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INTEGUMENTARY INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMSYSTEM
SKINSKIN
&&
BODY MEMBRANESBODY MEMBRANES
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MEMBRANESMEMBRANES• Structure: Thin, sheet like structureStructure: Thin, sheet like structure• Functions:Functions:
– Cover and protect the body surfaceCover and protect the body surface– Line the body cavitiesLine the body cavities– Cover the inner surface of the hollow Cover the inner surface of the hollow
organs (digestive, reproductive, organs (digestive, reproductive, respiratory)respiratory)
– Anchor organs to each other or to bonesAnchor organs to each other or to bones– Cover internal organsCover internal organs– Secrete lubricating fluids that reduce Secrete lubricating fluids that reduce
friction during organ movementsfriction during organ movements
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Two Types of Body Two Types of Body MembranesMembranes
• Epithelial MembranesEpithelial Membranes– Cutaneous membrane (skin)Cutaneous membrane (skin)– Serous membranes (protection/reduce Serous membranes (protection/reduce
friction for organs)friction for organs)– Mucous membrane (line body surfaces Mucous membrane (line body surfaces
opening directly to the exterior– such as opening directly to the exterior– such as the esophagus; mucus secretion) the esophagus; mucus secretion)
• Connective Tissue Membrane (no Connective Tissue Membrane (no epithelium)epithelium)– Smooth & slick, secrete synovial fluidSmooth & slick, secrete synovial fluid– Reduce friction b/w opposing bones, line Reduce friction b/w opposing bones, line
bursa sacsbursa sacs
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SEROUS MEMBRANESSEROUS MEMBRANES
• Two Layers:Two Layers:– Visceral: covers the surface of the organVisceral: covers the surface of the organ– Parietal: lines the walls of the body cavityParietal: lines the walls of the body cavity
• Thoracic Cavity=PleuraThoracic Cavity=Pleura• Abdominal Cavity=PeritoneumAbdominal Cavity=Peritoneum
– Describe the following:Describe the following:• Visceral pleura, parietal pleuraVisceral pleura, parietal pleura• Visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneumVisceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum
– What is pleurisy? What is peritonitis?What is pleurisy? What is peritonitis?
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SKINSKIN
• FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS– Protection against microbes, UV rays, Protection against microbes, UV rays,
harmful chemicals, cuts & tearsharmful chemicals, cuts & tears– Temperature regulationsTemperature regulations– Sense organ activity: touch, pressure, Sense organ activity: touch, pressure,
pain, temperaturepain, temperature– Metabolic functions: synthesis of Metabolic functions: synthesis of
vitamin Dvitamin D
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Skin: StructureSkin: Structure• Two Layers:Two Layers:
– Epidermis Epidermis • outermost & thinnestoutermost & thinnest• cells are very tightly packedcells are very tightly packed
– Dermis Dermis • deep & thickdeep & thick• primarily connective tissueprimarily connective tissue• loosely packedloosely packed
• Hypodermis (adipose tissue)Hypodermis (adipose tissue)– Deep to the skin/dermisDeep to the skin/dermis– Layer of insulationLayer of insulation
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EpidermisEpidermis• Stratum corneumStratum corneum
– Dry, dead, keratin Dry, dead, keratin filled cellsfilled cells
• Statum Statum germinativum/basalgerminativum/basalee– Cells undergoing Cells undergoing
mitosis, move up mitosis, move up
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EpidermisEpidermis
• Specialized cells within epidermis:Specialized cells within epidermis:– MelanocytesMelanocytes
• Melanin: pigment, inc. w/sun (protection)Melanin: pigment, inc. w/sun (protection)
– KeratinocytesKeratinocytes• Keratin: tough, waterproof material; Keratin: tough, waterproof material;
abrasion resistance for cells abrasion resistance for cells
– Langerhans cellsLangerhans cells• Immune response against microbes Immune response against microbes
invading the skininvading the skin
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DermisDermis• Collagen, elastin fibers– scatteredCollagen, elastin fibers– scattered
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Dermal-epidermal Dermal-epidermal junctionjunction
• Dermal papillae: parallel rows of Dermal papillae: parallel rows of peg-like projectionspeg-like projections– Unique to each individual=FingerprintsUnique to each individual=Fingerprints
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DermisDermis
• Specialized structures:Specialized structures:– Hair follicle: cells of the epidermis Hair follicle: cells of the epidermis
extend into the dermis forming a small extend into the dermis forming a small tubetube
– Hair bulb: base of the follicleHair bulb: base of the follicle– Hair papilla: cluster of cells (live); Hair papilla: cluster of cells (live);
nourished by BV’snourished by BV’s– Root: part of hair hidden in follicleRoot: part of hair hidden in follicle– Shaft: visible part of hairShaft: visible part of hair
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DermisDermis• Specialized Structures (continued)Specialized Structures (continued)
– Arrector pili: tiny, smooth muscle Arrector pili: tiny, smooth muscle attached to base of dermal papillae & attached to base of dermal papillae & side of hair follicelside of hair follicel• Contracts: pulls on both Contracts: pulls on both
simultaneously>>goosebumpssimultaneously>>goosebumps
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Specialized Structures of Specialized Structures of the Dermisthe Dermis
• Sebaceous GlandsSebaceous Glands– Secrete oil (sebum) for hair/skinSecrete oil (sebum) for hair/skin– Ducts open into hair folliclesDucts open into hair follicles– Accumulated sebum enlarges Accumulated sebum enlarges
ducts>>white headsducts>>white heads– Darkened sebum>>black headDarkened sebum>>black head
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Specialized Structures of Specialized Structures of DermisDermis
• Sudoriferous GlandsSudoriferous Glands– Eccrine GlandsEccrine Glands
• WidespreadWidespread• Watery FluidWatery Fluid
– Apocrine GlandsApocrine Glands• Armpits/GenitalsArmpits/Genitals• Thick/milky fluidThick/milky fluid
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Pacinian Corpuscle: deep in Pacinian Corpuscle: deep in the dermis; detects the dermis; detects
pressurepressure
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Close to the surface; Close to the surface; light touchlight touch
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Krause’s end bulb: touch/ Krause’s end bulb: touch/ low frequency vibration; low frequency vibration;
coldcold
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Thin Light SkinThin Light Skin
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Thick Light SkinThick Light Skin
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First Degree Burn: First Degree Burn: Epidermis onlyEpidermis only
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First Degree BurnFirst Degree Burn
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First Degree BurnFirst Degree Burn
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Second Degree Burn: Second Degree Burn: Epidermis and upper layers Epidermis and upper layers
of the dermisof the dermis
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Second Degree BurnSecond Degree Burn
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Third Degree Burn: Complete Third Degree Burn: Complete destruction of the epidermis destruction of the epidermis
& dermis& dermis
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Third Degree BurnThird Degree Burn
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Third Degree BurnsThird Degree Burns
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Third DegreeThird Degree
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RegenerationRegeneration
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Regeneration/ScarringRegeneration/Scarring
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Skin graft donor site: about Skin graft donor site: about halfway through the initial halfway through the initial
healing stagehealing stage
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PapulePapule
• Firm, raised lesion (less than 1cm in Firm, raised lesion (less than 1cm in diameter)diameter)
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PapulePapule
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PlaquePlaque
• Large, raised lesion (greater than 1 Large, raised lesion (greater than 1 cm in diameter)cm in diameter)
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PlaquePlaque
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VesicleVesicle
• Thin-walled blister filled w/ fluid, Thin-walled blister filled w/ fluid, <1cm<1cm
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VesicleVesicle
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PustulePustule
• Elevated lesion filled w/ pusElevated lesion filled w/ pus
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PustulePustule
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CrustCrust
• Scab, area w/ dried blood or exudateScab, area w/ dried blood or exudate
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WhealWheal
• Firm, raised area of irregular Firm, raised area of irregular shape/light centershape/light center
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WhealWheal
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MaculeMacule
• Distinguished from surrounding skin Distinguished from surrounding skin by colorby color
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MaculeMacule
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ExcoriationExcoriation
• Epidermis is missing, dermis is Epidermis is missing, dermis is exposedexposed
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ExcoriationExcoriation
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UlcerUlcer
• Craterlike lesion caused by Craterlike lesion caused by disintegration of the skindisintegration of the skin
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UlcerUlcer
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Bed SoreBed Sore
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FissureFissure
• Linear crack or break from Linear crack or break from epidermis to dermisepidermis to dermis
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FissuresFissures