Con
nect
ing
Arc
hite
ctur
e R
econ
stru
ctio
n Fr
amew
orks
Ivan
Bow
man
, Mic
hael
God
frey
, Ric
Hol
tSo
ftw
are
Arc
hite
ctur
e G
roup
Uni
vers
ity o
f W
ater
loo
CoS
ET
‘99
M
ay 1
7, 1
999
CoS
ET
199
92
Intr
oduc
tion
•T
here
is a
wea
lth o
f re
-eng
inee
ring
tool
s
•O
ften
, we
wou
ld li
ke to
com
bine
thes
e
•D
iffe
renc
es in
tool
sto
rage
for
mat
s an
d se
man
tics
mak
es r
euse
dif
ficu
lt
•W
e de
fine
d an
exc
hang
e fo
rmat
that
can
be
used
to c
ombi
ne s
ever
al to
ols:
–
CIA
O, D
ali,
Dat
rix,
PB
S, a
nd R
igi
Intr
oduc
tion
CoS
ET
199
93
Bac
kgro
und
•R
ecen
t wor
k w
ithin
CSE
R h
as id
entif
ied
oppo
rtun
ities
for
re-
use
betw
een
tool
s
•W
e id
entif
ied
two
leve
ls o
f to
ols:
–C
ode-
Lev
elto
ols
prov
ide
deta
iled
supp
ort
–A
rchi
tect
ure-
Lev
elto
ols
iden
tify
high
-lev
el
abst
ract
ions
•W
e de
scri
be a
for
mat
for
con
nect
ing
arch
itect
ure-
leve
l too
ls
Intr
oduc
tion
CoS
ET
199
94
Arc
hite
ctur
al R
econ
stru
ctio
n
Intr
oduc
tion
Sour
ceC
ode
Exe
cutin
gSy
stem
Sour
ceC
ontr
ol
Syst
em A
rtif
acts
Scan
ning
Pars
ing
Prof
iling
Cha
nge
Rep
ortin
g
Ext
ract
ors
Ext
ract
edFa
cts
Rep
osito
ryV
iew
Gen
erat
ion
Vis
ualiz
atio
nM
anip
ulat
ion
Arc
hite
ctur
e
CoS
ET
199
95
Ent
ity-R
elat
iona
l Mod
el
•E
ntit
ies
repr
esen
t sou
rce
code
ele
men
ts
such
as
func
tions
, var
iabl
es, o
r ty
pes
•R
elat
ions
repr
esen
t ass
ocia
tions
in s
ourc
e co
de s
uch
as c
alls
or
inhe
rita
nce
•A
ttri
bute
ssu
ch a
s lin
e-nu
mbe
r re
cord
ad
ditio
nal i
nfor
mat
ion
•A
Sch
ema
defi
nes
the
allo
wed
ent
ities
, re
latio
ns, a
nd a
ttrib
utes
Mod
el
CoS
ET
199
96
Exa
mpl
e Sc
hem
a
Mod
el
Func
tion
line
num
ber
Var
iabl
e
line
num
ber
refe
renc
esli
ne n
umbe
r
calls
line
num
ber
Mod
ule
owne
rco
ntai
nsco
ntai
ns
CoS
ET
199
97
Con
nect
ion
Form
at R
equi
rem
ents
•Su
ppor
t mul
tiple
sou
rce
lang
uage
s
•Sc
ale
to la
rge
syst
ems
(e.g
. 10
ML
OC
)
•Pr
ovid
e m
appi
ng to
sou
rce
code
•Su
ppor
t sta
tic a
nd d
ynam
ic d
epen
denc
ies
•In
crem
enta
l app
roac
h
•M
ust b
e ex
tens
ible
, allo
win
g ne
w s
chem
es
to b
e de
fine
d as
nee
ded
Req
uire
men
ts
CoS
ET
199
98
The
Nam
ing
Prob
lem
•E
ach
entit
y m
ust h
ave
uniq
ue I
D
•So
urce
lang
uage
s m
ay a
llow
two
code
el
emen
ts to
hav
e th
e sa
me
nam
e–typedef int T;
–struct T { ... };
•T
o co
mbi
ne f
acts
, we
need
a c
omm
on n
amin
g sc
hem
e
•W
e ha
ve d
efin
ed a
sch
eme
for
Java
, and
we
are
disc
ussi
ng p
ossi
ble
solu
tions
for
C,C
++
Prob
lem
s
CoS
ET
199
99
The
Lin
e-N
umbe
r Pr
oble
m
•W
e re
quir
e a
mec
hani
sm to
get
fro
m a
n en
tity
back
to s
ourc
e co
de
•A
n ob
viou
s so
lutio
n is
to s
tore
file
+ li
ne #
–W
e w
ant s
ame
file
nam
e on
dif
fere
nt m
achi
nes
–So
me
entit
ies
are
defi
ned
on a
ran
ge o
f lin
es, o
r no
n-co
ntig
uous
ran
ges
of li
nes
(for
exa
mpl
e,
nam
espa
ces)
Prob
lem
s
CoS
ET
199
910
The
Res
olut
ion
Prob
lem
•Fo
r ea
ch r
efer
ence
in s
ourc
e co
de, w
e ca
n de
term
ine
the
refe
renc
e ta
rget
•Se
vera
l res
olut
ion
stra
tegi
es a
re u
sed:
–N
o re
solu
tion
-ea
ch r
efer
ence
is a
n en
tity
–R
esol
ved
to d
ecla
ratio
n (i
n a
head
er f
ile)
–R
esol
ved
to s
tatic
def
initi
on (
entit
y bo
dy)
–R
esol
ved
to d
ynam
ic d
efin
ition
(vi
rtua
l fu
nctio
ns, p
oint
ers)
Prob
lem
s
CoS
ET
199
911
TA
XFo
rm
•Id
ea: p
rovi
de c
onve
rter
s be
twee
n to
ol-
spec
ific
for
mat
s an
d a
com
mon
for
mat
•T
here
are
two
part
s to
an
exch
ange
for
mat
:–
Synt
ax o
f da
ta (
repr
esen
tatio
n in
file
s)
–Se
man
tic s
truc
ture
(sc
hem
as)
•W
e ch
ose
TA
syn
tax
(oth
ers
are
attr
activ
e)
•W
e al
low
tool
dev
elop
ers
to d
efin
e th
eir
own
sche
mas
as
need
ed
TA
XFo
rm
CoS
ET
199
912
Tra
nsfo
rmin
g B
etw
een
Sche
mas
TA
XFo
rm
Uni
vers
al
Hig
h-L
evel
Proc
edur
al
PL/I
C
Obj
ect-
Ori
ente
d
C+
+Ja
va
Dal
i CR
igi C
PBS
C
CoS
ET
199
913
Impl
emen
ting
TA
XFo
rm
•W
e ev
alua
ted
TA
XFo
rm b
y im
plem
entin
g co
nver
ters
for
sev
eral
exi
stin
g re
-en
gine
erin
g to
ols
•T
he s
ynta
ctic
tran
sfor
mat
ion
was
triv
ial
•W
e us
ed T
arsk
i rel
atio
nal a
lgeb
ra to
spe
cify
tr
ansf
orm
atio
ns, a
nd e
xecu
ted
them
with
gr
ok, a
rel
atio
nal c
alcu
lato
r
Eva
luat
ion
CoS
ET
199
914
Eva
luat
ion
of T
AX
Form
•W
ritin
g sc
hem
a tr
ansf
orm
atio
ns r
equi
red
care
ful s
tudy
of
sem
antic
s us
ed b
y ea
ch to
ol
•T
ools
use
d di
ffer
ent t
erm
inol
ogy
with
di
ffer
ent u
nder
lyin
g as
sum
ptio
ns
•B
y de
fini
ng tr
ansf
orm
s be
twee
n m
odel
s, w
e fo
rmal
ly d
ocum
ent a
ll of
thes
e as
sum
ptio
ns
and
prov
ide
a di
ctio
nary
for
term
inol
ogy
Eva
luat
ion
CoS
ET
199
915
Syst
ems
Mod
eled
Eva
luat
ion
Syst
emSi
zeL
angu
age
Too
l
Jike
s77
KL
OC
C+
+C
IAO
Lin
ux80
0 K
LO
CC
Dal
i, PB
S
Moz
illa
904
KL
OC
CR
igi
Nac
hos
10 K
LO
CC
++
CIA
O
CoS
ET
199
916
Sum
mar
y an
d Fu
ture
Wor
k
•W
e de
fine
d T
AX
Form
as
an e
xcha
nge
form
at b
etw
een
arch
itect
ure-
leve
l too
ls
•W
e va
lidat
ed o
ur f
orm
at b
y im
plem
entin
g co
nver
ters
fro
m e
xist
ing
tool
for
mat
s
•W
e ne
ed to
fur
ther
des
crib
e th
e se
man
tics
of e
ach
mod
el
Con
clus
ion
