Download - Introduction to building technology
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The technology of building
Building technologies, concepts of sustainability and building
regulation
Julian Swindell
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Why do we need buildings?
It’s all to do with the Book of Genesis
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The Human animal• What is a human being?• A hairless, bipedal sub-tropical
ground dwelling ape
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What environment suits us?
• Warm, 25-30 degrees C, not too wet, not too dry
• Plenty of food to hand• No physical threats (lions and tigers,
enemy tribes etc.)• In other words…
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The garden of Eden: where we really want to be
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What environments do we actually live in?
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How do we create the environment we need?
Buildings
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The basic reason why we create buildings?
• To create artificial environments which are suited to human life and activities– All other functions (aesthetics,
power/control, cultural identity) are subservient to this
– Even a prison must satisfy this basic function or the prisoners will die
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Architecture
The Vitruvian qualities of architecture:
Firmness, commodity and delight
• Firmness: structural stability and durability
• Commodity: functional satisfaction• Delight: aesthetics and humanity
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Building technologies: aspects of firmness
• Enclosure• Structure• Environmental control• Utility servicing• Building materials
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Enclosure
The separation of the interior from the exterior
Enclosure allows the creation of a controlled
environment
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Basic domestic enclosure
Enclosed environments permit otherwise impossible activities
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Internal “enclosure”
Internal enclosures permit different activities, controlled privacy, isolation of dangers and varying internal environment
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Walls, you can build them of anything, nearly
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British wallsCavity walls: Two leaves, separated by a drained cavity for weather resistanceBrick and block commonCavity often insulated
Timber framed walls: Vertical studs and horizontal plates braced by a layer of plywood one side to form structural panels.External weather proof layer added, often brickwork in UKInsulation inside the timber panel
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British floors
Solid concrete on the groundSuspended timber joists and boardsPrecast concrete beams and infill
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British roofsGang-nailed trussed raftersPrefabricated structuresSecured and tied down to walls and gables
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Roof covering: under the finishSarking layer, Ideally breathable but water proof
Battens: softwood, treated against decay. Nailed to rafters through sarking and nailed to top of gable wall
Sarking should sag between rafters and project into gutter at eaves
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Roof coveringsDouble lap plain tiles and slatesSingle lap interlocking tilesVentilation if roof space crucial
Clear ventilation gap at eaves
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Internal partitions, openings, finishes, etc. etc.
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The Englishman’s (contemporary) Castle
• Firmness?– Yes
• Commodity?– OK
• Delight?– ?
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Building Control
• Building control (as opposed to development control) is a technical issue
• Building control is achieved through the application of the Building Regulations
• Regulations were most recently published in 2000 and are covered by the Building Act of 1984
• Building regulations may be administered by a local authority or by a private approved inspector
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Building control process
• The building owners submits either Full Plans or a Building Notice application– Full Plans allows prior approval to be given by
the inspector– Building Notice means prior approval is not
given. This can be quicker but carry higher risk if works are found not to comply.
• Building works are then inspected on site during construction by either the local authority or an approved private inspector
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14 Areas coveredA. Structure
B. Fire safety
C. Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture
D. Toxic substances
E. Resistance to the passage of sound
F. Ventilation
G. Hygiene
H. Drainage and waste disposal
J. Combustion appliance and fuel storage systems
K. Protection from falling, collision and impact
L. Conservation of fuel and power
M. Access to and use of buildings
N. Glazing-safety in relation to impact, opening and cleaning
P. Electrical safety
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Approved documents
• Each area has an associated “Approved Document” (AD)– An AD sets out good practice which if complied
with will be deemed to have satisfied the Building Regulations
– If you build differently from the AD, you must prove that your alternative design is as good as that in the AD.
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Concepts of sustainability
• Government policy was to build “sustainable communities”
• Low or even zero carbon building technologies and lifestyles. May be legislated for, but economic slowdown has changed all policies
• Conversion of existing buildings into sustainable buildings is the real challenge.