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Information SystemsInformation Systems
Why Do People Need Information?
◦ Individuals - Entertainment and enlightenment
◦ Businesses - Decision making, problem solving and control
Engineering Staff College of India
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Data, Information, Data, Information, and Systemsand SystemsData vs. Information
◦ Data A “given,” or fact; a number, a statement, or a picture Represents something in the real world The raw materials in the production of information
◦ Information Data that have meaning within a context Data in relationships Data after manipulation
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Data, Information,Data, Information,and Systemsand SystemsData Manipulation
◦ Example: customer survey Reading through data collected from a customer
survey with questions in various categories would be time-consuming and not very helpful.
When manipulated, the surveys may provide useful information.
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Data, Information,Data, Information,and Systemsand SystemsGenerating Information
◦Computer-based ISs take data as raw material, process it, and produce information as output.
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Figure 1.1 Input-process-output
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Data, Information,Data, Information,and Systemsand SystemsInformation in Context
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Figure 1.2 Characteristics of useful information
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Data, Information, Data, Information, and Systemsand SystemsWhat Is a System?
◦System: A set of components that work together to achieve a common goal
◦Subsystem: One part of a system where the products of more than one system are combined to reach an ultimate goal
◦Closed system: Stand-alone system that has no contact with other systems
◦Open system: System that interfaces with other systems
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Data, Information,Data, Information,and Systemsand Systems
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Figure 1.3 Several subsystems make up this corporate accounting system.
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Data, Information,Data, Information,and Systemsand Systems
Information and Managers
◦ Systems thinking Creates a framework for problem solving and
decision making. Keeps managers focused on overall goals and
operations of business.
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Data, Information,Data, Information,and Systemsand Systems
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Figure 1.5 Qualities of humans and computers that contribute to synergy
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Data, Information,Data, Information,and Systemsand SystemsThe Benefits of Human-Computer
Synergy
◦ Synergy When combined resources produce output that
exceeds the sum of the outputs of the same resources employed separately
◦ Allows human thought to be translated into efficient processing of large amounts of data
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Data, Information,Data, Information,and Systemsand Systems
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Figure 1.6 Components of an information system
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Data, Information, Data, Information, and Systemsand SystemsThe Four Stages of Data Processing
◦ Input: Data is collected and entered into computer.
◦ Data processing: Data is manipulated into information using mathematical, statistical, and other tools.
◦ Output: Information is displayed or presented.
◦ Storage: Data and information are maintained for later use.
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Why Study IS?Why Study IS?Information Systems Careers
◦ Systems analyst, specialist in enterprise resource planning (ERP), database administrator, telecommunications specialist, consulting, etc.
Knowledge Workers◦ Managers and non-managers◦ Employers seek computer-literate professionals who
know how to use information technology.
Computer Literacy Replacing Traditional Literacy◦Key to full participation in western
societyEngineering Staff College of India
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Ethical and Societal IssuesEthical and Societal IssuesThe Not-So-Bright SideThe Not-So-Bright Side
Consumer Privacy◦ Organizations collect (and sometimes sell)
huge amounts of data on individuals.
Employee Privacy◦ IT supports remote monitoring of
employees, violating privacy and creating stress.
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Ethical and Societal IssuesEthical and Societal IssuesThe Not-So-Bright SideThe Not-So-Bright Side Freedom of Speech
◦ IT increases opportunities for pornography, hate speech, intellectual property crime, an d other intrusions; prevention may abridge free speech.
IT Professionalism◦ No mandatory or enforced code of ethics for IT
professionals--unlike other professions.
Social Inequality◦ Less than 20% of the world’s population have ever used a
PC; less than 3% have Internet access.
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