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Processors Study Notes
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit built on a tiny piece of silicon. It contains thousands, or even millions,
of transistors, which are interconnected via superfine traces of aluminum. The transistors work together to store
and manipulate data so that the microprocessor can perform a wide variety of useful functions. The particular
functions a microprocessor performs are dictated by software.
Intel's first microprocessor was the 4004. It was introduced in 1971, and contained 2,300 transistors. Today'sPentium® 4 processor, by contrast, contains 55 million transistors.
One of the most common tasks microprocessors perform is to serve as the "brains" inside personal computers,
but they deliver "intelligence" to countless other devices as well. For example, they may give your telephonespeed-dial and redial options, automatically turn down your house's thermostat at night, and make your car safer
and more energy efficient.
Complete Intel Family Processors
Intel® Pentium® M Processor
Intel® Itanium® Processor Family
Intel® Xeon™ Processor Family
Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor
Desktop
Processor ClockSpeed(s) Intro
Date(s)
Mfg.
Process/Transistors
Cache Bus
Speed
Typical Use
Intel®
Pentium®
4
Processor
3 GHz Apr. 14,
2003
0.13-micron55
million
512 KB
Advanced
Transfer
L2 cache
800
MHz
Desktops and
entry-level
workstations
Intel®Pentium®
4
Processor
3.06 GHz Nov. 14,2002
0.13-micron55million
512 KBAdvanced
Transfer
L2 cache
533MHz
Desktops andentry-level
workstations
Intel®
Pentium®
4
Processor
2.80 GHz2.66
GHz2.53
GHz2.40
GHz2.26 GHz
Aug. 26,
20022.80
GHz2.66
GHzMay 6,
20022.53GHz2.40
GHz2.26
GHz
0.13-micron55
million
512 KB
Advanced
Transfer
L2 cache
533
MHz
Desktops and
entry-level
workstations
Intel® 2.60 GHz2.50 Aug. 26, 0.13-micron55 512 KB 400 Desktops and
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Pentium®
4
Processor
GHz2.40
GHz2.20
GHz2 GHz
20022.60
GHz2.50
GHzApr. 2,
20022.40
GHzJan. 7,20022.2
GHzAug.27, 20012
GHz
million Advanced
Transfer
L2 cache
MHz entry-level
workstations
Intel®Pentium®
4
Processor
2 GHz1.90GHz1.80
GHz1.70
GHz1.60GHz1.50
GHz1.40 GHz
Aug. 27,20012
GHz1.90
GHzJul. 2,20011.80
GHz1.60
GHzApr.
23,
20011.70
GHzNov.
20,
20001.50GHz1.40
GHz
0.18-micron42million
256 KBAdvanced
Transfer
L2 cache
400MHz
Desktops andentry-level
workstations
Applied Computing
Processor ClockSpeed(s) Intro Date(s) Mfg.
Process/Transistors
Cache Bus Speed Typical Use
Intel® Pentium® 4
Processor for Applied
Computing
2.40 GHz June 25, 20020.13-micron55
million
512 KB
on-die L2
cache
400
MHz533
MHz
Applied computing,
communications, interactive client
and industrial automation
applications.
Mobile Intel®
Pentium® 4Processor-M for Applied Computing
1.70 GHz June 25, 20020.13-micron55
million
512 KB
on-die L2cache
400
MHz533MHz
Applied computing,
communications, interactive clientand industrial automationapplications.
Intel® Pentium® III Processor
Desktop
Processor ClockSpeed(s)Intro
Date(s)
Mfg.
Process/Transistors
Cache Bus
Speed
Typical Use
Intel®Pentium®IIIProcessor
1 GHz933MHz866
MHz850 MHz
Mar. 8,20001
GHzMar.
20, 2000866
MHz850
MHzMay
24, 2000933
MHz
0.18-micron28million
256KBAdvancedTransfercache
100MHz133
MHz
Business,consumer PCs;1-
and 2-way
servers
andworkstations
Intel®Pentium®
IIIProcessor
733 MHz700
MHz667
MHz650
MHz600
Oct. 25,
1999
0.18-micron28
million
256 KB
AdvancedTransfercache
100
MHz133
MHz
Business,
consumer PCs;1-
and 2-way
servers
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MHz550
MHz533
MHz500 MHz
andworkstations
Intel®Pentium®
IIIProcessor
600 MHz550
MHz500MHz450 MHz
Aug. 2,
1999600MHzMay
17, 1999550
MHzFeb.
26, 1999500
MHz450Mhz
0.25-micron9.5
million
512 KB 100
MHz
Business,
consumer PCs;1-and 2-way
servers
andworkstations
Server
Processor ClockSpeed(s) Intro
Date(s)
Mfg.
Process/Transistors
Cache Bus
Speed
Typical Use
Intel®Pentium®IIIProcessorfor
servers
1.40 GHz Jan. 8, 2002 0.13-micron44million
512KBAdvancedTransferCache
133MHz
Rack-mountedand pedestalfront-
endapplicationservers;ultra-denseservers
Intel® Celeron® Processor
Desktop
ProcessorClockSpeed(s) Intro Date(s) Mfg.
Process/Transistors
Cache Bus
Speed
Typical
Use
Intel®Celeron®
Processor
2.40 GHz2.30GHz2.20
GHz2.10 GHz
Mar. 31,20032.40
GHz2.30
GHzNov. 20,20022.20
GHz2.10
GHz
0.13-micron 128 KBAdvanced
Transfer
L2 cache
400MHz
ValuePCs
Intel®
Celeron®
Processor
2 GHz Sept. 18,
2002
0.13-micron 128 KB
Advanced
Transfer
L2 cache
400
MHz
Value
PCs
Intel®
Celeron®
Processor
1.80 GHz1.70
GHz
June 12,
20021.80
GHzMay 15,
20021.70GHz
0.18-micron 128 KB
Advanced
Transfer
L2 cache
400
MHz
Value
PCs
Intel®
Celeron®
Processor
1.40 GHz1.30
GHz1.20 GHz
May 15,
20021.40
GHzJan. 3,
20021.30
GHzOct. 2,20011.20
GHz
0.13-micron 256 KB
Advanced
Transfer
L2 cache
100
MHz
Value
PCs
Intel®
Celeron®
Processor
1.10 GHz1
GHz950
MHz990
MHz850
MHz800 MHz
Aug. 31,
20011.10
GHz1
GHz950
MHzJul. 2,
0.18-micron 128 KB
Advanced
Transfer
L2 cache
100
MHz
Value
PCs
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2001900
MHzMay 21,
2001850
MHzJan. 3,
2001800MHz
Intel®
Celeron®
Processor
766 MHz733
MHz700
MHz667
MHz633MHz600
MHz566 MHz
Nov. 13,
2000766
MHz733
MHzJune 26,2000700
MHz667
MHz633MHzMarch
29, 2000600
MHz566
MHz
0.18-micron 128 KB
Advanced
Transfer
L2 cache
66
MHz
Value
PCs
Intel®
Celeron®
Processor
533 MHz500
MHz466
MHz433
MHz400MHz366
MHz333MHz300 MHz
Jan. 4,
2000533
MHzAug. 2,
1999500MHzApr. 26,
1999466MHzMar. 22,
1999433
MHzJan. 4,
1999400
MHz366
MHzAug. 24,1998333
MHzAug. 24,
1998300A
MHz
0.25-micron19
million
128 KB
Advanced
Transfer
L2 cache
66
MHz
Value
PCs
Intel®
Celeron®
Processor
300 MHz266
MHz
June 8,
1998300
MHzApr. 15,1998266MHz
0.25-micron7.5
million
NA 66
MHz
Value
PCs
Intel® Pentium® II Processor
Desktop
ProcessorClockSpeed(s) Intro
Date(s)
Mfg.
Process/Transistors
CacheBus
Speed
Typical Use
Intel®Pentium®
II
Processor
450 MHz Aug. 24,1998 0.25-micron7.5million 512KB
on-
dieL2
cache
100MHz Business andconsumer
PCs; 1- and 2-
way servers
and
workstations.
Intel®Pentium®
II
Processor
400 MHz350MHz
Apr. 15,1998
0.25-micron7.5million
512KB
on-
dieL2
cache
100MHz
Business andconsumer
PCs; 1- and 2-
way servers
and
workstations.
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Intel®
Pentium®
II
Processor
333 MHz Jan. 26,
1998
0.25-micron7.5
million
512
KB
on-
dieL2
cache
66
MHz
Business and
consumer
PCs; 1- and 2-
way servers
andworkstations.
Intel®
Pentium®
II
Processor
300 MHz266
MHz233 MHz
May 7, 1997 0.35-micron7.5
million
512
KB
on-
dieL2cache
High-end
business
desktops,
workstationsand servers.
Intel486™ Processors and Earlier
Processor ClockSpeed(s) Intro Date(s) Mfg.
Process/Transistors
Transistors Addressable
Memory
Typical Use
Intel486™
SL
Processor
33 MHz25
MHz20 MHz
Nov. 9, 1992 0.8-micron 1.4 million 64 MB First CPU
specifically
designed for
Notebook PCs
IntelDX4™Processor
100 MHz75MHz(256
KBL2 cache)
Mar. 7, 1994 0.6-micron 1.6 million 4 GB High- performance,
entry-level
desktops and
value
notebooks
IntelDX2™
Processor
66 MHz50
MHz(256
KBL2 cache)
Aug. 10, 199266
Mhz(256 KBL2
cache)Mar. 3,199250 Mhz
0.8-micron 1.2 million 4 GB High-
performance,
low-costdesktops
Intel486™
SXProcessor
33 MHz25
MHz20MHz16 MHz
Sept. 21, 199233
MHzSept. 16,199125 MHz20
MHz16 MHz
0.8 and 1-micron 1-
micron1,185,0000.8-micron900,000
4 GB Low-cost,
entry-leveldesktops
Intel386™SL
Processor
25 MHz20MHz
September 30,199125 MHzOct.
15, 199020 MHz
1-micron 855,000 4 GB First CPUdesigned
specifically for
portables
Intel486™
DX
Processor
50 MHz33
MHz25 MHz
June 24, 199150
MHzMay 7,
199033 MHzApr.10, 198925 MHz
1-micron50
MHz0.8-micron33
MHz25 MHz
1.2 million 4 GB Desktops and
servers.
Intel386™
SX
Processor
33 MHz25
MHz20
MHz16 MHz
Oct. 26, 199233
MHz25 MHzJan.
25, 198920
MHzJune 16,
199816 MHz
1.5- and 1-micron 275,000 16 MB Entry-level
desktop and
portable
computing
Intel386™
DX
Processor
33 MHz25
MHz20
MHz16 MHz
Apr. 10, 198933
MHzApr. 4,
198825 MHzFeb.
16, 198720
MHzOct. 17,
198516 MHz
1.5- and 1-micron 275,000 4 GB Desktops
80286 12 MHz10
MHz6 MHz
February 1982 1.5-micron 134,000 16 MB Desktops
(standard CPUfor all IBM
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PCs clones at
the time)
80186 12 MHz10
MHz
1982 Used mostly in
controller
applications
8088 8 MHz5 MHz June 1979 3-micron 29,000 Desktops
(standard CPU
for all IBM
PCs and PC
clones at thetime)
8086 10 MHz8
MHz5 MHz
June 8, 1978 3-micron 29,000 1 MB Portable
computing
8085 5 MHz March 1976 3-micron 6,500 Toledo scale.
Computed cost
from weight
and price.High level of
integration,
operating for
first time on a
single 5-volt
power supply(down from 12
volts).
8080 2 MHz April 1974 6-micron 4,500 64 KB Traffic light
controller,
Altair
computer (first
PC).
8008 200 KHz April 1972 10-micron 3,500 16 KB Dumb
terminals,
generalcalculators,
bottlingmachines,
data/character
manipulation
4004 108 KHz Nov. 1971 10-micron 2,300 640 Bytes Busicomcalculator,
arithmetic
manipulation
Intel® Pentium® Pro Processor
ProcessorClockSpeed(s) Intro
Date(s)
Mfg.
Process/Transistors
Cache Bus
Speed
Typical Use
Intel®
Pentium®
Pro
Processor
200 MHz Aug. 18,
1997
0.35-micron5.5
million
1 MB
on-
dieL2
cache
High-end
desktops,
workstations
and servers.
Intel®
Pentium®
Pro
Processor
200 MHz180
MHz166
MHz150 MHz
Nov. 1,
1995
0.35-micron5.5
million0.6-micron
256
KB512
KB on-
dieL2cache
High-end
desktops,
workstations
and servers.
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Intel® Pentium® Processor Family
Desktop
Processor ClockSpeed(s)Intro
Date(s)
Mfg.
Process/Transistors
Typical Use
Intel®
Pentium®
Processor with
MMX™Technology
233 MHz June 2, 19970.35-micron4.5
million
High-
performance
desktops and
servers
Intel®
Pentium®
Processor with
MMX™Technology
200 MHz166
MHz
Jan. 8, 1997 0.35-micron4.5
million
High-
performance
desktops and
servers
Intel®
Pentium®
Processor
200 MHz166
MHz
June 10,
1996
0.35-micron3.3
million
High-
performance
desktops and
servers
Intel®Pentium®
Processor
166 MHz150MHz
Jan. 4, 1996 0.35-micron3.3million
High- performance
desktops andservers
Intel®
Pentium®
Processor
133 MHz June 1995 0.35-micron3.3
million
High-
performance
desktops and
servers
Intel®
Pentium®
Processor
120 MHz Mar. 27,
1995
0.6-micron0.35-
micron3.2 million
Desktops and
notebooks
Intel®
Pentium®
Processor
100 MHz90
MHz
Mar. 7, 19940.6-micron3.2
million
Desktops
Intel®Pentium®
Processor
75 MHz Oct. 10,1994
0.6-micron3.2million
Desktops andnotebooks
Intel®
Pentium®
Processor
66 MHz60
MHz
Mar. 22,
1993
0.8-micron3.1
million
Desktops