paid employees meant a productive workforce
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o The middle class became substantially bigger.o The standard of living increases and Public
Education becomes more accessible.o Social Mobility – the ability for a person to
work their way up from one social class to the next.
o 1807 – Slave trade is abolished – no new slaves were transported (legally) from Africa, ownership of existing slaves continued
o 1833 – Britain outlaws slavery all together.
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In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry.
Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines.
However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel - child labour, dirty living conditions and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution
SOCIAL EFFECTS
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SOCIAL EFFECTSThe Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organisation of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people. The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production. Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffer the cost of the lost production.
The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action. Many strikes were painful events for both sides, the unions and the management. In England, the Combination Act forbade workers to form any kind of trade union from 1799 until its repeal in 1824. Even after this, unions were still severely restricted. Eventually effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who, after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885, began to support socialist political parties that later merged to became the British Labour Party.
Strike action
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The Luddites: 1811-1816
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]
The introduction of machines caused the unemployment of many craftsmen and weavers who could no longer complete with features that required time to produce more products and cloth than them.So the unemployed workers began destroying features and machines that had token their job. These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore figure. The first attack wan in 1811.
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BritishSoldiers Fire on British
Workers:
Let us die like men,
and not be sold like slaves!
Peterloo Massacre, 1819
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The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
× People as a society would operate and own themeans of production, not individuals.
× Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
× Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].
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