Download - Introduction Birth of Nano: -Inspiration in 1959; punch card system for IBM -“… $1000 to the first guy who makes an operating electric motor … 1/64 inch

Introduction

Birth of Nano:

- Inspiration in 1959; punch card system for IBM

- “… $1000 to the first guy who makes an operating electric motor … 1/64 inch cube”

- William McLellan made a motor 0.014” (0.0156” required) in 1960

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3785509.stm

Outline

1. Inspiration from Macro.2. Biological systems and Chemistry3. Computation and Information Storage4. Atomic/Quantum Phenomenon

Advantages…or Just Dreams?

• At a small enough level, all devices can be mass produced so that they can be absolutely perfect copies of one another

• “It doesn’t cost anything for materials” because we can generate several new tiny lathes from one original lathe.

• What about the ever-rising cost for researching ways to create and control things on the nano-scale?

• “Mainstream nanotechnology, as practiced by hundreds of companies, is merely the intellectual offspring of conventional chemical engineering and our new nanoscale powers. The basis of most research in mainstream nanotech is the fact that some materials have peculiar or useful properties when pulverized into nanoscale particles or otherwise rearranged.”

http://www.thenewatlantis.com/archive/2/keiperprint.htmhttp://www.komotv.com/news/story.asp?ID=11291

Writing on the Head of a Pin

• Lord’s prayer Encyclopaedia Brittanica all the books in the World …all on the head of a pin!

• Feynman’s suggested approach and the idea that “it can be read if it is so written.”

• Electron-beam lithography has been a standard method for making the molds with patterns of 10 nm dots with a 40 nm pitch.

• Recently Princeton University researchers have shown that photocurable nanoimprint lithography (P-NIL) can produce lines of polymer resist just 7 nm wide with a pitch (or pattern repeat) of only 14 nm.

http://www.nanotechweb.org/

Far Beyond 20/20 Vision• 1959 - At the time of Feynman’s lecture,

the electron microscope could only resolve 10 angstroms

• 1981 – Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invented the scanning tunneling microscope that gives three-dimensional images of objects down to the atomic level.

• Currently, most ultra-high resolution microscopy is performed at resolutions between one and two Angstroms. However, below one Angstrom materials exhibit different properties and behaviors.

• 2005 – FEI’s new scanning/ transmission electron microscope (S/TEM), the Titan(TM) 80-300 can provide sub-Angstrom (atomic scale) imaging!

Iron on Copper (111)

http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/MSD-1-Ang-microscope.html http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/corral.html

Training a “Mite” to Work

• Feynman considers the possibilities of small but movable machines

• Today, MEMS technology integrates mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and electronics on a common silicon substrate through microfabrication technology.

• Microelectronic integrated circuits can be thought of as the "brains" of a system and MEMS augments this decision-making capability with "eyes" and "arms", to allow microsystems to sense and control the environment.

Amazing Tiny “Hands”• Feynman suggests creating a

master-slave system to allow us to create tiny tool-like “hands” to do work on a very small scale

• MEMS and Nanotechnology has made possible electrically-driven motors smaller than the diameter of a human hair

• Antenna arrays using RF MEMS are much smaller and cheaper in cost, and can give satellite TV in a car, and eventually, laptops and other commercial products.

• Microfluidics, which involve processes and devices that deal with volumes of fluids on the nanoliter or picoliter level, are used in inkjet printers, blood-cell separation equipment, and mechanical micromilling.

Electrically-driven motor

Antenna Array Microfluidics

http://www.smalltimes.com/

The Challenges Below

• “The problems of manufacture and reproduction of materials will be quite different.”

• From the example earlier with improved lithography, the scientists believed they can make lines in the resist narrower than 7 nm but were unable to examine them in the scanning electron microscope because of thermal damage to the structures from the microscope's electron beam.

• MEMS packaging is more challenging than IC packaging due to the diversity of MEMS devices and the requirement that many of these devices be in contact with their environment.

• In microfluidics, capillary action changes the way in which fluids pass through microscale-diameter tubes, as compared with macroscale channels.

“All things do not simply scale down in proportion”

It is necessary to improve the precision of the apparatus at each stage, It is necessary at each step to improve the accuracy of the equipment by working for a while down there.

Outline

1. Inspiration from Macro.

2. Biological systems and Chemistry3. Computation and Information Storage

4. Atomic/Quantum Phenomenon

Biology and Chemistry“Better electron microscopes”:

- “The electron microscope is not quite good enough, with the greatest care and effort, it can only resolve about 10 angstroms”

- The North Campus JOEL3011 1.4 angstroms! FEI claims sub-angstrom. Limitations in optics, cost

- Observing processes challenging, “What is the system of the conversion of light into chemical energy?”

- Rayleigh criterion, d proportional to , but according to De Broglie, = h/p, where p is the momentum of electron, proportional to energy

- Very act of observing changes things

Biology and Chemistry

Progress with DNA:

- Biologists have a thorough understanding of DNA using various direct/indirect techniques

- Learning from DNA- self-assembly- coding information

http://www.csu.edu.au/faculty/health/biomed/subjects/molbol/DNAstruc.htm


“The marvelous biological system”:

- “Biology is not simply writing information; it is doing something about it.”

- Learning from biology – spinning silk

- Flagella for motion

- Biomimetics

http://www.siue.edu/~cbwilso/http://science.howstuffworks.com/spider3.htm


DNA-bots

- “…it would be interesting in surgery if you could swallow the surgeon.”

- von Kiedrowski; self-replicating DNA-bots

- Programmed assembly, Nadrian Seeman at NYU.

- Components of robots; Tweezers, motors

- Controlling through radio-waves with gold crystals, MIT

- progress

http://www.nyu.edu/http://www.ipht-jena.de/BEREICH_3/molnano/DNA2002/abstract.html


DNA-computing

- “A single gram of dried DNA, about the size of a half-inch sugar cube, can hold as much information as a trillion compact discs” - Leonard Aldeman

- Solving the traveling salesman problem

- How long would it take?

Scientific American; August 1998, Vol. 279 Issue 2, p54, 8p


“Atoms in a small world”

- “Put the atoms down where the chemist says, and so you make the substance”

- Let’s think about this…

http://www.kennislink.nl


Chemistry wins

- Large number of molecules

- Better use of energy

- Stearic hindrances: 3D manipulation


Chemistry

- Supramolecular chemistry, Self-assembly (foldamers), stereoscopic molecular structures, colloids and diblock copolymers, etc.

- Convergence of sciences

Paul M. Welch, A Tunable Dendritic Molecular Actuator, pp 1279 - 1283; Nano Lettershttp://www.chem.wisc.edu/~gellman/

Outline


Computation and Information

“The head of a pin is a sixteenth of an inch across. If you magnify it by 25,000 diameters, the area of the head of the pin is then equal to the area of all the pages of the Encyclopaedia Brittanica. Therefore, all it is necessary to do is to reduce in size all the writing in the Encyclopaedia by 25,000 times. Is that possible?”

Current Density: 15 GB/sq. inch1 copy of Encyclopedia Britannica: 1 GB!!Area of the head of a pin: 0.003 sq. inchCurrently: 0.05 EBs.


"The information cannot go any faster than the speed of light -- so, ultimately, when our computers get faster and faster and more and more elaborate, we will have to make them smaller and smaller“

As a consequence of being faster and smaller the computers will become more responsive and hence smarter.

If we continue with Feynman’s thinking then the path to quantum computing is easily accessible.

A quantum processor of 500 qubits would be able to do the work of 10150 traditional processors with 150 bits!


“Probably an external supply of electrical power would be most convenient for such small machines.”

Nanomachines cannot be human controlled and therefore require their own system of integrated logic.

Therefore, nanotechnology can only go as far as control and computational technology allow.

The idea of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) is only one step away from Feynman’s proposed nanomachines.


“I don’t know how to do this on a small scale in a practical way, but I do know that computing machines are very large; they fill rooms. Why can’t we make them very small, make them of little wires, little elements—and by little, I mean little”

“It was inevitable, Mr. Anderson.” – Agent Smith

Outline


Approaching the Quantum Limit

Transistor gates are now only several tens of atoms across in length.

As devices are made smaller and smaller, how to measure their characteristics (length, force, charge, etc.)?

Need metrology instruments that can quickly count the atoms. These do not exist yet.

Science (306) 5700, 1309-1310.

Single-Electron Transistor

Tunnel junctions 1 nm thick allow the gate voltage to place single electrons in the island.

Smaller devices smaller gate capacitance room temperature operation. Such devices have been realized.

If a 2nd gate is placed, then the device can measure the charge on this gate with precision greater than 10-5 e Hz-1/2

Physics World, September 1998.


“So, as we go down and fiddle around with the atoms down there, we are working with different laws, and we can expect to do different things.” —R.P. Feynman

Example: Mechanical Oscillator

where = resonant frequency

22

22 xmmP

nE where dx

diP

Schrödinger's Equation

22

22xm

mpE

Classically,

...,2,1,0,21 nnEn

mk


For a vibrating beam or cantilever, increases as the size decreases.

When the oscillator can approach its quantum ground state .

Energy and average vibration amplitude become quantized.

Also, zero-point motion and the uncertainty principle set a limit on the measured average position.

TkB

0n

Nano-Mechanical Oscillator

Doubly clamped GaAs beam capacitively coupled to a single electron transistor. Aluminum electrodes (coloured) form the SET and beam electrode.

1μm

Mechanical oscillators with resonant frequencies > 1 GHz have been realized.

Cleland et al have realized a 116-MHz oscillating beam capacitively coupled to a single electron transistor, which measures displacement with a sensitivity of 2 x 10-15 m Hz-

1/2, at a temperature of 30 mK, a sensitivity only a factor of 100 larger than the quantum limit for the oscillator.

Nature 424, 291-293

Single Atom Manipulation

Stroscio et al. have manipulated single Co atoms on a Cu (111) surface using an STM tip.

Science (306) 5694, 242-247

40 nm wide NIST logo made with Co atoms on a Cu surface Scanning tunneling

microscope topographic image of a single atom of cobalt

Conclusion

“What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating

and controlling things on a small scale.” (1959)

Don Eigler and Erhard Schweizer, Nature.

Philip Ball, Made to Measure: New Materials for the 21st Century, 1997http://www.feynmanonline.com/

Download - Introduction Birth of Nano: -Inspiration in 1959; punch card system for IBM -“… $1000 to the first guy who makes an operating electric motor … 1/64 inch

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