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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba1
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba2
• Infection: is an invasion of body tissue by microorganisms and their proliferation there
• A symptomatic or sub clinical: the infection produces no clinical evidence of disease
• Virulence: the microorganism ability to produce disease
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba3
• Communicable disease: the infectious agent can be transmuted to an individual by direct or indirect contact through a vector or vehicle or as an airborne infection
• Pathogens: is the ability to produce disease
• Asepsis: is the freedom from disease causing microorganisms
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba4
:Medical asepsis
• -include all practice intended to confine specific microorganism to specific area
• - limiting the number growth and transmission of microorganism
• -refers to as a clean (mean the absence most all the microorganism), dirty (solid, contaminated)
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba5
Surgical asepsis (or sterile :technique)
• Refer to those practices that keep an area free of microorganism, include practices that destroy all microorganisms or spores
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba6
Type of microorganism causing infection:
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Parasites
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba7
Type of infection
• Colonization: is the process by which strain of microorganisms become resident flora, Microorganisms. Grow and multiply but don’t cause disease
• Local infection: is limited to the specific part of the boy
• Systemic infection: if the microorganisms. Speared and damage different part of the body
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba8
• Bacterimia: microorganism in blood
• Septicemia: bacterimia result in systemic infection
• Acute infection: appear suddenly in short time
• Chronic infection: occur slowly, over very long period
• Nosocomial infection: associated with the delivery health care services (endogenous, exogenous)
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba9
Chain of infection
• etiologic agent(microorganism) • reservoir (source)• portal of exit from reservoir (e.g.
respiratory tract .urinary tract etc• method of transmission: direct and
indirect transmission .• portal of entry to the susceptible host• susceptible host
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba10
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba11
INFECTIOUS AGENT
A microbial organism with the ability to cause disease.
Infectious agents are:• bacteria
• viruses
• fungi
• parasites.
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba12
RESERVOIR
• A place within which microorganisms can thrive and reproduce.
• For example:– microorganisms thrive in human beings
– animals,
– inanimate objects such as water, table tops, and doorknobs.
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba13
PORTAL OF EXIT
• A place of exit providing a way for a microorganism to leave the reservoir.
• For example– the microorganism may leave the reservoir
through the nose or mouth when someone sneezes or coughs.
– Microorganisms, carried away from the body by feces, may also leave the reservoir of an infected bowel.
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba14
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• Method of transfer by which the organism moves or is carried from one place to another.
1. Direct transmission : e.g. –touching , biting, kissing, sexual intercourse….)
2. Indirect transmission :
– vehicle-born transmission: ( any substances that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infection agent into susceptible host ). e.g. toys, clothes, coking….)
– vector -born transmission: ( animal or flying or cowling insect
– Air –born transmission: may involve droplets and dust. E.g.( tuberculosis can remain in the air for long period )
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba15
PORTAL OF ENTRY
• An opening allowing the microorganism to enter the host.
• Portals include body orifices, mucus membranes, or breaks in the skin.
• Portals also result from tubes placed in body cavities, such as urinary catheters, or from punctures produced by invasive procedures such as intravenous fluid replacement.
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba16
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
• A person who cannot resist a microorganism invading the body, multiplying, and resulting in infection.
• The host is susceptible to the disease, lacking immunity or physical resistance to overcome the invasion by the pathogenic microorganism.
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba17
Body defense against infection:
• Nonspecific deafness: protect the person against all microorganisms.
• Specific defense (immunity) against identifiable microorganisms.
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba18
Nonspecific defenses:
• anatomic and physiologic barrier( skin. phagocytes ,tear etc…. )
• inflammatory process: inflammation is local and non specific defense response of the tissue to an injuries or infecting agent.
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba19
Specific defense
• Antibody-mediated defenses (immunity):– active immunity: the host produces
antibody response to natural antigen (infection) or artificial antigen (vaccine)
– Passive immunity: (acquired) the host receives natural from the host mother or artificial from ingestion of immune serum.
• cell mediated defenses (T- cell system in the lymphatic system).
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba20
Factor increase susceptibility to infection
– age
– hereditary
– level of stress
– nutritional status
– current medical thereby
– preexisting disease process
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba21
:Nursing process
Assessment:
• - Nursing history
• -physical assessment:
Local infection: • localized swelling
• localized redness
• Pain or tenderness with palpation
• Heat at the infected area
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba22
systematic infection:
• Fever• increased plus and respiratory rate• malaise and loss of energy• anorexia• nausea vomiting• enlargement and tenderness of lymph
node• Laboratory data: increase in WBC
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba23
Diagnoses:
• Potential complication of infection
• Risk for infection
Planning:
• maintain or restore defenses
• avoid of speared of infectors organism
• reduce problem associated with infection
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Ra'eda Al-mashaqba24
Implementation
• preventing Nosocomial infection
• hand washing
• supporting defenses of susceptible host by: – Hygiene
– nutrition
– rest and sleep
– Stress management
– Immunization
• cleaning disinfectant and sterilization
Evaluation