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EE141
EECS 151/251ASpring2018DigitalDesignandIntegratedCircuitsInstructors:NicholasWeaver&JohnWawrzynek
Lecture 1
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EE141
Class Goals and Outcomes
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EE141
What this class is all about?❑ Introduction to digital integrated circuit and system engineering
▪ Key concepts needed to be a good digital designer ▪ Discover you own creativity!
❑ Learn models that allow reasoning about design behavior ▪ Manage design complexity through abstraction and understanding of tools ▪ Allow analysis and optimization of the circuit’s performance, power, cost, etc.
❑ Learn how to make sure your circuit and system works ▪ Do you want your transistor/block to be the one that screws up a 1 billion
transistor chip?
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Digital design is not a spectator sport! Learn by doing.
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EE1414
Course Focus
IC processing
Transistor Physics
Devices
Circuits
EE 40
EE 141
CS 61C
Gates
FlipFlops
HDL
Machine Organization
Instruction Set Arch
Programming Languages
Asm / Machine Lang
EECS 151
Deep Digital Design Experience
Fundamentals of Boolean Logic
Synchronous Circuits
Finite State Machines
Timing & Clocking
Device Technology & Implications
Controller Design
Arithmetic Units
Memories
Testing, Debugging
Hardware Architecture
Hardware Design Language (HDL)
Design Flow (CAD)
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EE141
ADMINISTRATIVIA
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EE1416
EECS151 CrewProfessor John
Wawrzynek (Warznek) 631 Soda Hall [email protected] Office Hours: Tu,Th 2:30PM, & by
appointment.
All TA office hours held in 125 Cory. Check website for days and times.
Michael
Taehwan Kim
Dr. Nicholas Weaver 329 Soda Hall [email protected] Office Hours: M 1-3pm & by appointment
& just drop by if my door is open
Arya Reais-Parsi
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EE141
Course Information❑ Basic Source of Information, class website:
http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~eecs151/sp18/
▪ Lecture notes and video modules ▪ Assignments and solutions ▪ Lab and project information ▪ Exams ▪ Piazza Discussion Forum ▪ Many other goodies …
Print only what you need: Save a tree!7
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EE141
Class Organization❑ Lectures ❑ Discussion sessions ❑ Office hours ❑ Problem Sets ❑ Labs – FPGA or ASIC or both ❑ Design project ❑ 2 Midterms + 1 Final
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EE141
Lectures❑ Slides available on website before the
lecture ❑ Lectures are NOT videotaped, but … videos of Spring 2016 are available and will be posted on website
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list= PLkFD6_40KJIwtkVBMWH61fI9cwzOk ruah
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EE141
Class Textbooks
❑Useful LA lab reference (EE151/251A): ▪ Erik Brunvand: Digital VLSI Chip Design with Cadence and Synopsys CAD Tools
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Required Recommended
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EE141
Discussions▪ Not recorded – but material posted
▪ F 11:00AM-12 | 106 Moffitt Library
▪ Lead GSI: Arya Reais-Parsi – Only one may be viable given class size
and GSI assignment
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EE141
Problem Sets❑ Approximately 10 over the course of
the semester ❑ Posted on Thursday, due on Friday the
next week at 11:59pm ❑ Essential to understanding of the
material ▪ Hence …
❑ Ok to work with colleagues but need to turn in your own work / write-up
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EE141
Labs❑ Choose either FPGA or ASIC or both ❑ 7 FPGA / 7 ASIC labs ❑ Lab report due by next lab session ❑ Lab times – all in 125 Cory ▪ ASIC: W 5-8PM (Taehwan) ▪ FPGA: W, Th 2-5PM (Arya) ▪ All labs start next Week
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EE141
Midterms and Final❑ Midterms scheduled in class plus extra
time. No lecture that day. Special review session in advance. ▪ Midterm 1: Th Feb 15 – 5pm - 8pm ▪ Midterm 2: Th Mar 22 – 5pm - 8pm
❑ Final: Fri May 11, 11:30-2:30PM
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All exams are open book – it is understanding that matters!
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EE141
Course Information❑ For interactions between faculty, GSIs and fellow students –
we are using Piazza For fastest response post your questions on Piazza.
(make sure to register ASAP if you don’t want to miss any of the action)http://piazza.com/berkeley/spring2018/eecs151251a
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EE141
Snippets of Knowledge❑ Can work together on homework
▪ But you must turn in your own solution ❑ Lab reports due in lab 1 week after the lab session ❑ Labs done solo ❑ Project is done in groups of 2 ❑ No late assignments
▪ Solutions available shortly after due date/time ❑ Don’t even think about cheating!
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EE14117
Cheating• Details of our cheating policy on the class web site. Please read it and ask
questions.• If you turn in someone else's work as if it were your own, you are guilty of
cheating. This includes homework sets, answers on exams, Verilog code, block diagrams, etc.
• Also, if you knowingly aid in cheating, you are guilty.• We have software that compares your submitted work to others. • However, it is okay to discuss with others lab exercises and the project. Okay
to work together on homework. But everyone must turn in their own work.• Do not post your work on public repositories like github (private o.k.) • If we catch you cheating, you will get negative points on the assignment: It is
better to not do the work than to cheat! If it is a midterm exam, final exam, or final project, you get an F in the class. All cases reported to the office of student conduct.
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EE141
Grading Breakdown
18
EECS 151/251A Lecture
Final 50%
Midterm2 20%
Midterm1 20%
Homework 10%
LA – ASIC
Project 62.5%
Labs 37.5%
LB – FPGA
Project 75%
Labs 25%
3 units
2 units
2 units
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EE14119
Tips on How to Get a Good GradeThe lecture material is not the most challenging part of the course.
• You should be able to understand everything as we go along. • Do not fall behind in lecture and tell yourself you “will figure it out later from the notes or book”. • Notes will be online before the lecture (usually the night before). Look at them before class. Do
assigned reading (only the required sections). • Ask questions in class and stay involved in the class - that will help you understand. Come to office
hours to check your understanding or to ask questions. • Complete all the homework problems - even the difficult ones. • The exams will test your depth of knowledge. You need to understand the material well enough to
apply it in new situations. You need to enroll in both the lab and the course.
• Take the labs very seriously. They are an integral part of the course. • Choose your partner carefully. Your best friend may not be the best choice! • Most important (this comes from 30+ years of hardware design experience):
• Be well organized and neat with homework, labs, project. • In lab, add complexity a little bit at a time - always have a working design. • Don’t be afraid to throw away your design and start fresh.
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EE141
Getting Started❑ Discussions and labs start next week ❑ HW 1 assigned later this week
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EE141
Course Accounts❑ A new online system to get account: ▪ go to http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/webacct, or ▪ click "WebAcct" on http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu.
❑ Need Calnet login to get account and password immediately
❑ All enrolled and waitlisted students are included. Will need SIDs for others (e.g. CE).
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EE141
Digital Integrated Circuits and Systems – From The Past to the Future …
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EE14123Page
Electronics all around us
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Consumer
Products
Communications
Infrastructure
Automotive
Aerospace and
Military
Toys
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EE141
And then plenty more …
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EE141
How did this all arise?
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EE141
The Transistor Revolution
First transistor Bell Labs, Dec 1947
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EE141
First Integrated Circuits (1958-59)
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Jack Kilby, TI
Bob Noyce, Fairchild
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EE141
Transistor Counts
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EE14129
Moore’s Law – 2x stuff per 1-2 yr
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EE141301980 Pong game
10’s of logic gates
CS150 Project Complexity
1995 MIDI synthesizer 1000’s of logic gates
2000-2010 eTV tuner 10K’s logic gates
2010-2017 MIPS CPU or BYO 1M logic gates
2018 MIPS CPU Programmable SOC: dual-core ARM, 85K logic cells, 220 MACC
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EE141
The most important outcome: cost
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EE141
The other outcome
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EE141
Dennard Scaling (1974)
33
❑ Voltages and currents should be scaled proportional to the dimensions of the transistor
❑ If so, delay and power should scale as the technology ▪ Delay ~ C . V / Iav ▪ P ~ C V2/Delay
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EE141
Frequency Trends in Intel's MicroprocessorsFr
eque
ncy
[MH
z]
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
1974 1983 1992 2001 2010
❑ 4004❑ 8008
❑ 8080
❑ 8086
❑ 8088
❑ 80286❑ 386DX
❑ 486DX ❑ 486DX4❑ Pentium
❑ Pentium Pro❑ Pentium II
❑ Pentium MMX
❑ Pentium III
❑ Pentium 4
❑ Itanium❑ Itanium II
❑ Core2
Frequency
Wasdoublingevery2years,
buthasvirtuallystoppedin2010
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EE141
Power Dissipation
Has been > doublingevery 2 years
Has to stay ~constant
Power Trends in Intel's Microprocessors
Pow
er [W
]
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1974 1983 1992 2001 2010
4004
8008 8080
80868088
80286
386DX
486DXPentium
Pentium Pro
Pentium II
Pentium IIIPentium 4
ItaniumItanium II Core 2
35
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EE141
Cause: Power Density
400480088080
80858086
286 386 486Pentium® proc
P6
1
10
100
1000
10000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Pow
er D
ensi
ty (W
/cm
2)
Hot Plate
Nuclear Reactor
Rocket Nozzle
S. Borkar
Sun’s Surface
Power density too high for cost-effective cooling36
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EE141
Not enough cooling…
*Pictures from http://www.tomshardware.com/2001/09/17/hot_spot/ "We know computers really run on magic smoke, because when the magic smoke escapes the chip stops working"
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EE141
Way Beyond Microprocessors
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EE141
Some quick questions
❑ True or False: Moore’s law allows us to predict future properties in the same way that the law of gravity allows us to predict the path of a planet around the sun.
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EE141
Some quick questions
❑ True or False: Moore's law says that computer performance doubles every 18-24 months
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EE141
The other Demon: Complexity
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EE141
Complexity and Productivity Trends
110
1001,000
10,000100,000
1,000,00010,000,000
2003
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2005
2007
2009
101001,00010,000100,0001,000,00010,000,000100,000,000
Logic Tr./ChipTr./Staff Month.
xxxxxx
x21%/Yr. compoundProductivity growth rate
x
58%/Yr. compoundedComplexity growth rate
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001Logi
c Tr
ansi
stor
per
Chi
p(M
)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
Prod
uctiv
ity
(K) T
rans
./Sta
ff -
Mo.
Source: Sematech
Complexity outpaces design productivity
Com
plex
ity
Courtesy, ITRS Roadmap42
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EE141
The answer❑ Design methodology! ▪ Abstraction ▪ Hierarchy ▪ Reuse
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EE14144
Digital System Design:A few basic concepts
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EE14145
Example Digital Systems❑ General Purpose Desktop/Server Digital Computer
▪ Often designed to maximize performance. "Optimized for speed"
- Usually designed to minimize cost.
“Optimized for low cost”
- Of course, low cost comes at the expense of speed.
• Handheld Calculator
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EE14146
Example Digital Systems❑ Digital Watch
▪ Low power operation comes at the expense of:– lower speed– higher cost
Designed to minimize power.
Single battery must last for years.
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EE14147
Basic Design Tradeoffs
• Improve on one at the expense of the others • Tradeoffs exist at every level in the system design• Design Specification
– Functional Description– Performance, cost, power constraints
• Designer must make the tradeoffs needed to achieve the function within the constraints
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EE14148
Design Space & Optimality
Performance
Costlow-performance at low-cost
high-performance at high-cost
“Pareto Optimal” Frontier
(# of components)
(tasks/sec)
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EE14149
Hierarchy & Design Representation
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EE14150
Hierarchy in Designs – Complexity Control❑ Design Abstraction ▪ Hide details and reduce
number of things to handle at any time
❑ Modular design ▪ Divide and conquer ▪ Simplifies implementation
and debugging
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EE141
Design Methodologies❑ Top-Down Design
▪ Starts at the top (root) and works down by successive refinement.
❑ Bottom-up Design ▪ Starts at the leaves & puts pieces together to build
up the design. ❑ Which is better?
▪ In practice both are needed & used ▪ Top-down to handle the complexity (divide and
conquer) ▪ Bottom-up since structure influenced by available
primitives (in a well designed system)
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EE14152
Digital Design: What’s it all about?Given a functional description and performance, cost, & power constraints, come up with
an implementation using a set of primitives. • How do we learn how to do this?
1. Learn about the primitives and how to use them. 2. Learn about design representations. 3. Learn formal methods and tools to manipulate the representations. 4. Look at design examples. 5. Use trial and error - CAD tools and prototyping. Practice!
• Digital design is in some ways more an art than a science. The creative spirit is critical in combining primitive elements & other components in new ways to achieve a desired function.
• However, unlike art, we have objective measures of a design: Performance Cost Power
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EE141
Next Lecture❑ Design flow and substrates ▪ RTL design abstraction ▪ FPGA fabric overview ▪ ASIC std-cell overview ▪ Design tools (synthesis, p&r, verification)
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