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Institutional Development for Institutional Development for Agricultural Heritage Agricultural Heritage ConservationConservationWageningen International Frank van Schoubroeck and ArendJan van Bodegom
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Globally Important Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)Systems (GIAHS)
GIAHS is an FAO initiative toDefine & recognise AHSContribute to “dyanamic conservation” of such systems
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Remarkable land use systems and Remarkable land use systems and landscapeslandscapesrich in biodiversity rich in biodiversity [resulting from] the co-adaptation of a [resulting from] the co-adaptation of a rural community with its environmentrural community with its environment
In short: In short: GIAHSs are GIAHSs are socio-ecologicalsocio-ecological agricultural agricultural systemssystems
FAO’s definition of GIAHS:FAO’s definition of GIAHS:
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‘‘dynamic conservation’ is dynamic conservation’ is piloted in six sites, e.g.,piloted in six sites, e.g.,
Chiloe Islands, Chilli - potato Chiloe Islands, Chilli - potato systemssystems
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Rice terrace systems:Rice terrace systems:Philippines–Ifugao; China–Philippines–Ifugao; China–Rice-FishRice-Fish
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Maghreb Oases Maghreb Oases systemssystems
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The assignment of GIAHS The assignment of GIAHS projects:projects:
Government Market
GIAHS
GIAHS
MarketGovernment
Culture
Project
Institutional
change
How?
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Case: Gafsa Oasis in Tunesia
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Gafsa town & oasis are over Gafsa town & oasis are over 2,000 years old2,000 years old
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Traditional three-level cultivation Traditional three-level cultivation system:system:
-Palm trees-Palm trees
-Fruit crops-Fruit crops
-Annual crops-Annual crops
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Threats to oasis system:Threats to oasis system:Palm & fruit tree logging; annual Palm & fruit tree logging; annual croppingcropping
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NGO project: awareness raising NGO project: awareness raising about oasis system: promote about oasis system: promote multiple cropping layersmultiple cropping layers
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NGO Project: Niche Market NGO Project: Niche Market Development for oasis productsDevelopment for oasis products
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Chat with Oasis farmers: why Chat with Oasis farmers: why do you cut palm & fruit tree do you cut palm & fruit tree layers?layers?
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Farmers tell that most land is under Farmers tell that most land is under absentee landowners, who employ absentee landowners, who employ labour for maximum 1-2 seasonslabour for maximum 1-2 seasons
… … effectiveness awareness effectiveness awareness raising & niche marketing?raising & niche marketing?
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Q&D Reconstruction of Q&D Reconstruction of Land holding history Gafsa oasisLand holding history Gafsa oasis Traditionally: local chief system administered
land holding 1950s: State enforced land holding certification
and undermined traditional system Now: absentee landowners keep labourers
“unattached” State does not enforce labourer rights Thus, labourers invest for short-term only, kill
palm trees: Thus, the oasis system disintegrates, even if
under different conditions it is viable and sustainable
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Existingcontext
What to do to address land tenure? What to do to address land tenure? Outcome Framework for Land Tenure Outcome Framework for Land Tenure Governance Mechanism:Governance Mechanism:
Agriculture labour legal protection
GIAHS Recognition
Tenure policy for agricultural labourers
Enforcement of tenure rights
GIAHS concept
Farmers’ communit
y
State Government InstitutionsLocal
government
Ministry of Agricultur
e
Ministry of Trade
FAO
Agriculture
labourers
Maintenance of multi-layered crop system
Secure land tenure for labourers
Viability of the Oasis system
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Governance Mechanism Development Land Tenure Governance Mechanism Development Land Tenure for GIAHSfor GIAHSActor Activity Condition IndicatorsLocal levelAgriculture Labourer
Production through multi-layered cropping
Key issue: Key issue: Secure land Secure land tenuretenure
Number of years families work on the same plot
Farmers’ organisation
Defend and monitor labourers’ rights
Enforcement support by Government
Regular meeting, reporting to local Government
Meso-levelLocal Government Enforce land
tenure Policy & concept
Enforcement mechanism in place
National levelMinistries Develop law
enforcement system
Political support Policy in place
Global levelFAO, donors Support GIAHS
conservation discourse
Research & political support
GIAHS conservation concept in place
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Possible Governance mechanism Possible Governance mechanism development development for “urgent issues” in oasis for “urgent issues” in oasis conservation:conservation:Water table managementWater table managementLand conversion to buildingsLand conversion to buildingsTourism/park development for Tourism/park development for towntown
Niche marketing of oasis Niche marketing of oasis productsproducts
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ConclusionConclusion Changing institutional environments undermine
Agricultural Heritage Systems (– and possibly most Low External Input Agriculture)
Result is agri-system disintegration & loss of livelihood opportunities for large groups of of farmers
A possible approach is multiple actors realising governance mechanisms to address urgent issues
Upcoming opportunities such as tourism, niche marketing etc. are “urgent issues” for the viability of agricultural heritage systems