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INTERCULTURAL CITIES
Joint action of the Council of Europe and the European Commission
WHAT IS AN INTERCULTURAL CITY?
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the world in motion
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Net Migration – EU25 (000s) (Eurostat)
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-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
NETHERLANDS
LATVIA
ESTONIA
POLAND
SLOVAKIA
GERMANY
DENMARK
FINLAND
FRANCE
HUNGARY
SWEDEN
GREECE
BELGIUM
UK
LUXEMBOURG
CZECH
SLOVENIA
EU TOTAL
PORTUGAL
MALTA
ITALY
AUSTRIA
IRELAND
SPAIN
CYPRUS
Net migration per 1000 population (2005, Migration Policy Institute)
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
SLOVENIA
MALTA
FINLAND
HUNGARY
ITALY
CZECH
LITHUANIA
BELGIUM
DENMARK
PORTUGAL
SLOVAKIA
SPAIN
EU TOTAL
GREECE
UK
NETHERLANDS
FRANCE
GERMANY
SW EDEN
CYPRUS
IRELAND
AUSTRIA
ESTONIA
LATVIA
LUXEMBOURG
Foreign-born as % of total population (2005, Migration Policy Institute)
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the challenge
to Europe’s cities
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NB. Small cities - 200-400,000 population; Medium cities - 0.4-1m; Large cities - 1m+
Declining city growth rates
(Turok, I. & Mykhnenko, V. (2006) Resurgent European Cities? http://www.cppr.ac.uk/media/media_5167_en.pdf
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Signs of revival?
(Turok, I. & Mykhnenko, V. (2006) Resurgent European Cities? http://www.cppr.ac.uk/media/media_5167_en.pdf
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European cities, 200,000+ population (2004, Eurostat)
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how different countries manage diversity
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No policy
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Guest worker policy
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Assimilation policy
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Multicultural policy
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Intercultural policy
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Intercultural policy
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Intercultural policy
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Intercultural policy
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National and mother tongue/ culture teaching. Intercultural competence for all. Desegregation.
Mother tongue language support. Religious and cultural education.
Emphasis on national culture. State ignores supplementary schooling
Enrol migrant children in schools
Ad hoc recognition of migrant children
Education
Anti-discriminatory lettings policy. Ethnic monitoring. Encouragement for ethnic housing mix
Anti-discriminatory lettings policy. Affirmative access to social housing
Equal access to social housing – non-ethnic criteria. Ignore discrimination in housing market
Short-term housing solutions; minimal regulation of private rental sector
Ignore migrant housing. React to crisis with temporary shelters
Housing
Anti-discrimination policy; intercultural competence and linguistic skills emphasised
Anti-discrimination policy; Affirmative action on training and hiring
General vocational support – non-ethnic criteria
Minimal regulation – limited vocational assistance
Ignore. Turn a blind eye to black market activity
Labour Market
State supports them as agents of integration
State supports them as agents of empowerment
States does not recognise them
Informal co-operation on limited issues
State ignores them
Minority group organi-sations
INTER- CULTURAL POLICY
MULTI- CULTURAL POLICY
ASSIMIL- ATIONIST POLICY
GUESTWORKER POLICY
NON-POLICY
Urban Diversity Policy Indicators
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Cross-cultural leadership, asso- ciation and cons- ultation. Ackno- wledgement of hybridity.
Leadership, consultation and resource allocation ethnically-based
Facilitate naturalisation. No ethnic consultative structures
No rights or recognition
No rights or recognition
Governance and citizenship
Encouragement of ethnically mixed neighbourhoods and public space
Recognise enclaves and ethnic leadership. Area-based regeneration
Ethnic enclaves considered an urban problem. Dispersal policy
Ethnic enclaves tolerated but considered temporary
Ignore ethnic enclaves – disperse if crisis arises
Urban development
Campaigns to emphasise intercultural togetherness
‘Celebrate diversity’ festivals and city branding campaigns
Encourage tolerance of minorities, but intolerance of those not assimilating
Migrants as economically useful but of no political, social or cultural significance
Migrants as a potential threat
Public awareness
Police as agents of inter-ethnic conflict management
Police as social workers. Proactive anti-racism enforcement
High profile policing of migrant areas
Police as agents of migrant regulation, monitoring, deportation
Migrants as security problem
Policing
INTER- CULTURAL POLICY
MULTI- CULTURAL POLICY
ASSIMIL- ATIONIST POLICY
GUESTWORKER POLICY
NON-POLICY
Urban Diversity Policy Indicators
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How do we think of migration and diversity?
A threat?
An opportunity?
A nuisance?
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How might diversity UNDERMINE a city?
•Complexity
•Loss of cohesion
•Low civic commitment
•Job displacement
•Exploitation/exclusion/crime
•Indigenous backlash
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diversity advantage
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You get a richer environment, you have more insights, because people reason from their own background.
I’m sure of this because we’ve reaped the rewards. We have an absolute advantage from having many cultures
Stefano MarzanoCEO, Philips Design
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How can cities make diversity their advantage?
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How might diversity ENHANCE a city?
•Complementary skills
•Access to markets and capital
•Aspiration & entrepreneurship
•Cosmopolitan brand
•Creativity & innovation
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Londoners believe the capital’s mix of cultures, languages and ethnicities is one of the best things about living in it. This enormous increase in the range of possibilities open to people will lead to more exchange and interaction as people choose from what is best in different cultures. This is increasingly important for Londoners’ jobs and incomes.
Ken LivingstoneMayor of London
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the intercultural
approach
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“…goes beyond equal opportunities and respect
for existing cultural differences, to the pluralist
transformation of public space, institutions and
civic culture….
Interculturalism
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…cities should promote cross-fertilisation across all
boundaries, between ‘majority’ and ‘minorities’, ‘dominant’ and
‘sub’ cultures, localities, classes, faiths, disciplines and
genres, as the source of cultural, social, civic and economic innovation.“Intercultur
al innovation
= Diversity advantage
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preconditions and
ingredients for an
intercultural city
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Diversity alone is not a guarantor of prosperity
There need to be:
•Reasons to interact
•Incentives to interact
•Places, institutions and
agents of interaction
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•A framework of rights and
equalities
•Openness
•Cultural literacy
•The intercultural lens
•Intercultural leaders
Creating the conditions for Diversity Advantage
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Creating the conditions for Diversity Advantage
Openness
•Movement
•Residence
•Trade
•Faith
•Creative expression
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Cultural literacy
•Seeing the city
through others’ eyes
•Telling the story of
the city in diverse
ways
Creating the conditions for Diversity Advantage
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Seeing…
•Education
•City planning
•Transport
•Wealth creation
…through an intercultural lens
Creating the conditions for Diversity Advantage
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City planning through an intercultural lens
If greater intercultural engagement was one of our priorities, how would we plan things differently?
•An open space
•A housing estate
•A downtown quarter
•A school?
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The importance of Intercultural Places and Spaces
•Libraries
•Parks
•Children’s playgrounds
•Community centres
•Open markets
•Local cafes
All the places we risk losing as life becomes more privatised, commercial
and security conscious
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The importance of Intercultural Places and Spaces
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The importance of Intercultural Places and Spaces
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The importance of Intercultural Leaders and Innovators
•Politicians
•Business people
•Inter-faith activists
•Social entrepreneurs
•Artists
•Sports people
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INTERCULTURAL LEADERS & INNOVATORS
Cross boundaries
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Go where others don’t go
INTERCULTURAL LEADERS & INNOVATORS
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Build bridges
At great personal risk!
INTERCULTURAL LEADERS & INNOVATORS
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Get
people working
together
INTERCULTURAL LEADERS & INNOVATORS
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cities being intercultural
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Palo AltoSingapore
Innovation
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Toronto
City Strategy
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Madrid
Citizenship
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Torino
Conflict management
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RotterdamConviviality
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Leicester
Inter-faith
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New institutions
London Borough of Tower Hamlets
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MEASURING THE INTERCULTURAL CITY
• Isolation index
• Cultural mixing in housing and schools
• Inter-ethnic marriage
• New kinds of intercultural professions
• Cross-cultural business and civic networks
• Diverse cultural influences on built
environment
• Shared cultural celebrations
Possible indicators
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Being intercultural…• Recognise difference – seek out similarities
• Highlight hybridity – downplay purity
• A single, diverse public sphere
• Resource the places where cultures meet
• Resource bridge-builders not gate-keepers
• Don’t avoid conflict – embrace it, manage it