Download - Intro Propulsion Lect 2
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2Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Felix Du Temple de la Croix – Monoplane 1857
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3Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Thrust for Flight
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4Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
George Cayle’sdesign (early 19th century)
Samuel P Langley’s Airplane (late 19th century)
Unpowered airplanes
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5Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Langley’s Airplane no Flight
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6Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Lorin’s Patent Drawings
Guillaume’s Patent of a Jet Engine
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7Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Wrights’ engine
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8Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
First Flight 1903 Dec
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9Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
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10Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
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11Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Wright’s propeller 1903 Wright’s Propeller 1910
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12Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
2 years, 4 months and 3 days before the successful flights of the Wright brothers, a monoplane took to the air at early dawn on August 14, 1901, at Bridgeport, Conn, USA carrying the inventor, Gustave Whitehead, a distance of ½ mile.
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13Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
• For the first fifty years of flight all flight vehicles were using propellers as the only means of propulsion through air. • After I world war a high powered committee in USA had decided that flight with jet propulsion was not possible.• As a result NACA (precursor to present NASA) was entrusted in 1940’s with creating a large number of propeller blade airfoil shapes.
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14Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Propeller Blade uses airfoil shapes
A propeller uses a type of airfoil (similar to a wing) that turns and accelerates air. As the blades of the propeller rotate they create lifting forces (just as a wing does), in the horizontal plane instead of the vertical as with the wings. Thus, the propeller creates a propulsive action force perpendicular to its plane of rotation, that moves the aircraft forward in air as a reaction. Propellers can either "pull" the aircraft from the the front of the wings / fuselage (Tractor) , or "push" it from behind (Pusher).
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15Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Propeller Blade airfoil shapes(NACA)
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16Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
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17Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Tractor type propeller
Pusher Propeller
Propeller undergoing a wind tunnel testing
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18Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
IC (piston) Engine – multi-cylinder arrangements for Aircraft Propulsion
In-line
V X
RadialH
Opposed cylinder Opposed Piston
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19Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
In-line
RadialV-type
Opposed cylinder
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20Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Heinkel He 178 First Jet engine powered aircraft
Heinkel Engine
Jet Engines1930s - 40s
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21Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Frank Whittle’sengine design for patent
2 - Air Intake 3 - Rotor Disks4,5 – Axial Compressor rotors7 - Centrifugal compressor10 – Central Shaft11 - Combustion Chamber15 - Axial Turbine rotor17 – Exit nozzle
P-V diagram depicting the cycle
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22Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Comparison of various kinds of Aircraft Powerplants
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23Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Comparison of various kinds of Aircraft Powerplants
Propulsive efficiency is a measure of end usage of available energy for final thrust creation. It is not same as the thermal or overall efficiencies of an engine
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24Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Modern aircraft powerplant designers are using Prop-fans or Prop-jets that enable usage of propellers for high thrust and high efficiency at low Mach number flights (for take-off and climb) and then use essentially jet propulsion for cruise at high Mach number and high altitude
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
tdM dv md(mV)F= = =m = dv= m.dvdt dt dt dt
The Thurst generation
• High mass activation(air), – Propellers– low dV
• High change of momentum, dV - Jet engines– low mass activation,
• Propellers typically operate on air mass flows30 to 40 times more than that of a jet engine.
m
m
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26Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
A modern propeller
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27Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Prop-Fan uses a basic engine
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28Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Modern Jet Engine
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29Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
Lect-2
Abbreviation :
NACA :National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, USA
NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA
ISRO : Indian Space Research Organisation, India
HAL : Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, India