INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
(SKMM 4413)
Dr. Mohd Farid bin Muhamad Said
Room : Block P21, Level 1, Automotive
Development Centre (ADC)
Tel : 07-5535449
Email: [email protected]
History of Engine Year Engine Development
1673 Engine concept developed(Huygens,Holland)1766 Steam Engine discovered(Watt,Britain)1876 4 cycle Otto cycle(Otto,Dutch)1881 Discovering of 2 cycle engine(Clerk,Britain)1886 Discovering of gasoline engine, actual use
(Daimler,Dutch)1895 Discover of diesel engine, actual use
(R.Diesel,Britain)1900 Passenger usage of gasoline and diesel engine
(Britain,Dutch, America)1903 Improvement of gasoline engine to fly first airplane
(Wright,America)1909 Mass production of vehicles engine(Ford,America)1914 Passenger use of airplane engine
1936 Discover of jet engine(F.Whittle,Britain)
HISTORY OF ICE
Car History
First mass product
car( Ford type T 1908) First car made by
HINO 1915
First car made by
MITSUBISHI 1917
First car made by
DATSUN 1932
First car made by
TOYOTA 1934
HISTORY OF ICE
Introduction of Engine
The purpose of a gasoline car engine is to convert gasoline into motion
so that your car can move. Currently the easiest way to create motion from
gasoline is to burn the gasoline inside an engine. Therefore, a car engine is an
internal combustion engine -- combustion takes place internally.
There is such a thing as an external combustion engine. A steam
engine in old-fashioned trains and steam boats is the best example of an
external combustion engine. The fuel (coal, wood, oil, whatever) in a steam
engine burns outside the engine to create steam, and the steam creates motion
inside the engine.
Internal combustion is a lot more efficient (takes less fuel per mile) than
external combustion, plus an internal combustion engine is a lot smaller than an
equivalent external combustion engine. This explains why we don't see any
cars from many manufactures using steam engines.
HISTORY OF ICE
Type of Engine HISTORY OF ICE
Automotive Passion
SSC Ultimate Aero TT
Reventon
Veyron
Saleen S7
Tata Nano
McLaren F1
1.7 million
Can buy 680 Nano
2500
HISTORY OF ICE
• Engine – a device which transforms one form of
energy into another form.
• Heat Engine - a device which transforms the
chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy and
utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work
(mechanical energy).
• Power range from 0.01 kW to 20,000 kW.
• Normal vehicle nowadays require power output to the
order of 100 kW.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (ICE)
DEFINITION
Classification of heat engines
INTRODUCTION
• External engine – combustion takes place outside the engine.
• Internal engine – combustion takes place within the engine.
(e.g. steam engine or turbine, and gasoline or diesel engines).
• The most widely used engines are:
The reciprocating internal combustion engines. (have been
found suitable for the use in automobiles, motor-cycles and
scooters, power boats, ships, slow speed aircraft, locomotives
and power units of relatively small output.)
The gas turbine
The steam turbine
INTRODUCTION
• Mechanical simplicity and improved efficiency due to the
absence of heat exchangers in the passage of the working
fluid (boilers and condensers in steam turbine plant).
• Higher thermal efficiency due to:
Advantages of reciprocating ICE compare to the steam engine are:
All its components are worked at an average temperature which is
much below the maximum temperature of the working fluid in the
cycle.
Moderate maximum working pressure of the fluid in the cycle
produces less weight to power ratio.
The possibility of developing a small power output reciprocating
internal combustion engines.
INTRODUCTION
The main disadvantages of reciprocating internal combustion
engines are:
• The problem of vibration caused by the
reciprocating components.
• Only liquid or gaseous fuels of given specification,
which are relatively more expensive, can be
efficiently used.
INTRODUCTION
ICE can be built in many different classifications.
For a given engine, using a four or two-stroke Otto or Diesel
cycle, the classifications are characterized by:
piston-cylinder geometry
valve arrangement
air Intake
fuel delivery system
cooling system
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Piston-cylinder Geometry
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
• The choice of a given arrangement depends on a number
of factors and constraints, such as engine balancing and
available volume.
• The in-line engine is the most popular as it is the simplest
to manufacture and maintain.
• The V engine is formed from two in-line banks of cylinders
set at an angle to each other, forming the letter V.
• A horizontally opposed or flat engine is a V engine with
180° offset piston banks.
Piston-cylinder Geometry
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
• A radial engine has all of the cylinders in one plane with
equal spacing between cylinder axes.
• Radial engines are used in air-cooled aircraft applications
since each cylinder can be cooled equally.
• Since the cylinders are in a plane, a master connecting rod
is used for one cylinder, and articulated rods are attached
to the master rod.
The reciprocating motion of the connecting rod and piston
creates inertial forces and moments that need to be
considered in the choice of an engine configuration.
Piston-cylinder Geometry
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
• Gases are admitted and expelled from the cylinders by valves that
open and close at the proper times, or by ports that are uncovered
or covered by the piston.
• Poppet valve is the primary valve type used in internal combustion
engines since they have excellent sealing characteristics.
• The poppet valves can be located either in the engine block or in
the cylinder head, depending on manufacturing and cooling
considerations.
• Older automobiles and small four-stroke engines have the valves
located in the block, a configuration termed underhead or L-head.
• Currently, most engines use valves located in the cylinder head, an
overhead or I-head configuration, as this configuration has good
inlet and exhaust flow characteristics.
Valve Arrangement
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Poppet Valve
nomenclature
Valve Arrangement
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
L-head (Valve in Block) I-head (Valve in Head)
Valve Arrangement
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Overhead Camshaft
Valve Arrangement
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
• A camshaft rotates at half the engine speed for four-stroke
engine controls the valve timing.
• Lobes on the camshaft along with lifters, pushrods, and rocker
arms control the valve motion.
• The valve timing can be varied to increase volumetric efficiency
through the use of advanced camshafts that have moveable
lobes, or with electric valves.
• With a change in the load, the valve opening duration and timing
can be adjusted.
Valve Arrangement
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Valve Arrangement
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Naturally Aspirated
• Most automobile used NA engine.
• Air or fuel-air mixtures are forced into
the cylinders by vacuum caused by
cylinder movement.
• NA engines generally gives less power
than either turbo or supercharged
engines of the same displacement and
development level but tend to be
cheaper to produce.
Air Intake
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
The compressor raises
the density of the
incoming charge so that
more fuel and air can
be delivered to the
cylinder to increase the
power.
Supercharging
• Supercharging is mechanical compression of the inlet air to a
pressure higher than standard atmosphere by a compressor
powered by the crankshaft.
Air Intake
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
improves engine power output, realistically
double the equivalent NA engine
improves fuel consumption of the engine,
thus more economical
improves emissions, as it allows more
complete and thorough combustion
compensate for high altitude air density loss
Turbocharging
• In turbo charging exhaust gas leaving an engine is further
expanded through a turbine that drives a compressor.
• The benefits are:
• Almost 100% diesel engines are turbocharged,
while its only 6% for gasoline engines.
Air Intake
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
• Some fuel systems use a carburetor. It sits on top of the engine
intake manifold. The carburetor mixes the air and fuel into a
combustible mixture.
• Instead of carburetor, most engines have electronic fuel injection
(EFI) system.
• An electronic control module (ECM) or computer, controls one or
more fuel injectors. When the engine needs fuel, a signal from
the ECM opens the injector.
• There are 3 types of electronic fuel injection:
Throttle-body injection (TBI)
Multipoint Port Injection (MPI)
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI)
Fuel Delivery System
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
• A throttle body injector is a fuel injector located at the intake
manifold before the manifold branches to the individual cylinders.
Due to its distance from the cylinders, it injects a continuous
spray of fuel into the manifold.
Fuel Delivery System
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
• Port fuel injectors are located in the intake port of each cylinder
just upstream of the intake valve, so there is an injector for each
cylinder.
• The port injector does not need to maintain a continuous fuel
spray, since the time lag for fuel delivery is much less than that
of a throttle body injector.
• Direct injection are available on some spark ignition engines.
With direct injection, the fuel is sprayed directly into the cylinder
during the late stages of the compression stroke.
• Compared with port injection, direct injection engines can be
operated at a higher compression ratio, and therefore will have a
higher theoretical efficiency.
Fuel Delivery System
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
GDI
Fuel Delivery System
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
• Some type of cooling system is required to remove the
approximately 30% of the fuel energy rejected as waste heat.
• There are two main types of cooling systems: water and air
cooling.
• The water cooling system is usually a single loop where a
water pump sends coolant to the engine block, and then to the
head.
• Warm coolant flows through the intake manifold to warm it and
thereby assist in vaporizing the fuel.
• The coolant will then flow to a radiator or heat exchanger,
reject the waste heat to the atmosphere, and flow back to the
pump.
Cooling System
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
• When the engine is cold, a thermostat prevents coolant from returning
to the radiator, resulting in a more rapid warm-up of the engine. Water-
cooled engines are quieter than air-cooled engines, but have leaking,
boiling, and freezing problems.
• Engines with relatively
low power output, less
than 20 kW, primarily use
air-cooling.
• Air cooling systems use
fins to lower the air side
surface temperature
Cooling System
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
ENGINE
CLASSIFICATIONS
Piston Cylinder
Geometry Fuel Delivery
System
Air Intake
Valve
Arrangement Cooling
System
• In-line
•Horizontally Opposed
•Vertically Opposed
• ‘V’ engine
•Radial
•Carburetor
•TBI
•MPI
•GDI
•NA
•Supercharged
•Turbocharged
•L-Head
• I-Head
•Water
•Air