Download - International reaction on goa liberation
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International Reaction on Goa Liberation
ANALYSIS AND SIGNIFICANCE
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Outline• Background of the war• The pre war response• The war response• The post war response
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Background
After 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru made repeated attempts for the integration of Goa to the Indian Republic. The Portuguese refused to budge
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Background
India
Portugal
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
Personnel
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Pre War ResponseBritain
• Was asked to mediate
Brazil
• Protested on Portugal’s behalf
UN
• Security Council asked to mediate
USA
• Said that India should not expect any support
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Pre War Response
Mexico
• Offered support through its influence in South America
Africa
• Were calling India’s response “soft”
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War commences
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The War response
Portugal goes to the UN
• Portugal requests a debate in security Council over the Goa conflict
• Request accepted through the minimum votes
• USA, UK, France, Turkey, Chile, Ecuador, Nationalist China
• US delegate criticizes the use of arms
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The War response
Soviet Union rescues India
• Liberia, Ceylon and U.A.R. present a resolution absolving India of any charges and asking Portugal to cooperate
• Supported only by Soviet Union
• Resolution presented by USA, UK, France and Turkey calling for immediate cessation of hostilities
• Vetoed by Soviet Union
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The War Response
Britain delays use of air base Egypt denies Suez access to warships
Pakistan denies air passage
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Post War response
United States Of America
• “People are saying, the preacher has been caught coming out of the brothel”
• Foreign aid appropriation cut by 25%
• The New York Times and Life International criticizes India
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Post War responseSoviet Union
• Head of State of Soviet Union tours India during war, applauding it on several occasions
• “…from those who enrich themselves from colonialist plunder”
• The de facto leader, Nikita Khrushchev praises Nehru on behalf of every Soviet citizen
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Post War response
United Kingdom
• Recognised that the Portuguese enclaves in Goa were a source of conflict and pain to the Indians
• Deplored the use of military force
• Opposition Labour Party expressed regret
• Statement to the UN was “shocked and dismayed”
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Post War responseChina
• In an official statement, stressed its resolute support for people fighting imperialist colonialism
• Hong Kong communist paper termed it a desperate act by Nehru to regain stature
• Accepted that Goa is legitimate Indian territory
• Called the act an electoral campaign
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Post War response
Pakistan
• Described Indian attack as “naked militarism”
• Asked for a UN sponsored plebiscite
• Raised the Kashmir issue
• Accused India of hypocrisy
• President wrote to his US counterpart stressing India’s military prone nature
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Post War responseAfrican and Arab nations
• United Arab Republic called it a legitimate effort
• Tunisia said “patient and non violent” India was forced by Portuguese
• Expression of hope that Portuguese colonies in Africa will soon be liberated
• Mozambique leader called it legitimate force against “butchers”
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Post War response
Brazil and Netherlands
• Brazil expressed heartfelt solidarity with Portuguese
• “a Portuguese wound is a Brazilian pain”
• “necessary for Portuguese to understand that the age of colonialism is over”
• Netherlands regretted that India “of all countries” resorted to military action
• Expressed fear of similar retaliation by Indonesia
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Conclusion
Response was according to
• Colonial era role• Alliances
Response was indicative of
• Present status of India• Future alliances and conflicts