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Introduction to Cisco IOS-XR Next-Gen OS
DFW Cisco Users Group
Chris Williamson, Network Consulting Engineer
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Cisco Confidential 2 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Under the Covers/Behind the Scenes
Quickly over the hardware
Installing the Software
Making it go
Making it go…faster!
Agenda
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Cisco Confidential 3 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Please keep in mind…
• Cell phones on stun
• Please keep side conversations to a minimum or outside
• Questions are encouraged, but please raise your hand
• We are time limited, speaker reserves the right to postpone questions
• I am not a developer
• I do not have all the answers
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Cisco Confidential 4 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Network Engineer vs. Network Administrator
• What’s the difference?
• When do we assume each role?
• How does each role affect decision making?
• Key Question: What role do you assume more on a daily basis?
• Keep an eye out for the Engineer/Administrator meter
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Cisco Confidential 5 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Router OS Evolution
• Monolithic Kernel
• Centralized Infrastructure
• Integrated Network stack
• Centralized applications
Control Plane Applications
Forwarding Plane Applications
Network Stack
System
Infrastructure
Forward
Infrastructure
OS Scheduler
Man
ag
em
en
t P
lan
e
Ap
plic
ati
on
s
HA
In
frastr
uctu
re
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Cisco Confidential 6 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Router OS Evolution
• Micro Kernel
• Distributed Infrastructure
• Independent Network stack
• Distributed applications
Control Plane Data Plane Management Plane
Control Plane Data Plane Management Plane
Control Plane Data Plane Management Plane
ISIS
OS
PF
Ro
uti
n
g
PIM
IGM
P
RIB
L2
Dri
vers
AC
L
FIB
Qo
S
LP
TS
H
os
t
Serv
ice
PF
I
Inte
rfa
ce
CL
I
SN
MP
XM
L
Netf
lo
w
Ala
rm
Per.
fM
gm
t
SS
H S
SH
SS
H
Checkpoint DB Multicast IPC System DB
Distributed Infrastructure
Memory Mgmt IPC Mech Synch. Services Scheduler
Kernel System Services
6
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Cisco Confidential 7 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS-XR Key Features
• Modular – Runtime SW upgrade/downgrade support
• Distributed – Scaleable with multichassis support
• Platform Independent – POSIX compliant
• Management Interface – Unified Data Model (SNMP/XML)
• High Availability – Hot Standby and Process Restart
• Security – Control, Data, and Management Plane
• Logical Router or Secure Domain Router – Router Partitioning
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Cisco Confidential 8 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS XR Modular Packaged Software
• Upgrade specific packages/Composites
• Across Entire system
• Useful once a feature is qualified and you want to roll it without lot of cmd
• Targeted Install to specific cards
• Useful while a feature is being qualified
• Reduces churn in the system to card boundary
• Point Fix for software faults
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Cisco Confidential 9 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Distributed Control Plane
• Routing protocols and signaling protocols can run in one or more (D)RP
• Each (D)RP can have redundancy support with standby (D)RP
• Out of resources handling for proactive planning
RP2 RP3 RP4 RPn RP1
RESILLIENT SYSTEM PROCESS DISTRIBUTION
BGP IS-IS
MPLS Multi-cast BGP
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Distributed Forwarding Infrastructure
• Single stage forwarding
• Single global Adjacency Information Base (AIB) distributed to all line cards
• Single global Interface Management DB distributed to all line cards
• Only Ingress FIB – forces forwarding features to be run in RP
LC
RP
LC
FIB
Global
IDB & AIB
CPU
CPU
Switching Fabric
IP
Stack IM Netflow
PPP ARP VLAN
Drivers
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Distributed Forwarding Infrastructure
• Two stage forwarding
• Each line card has independent AIB only for local interfaces
• Each line card has independent Interface DB for local interfaces
• Both Ingress and Egress FIB – allows forwarding features to be independently run in LCs
RP
LC LC
CPU
CPU Ingress
FIB Ingress
AIB & IDB Egress
FIB
Egress
AIB & IDB
Switching Fabric
Global
Int. Mgr.
LC-CPU
IM VLAN PPP
HDLC Netflow ARP
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Process Restartability
• Used for small/contained faults (individual or small groups of process failures)
• Processes support restarting with dynamic state recovery
• Mirrored State via checkpoint or synchronization with peer
• First line of defense
• All Processes are restartable for fault recovery
• Certain processes are ‘mandatory’
• Must always be running.
• Failure of mandatory processes can cause RP failover
• Second line of defense
• Card-level Redundancy is used when Process Restart fails-
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Process Management
• Process
• An executable portion of code run within its own memory space
• Threads
• A process may contain one or more threads or a‘sub-process’e.g. OSPF process has a thread which handles ‘hellos’
• A thread may only run when the parent process is allocated runtime by the system scheduler.
• Job ID (JID) and Process ID (PID)
• Each process is allocated a Job ID# or JID when it is first run. Remains associated with the process even if the process is stopped & restarted - The PID changes if the process is stopped and restarted
• Thread ID# (TID)
• If a process contains threads, each is assigned a TID# associated with the PID/JID.
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Protected Process Memory Space
• Each process has a virtual memory space
• Kernel/MMU maps virtual address to physical address (at page level)
• Threads share the memory space
• One process cannot corrupt another’s memory
• Process can only access virtual space
• In IOS – all processes shared same virtual space
• Communication between processes via controlled APIs
• Limited use of shared memory
0x000000
OSPF
1
2
3
0x80000
0x50000
0x20000
0x100000
0x200000
0x300000
0x400000
0x500000
0x600000
0x700000
0x800000
0xa00000
0x900000
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Process Restart
• Microkernel includes minimal functionality
• Non-kernel processes can be restarted
• Critical to HA, ISSU, and MDR functions
• Restarting many processes can be tricky
• Dependent processes may also need to restart
Microkernel Architecture Enables Restart of Most Processes
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Process Restart
Microkernel IOS XR
Kernel BSD based routers
Monolithic IOS (7200, 12k (IOS)
Timers Scheduler Timers Scheduler Timers Scheduler
BGP OSPF
EIGRP ISIS
RIP VPN
SSH Telnet
Server
IPv4 Forwarding
ACLs LDP
TCP/IP Drivers
BGP OSPF ISIS
RIP VPN
SSH Telnet
Server
IPv4 Forwarding
ACLs
LDP BGP OSPF
EIGRP ISIS
RIP VPN
SSH Telnet
Server
IPv4 Forwarding
ACLs LDP
TCP/IP Drivers TCP/IP Drivers
Green areas cannot restart
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IFIB Pre-IFIB
ACL
CPU
L2 Congestion Control
Protection Against DDOS
• Layered Control Plane Protection
• Uses multiple policers
• DOS Filter using L2 Congestion Control Mode
• Line rate ACL filtering
• Control Plane Session Validation using Pre-filter mechanisms
• Adjustable performance for trusted control plane session treatment
• Multiple Queues to CPU
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Local Packet Transport Protocol (LPTS)
• Enables delivery of data to distributed processes across the system hardware (RPs, DRPs)
• Used for ‘for_us’ packet prioritization and filtering
• Sends ‘for us’ packets only to the nodes that want them
• Uses HW policers to throttle “for us” traffic
• Applies to data plane traffic, not IPC
LC
RP DRP
LPTS
LC LC
Interoffice Mail for Data Plane LC/RP CPU guard
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Local Packet Transport Protocol (LPTS)
• Integral Firewall protects Router Resources
• Packet forwarding executed in HW - no impact on LC CPU
• Dynamic Adjustment
• Flow types reflect both application type (OSPF, BGP, …) and trust (established, configured or unknown peer)
• Additional bandwidth allowed once neighbor up
LC
RP DRP
LPTS
LC LC
Interoffice Mail for Data Plane LC/RP CPU guard
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Old (CoPP) vs. New (LPTS)
• Control-Plane Policing
• Used to rate limit all ingress and egress packets from hitting CPU
• Only 1 CPU to protect
• Easy to configure
• Easy to configure wrong!
• Typically requires lots of lab testing prior to deployment
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Cisco Confidential 21 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Old (CoPP) vs. New (LPTS)
• Why not keep CoPP on IOS-XR?
• More than 1 CPU – Requires multiple policies in multiple directions!
• Complexity increases orders of magnitude
• Local Packet Transport System
• Preconfigured
• Hidden configuration
• You can change it***
*** Changing LPTS configuration is not endorsed by Cisco and should not be attempted without the assistance of Cisco Developers, Engineers, and Priests, prior consultation of all holy networking relics and manuals, should never be tested outside of a lab and a full radiation suit.
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LPTS Stats
RP/0/2/CPU0:PE1#show lpts pifib hardware police location 0/1/cpu0
FT - Flow type ID; PPS - Packets per second configured rate
FT Flow type Rate (PPS) Accept/Drop
-- -------------------------- ---------- ----------------
0 unconfigured-default 99 0/0
1 Fragment 1000 0/0
2 OSPF-mc-known 1500 0/0
3 OSPF-mc-default 250 0/0
4 OSPF-uc-known 2000 0/0
5 OSPF-uc-default 250 0/0
6 ISIS-known 1500 0/0
7 ISIS-default 250 0/0
8 BGP-known 2000 3511/0
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LPTS: Dynamic Control Plane Protection
• DCoPP is an automatic, built in firewall for control plane traffic.
• Every Control and Management packet from the line card is rate limited in hardware to provide flood protect at RP
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LPTS: Dynamic Control Plane Protection
Local Port Remote Port Rate Priority
Any ICMP any any 1000 Low
Any 179 any any 100 Medium
router bgp neighbor 202.4.48.99 … !
Any 179 202.4.48.99 any 1000 Medium
202.4.48.1 179 202.4.48.99 2223 10000 Medium
200.200.0.2 13232 200.200.0.1 646 100 Medium
LC 1 IFIB TCAM HW Entries
Socket
BGP
LDP
SSH LC 2 IFIB TCAM HW Entries …
mpls ldp
TCP Handshake
ttl_security
ttl 255
LP
TS
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SDR
• Independent/isolated physical routing instance within a common (multi-) chassis
• Each RP & LC in chassis uniquely allocated to a specific LR
• Resource sharing between LRs is limited to fabric, power, cooling
• Acts as an independent router
• Processors not shared – CPU resources not in contention
• Memory not shared – Memory leaks can only affect that SDR
• Hardware Failures Isolated
• Think VDC
What is a Secure Domain Router?
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Resource Allocation for SDR Creation
• Route Processor[s] (RPs) and Line Card[s]
• Slot level granularity
• Configure and communicate via Admin Plane
• All routing apps run in LR Plane.
• Can not communicate with processes outside their LR.
R P
R P
D R P
D R P
F A N
F A N
D R P
D R P
SDR-A
SDR-C
Control Plane Separation -> Data Plane Separation -> No inter-SDR communication (apart some exceptions) -> Simple ->fault isolation
SDR-B
D R P
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Agenda
Under the Covers/Behind the Scenes
Quickly over the hardware
Installing the Software
Making it go
Making it go…faster!
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ASR 9K Chassis Overview
ASR 9001 (Ironman) ASR 9006 ASR 9010 ASR 9922 (Megatron)
Max Capacity (bi-
directional) 120Gbps
440G/slot 4 I/O slots
440G/slot 8 I/O slots
1.2T/slot 20 I/O slot
Size 2RU 10RU 21RU 44RU
Max Power 750W 6KW 9KW 24KW
Air Flow Side to side Side to back Front to back Front to back
FCS Shipping Shipping Shipping Shipping
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Cisco Confidential 30 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Fabric Complex
Punt FPGA
Arbitration
Crossbar Fabric ASIC
Arbitration Fabric Interface
Crossbar Fabric ASIC
Front Panel CPU Complex
CPU
4/8GB MEM
I/O FPGA
HDD
Mgt Eth
CF card
Console
NVRAM Boot Flash
EOBC/ Internal GE switch
Ether Switch
Timing Domain
Clock Time FPGA
BITS
4G CF
Mgt Eth
Aux
Alarm
RSP Engine Architecture
Cluster ports plug in here
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NP0 PHY
NP2 PHY
NP3 PHY
NP1 PHY
FIA0
CPU
B0
B1
RSP 3 Switch Fabric
Switch Fabric
RSP0
Switch Fabric
RSP1
A9K-4T
4x23G
Line Card Architecture Overview
Trid
ent L
ine c
ard
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NP0 PHY
NP2 PHY
NP3 PHY
NP1 PHY
FIA0
CPU
B0
B1
3x 10G 3x10GE SFP +
3x10GE SFP +
NP0
NP1 3x 10G
3x 10G 3x10GE SFP +
3x10GE SFP +
NP2
NP3 3x 10G
3x 10G 3x10GE SFP +
3x10GE SFP +
NP4
NP5 3x 10G
3x 10G 3x10GE SFP +
3x10GE SFP +
NP6
NP7 3x 10G FIA3
FIA2
FIA1
FIA0
Sw
itch F
ab
ric
AS
IC
CPU
RSP 3 Switch Fabric
Switch Fabric
RSP0
Switch Fabric
RSP1
A9K-4T
A9K-24x10G
8x55G
4x23G
Line Card Architecture Overview
Trid
ent L
ine c
ard
Typhoon L
ine c
ard
32
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Cisco Confidential 33 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Fabric Overview
• Physically separated from LC, Resides on RSP
• Logically separated from LC and RSP
• All fabric ASICs run in active mode regardless of RSP Redundancy status
• Extra fabric bandwidth and instant fabric switch over
• If the FAB has been previously initiated then even with RP in rommon FABRIC IS ACTIVE!
33
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Cisco Confidential 34 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Fabric Arbitration and Redundancy
• Access to fabric controlled using central arbitration.
• One Arbitration ASIC (Arbiter) per RSP
• Both Arbiters work in parallel – both answer to requests to transmit
• FIAs follow active Arbiter, and switch to backup if needed
• Arbiter switchover controlled by low level hardware signalling
34
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Cisco Confidential 35 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Fabric Super-framing Mechanism
• Multiple unicast frames from/to same destinations aggregated into one super frame
• Super frame is created if there are frames waiting in the queue, up to 32 frames or when min threshold met, can be aggregated into one super frame
• Super frame only apply to unicast, not multicast
• Super-framing significantly improves total fabric throughput
Packet 1 Jumbo
Packet 1 No super-framing
Packet 1 Max reached Packet 3
Packet 1 Min reached Packet 2
Packet 2
35
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Cisco Confidential 36 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Multicast Optimization
• MGID - Multicast Group Identifier
• Unique ID assigned to a multicast group
• Used by FIA/Bridge to determine replication requirements per multicast group
• Multicast traffic is replicated on a hop-by-hop basis
• Other details outside our scope for this evening
36
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Cisco Confidential 37 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Agenda
Under the Covers/Behind the Scenes
Quickly over the hardware
Installing the Software
Making it go
Making it go…faster!
37
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Cisco Confidential 38 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Software Install Terminology
• Software does not use old Cisco IOS terminology
• Broken down into PIEs, Packages, SMUs
• Only the mini package is required
Mini?
PIE? SMU? Package?
38
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Cisco Confidential 39 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Software Maintenance Upgrade – SMU
• Provides timely temporary point fixes for urgent issues for a given package version
• Fix integrated into the subsequent IOS XR maintenance release.
• Implementation changes only. No interface changes (no changes to CLI, APIs, IPC etc.) or new feature content
• Ideally not traffic impacting (Hitless, non traffic impacting)
• SMU is named by release and bug ID - Examples - hfr-rout-3.2.2.CSCei63263.pie
SMU? 39
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Cisco Confidential 40 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
PIE: Package Installation Envelope
• PIEs are a delivery mechanism for packages
• Used to deliver
• Major release – New functionality (3.8, 3.9, 4.0..)
• Maintenance release – SW fixes (3.8.1, 3.8.2….)
• SMU – Fix for a specific bug
• Includes authentication info
• Installed from IOS XR admin mode
40
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Cisco Confidential 41 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
PIE Installation Concepts
• PIE install used once system is operational • Packages can be added or upgraded • System performs sanity checks • 3 phase install • Add – Copy package and unpack • Activate – Restart processes/nodes with new code • Commit – Lock activated packages through reload
• The mini does not have the following functionality: • MPLS, Multicast, Security & Manageability through XML/CWI
• PIEs are installed from Admin mode • Following actions can be performed on PIEs: • Add / Remove • Activate / De-activate
41
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Cisco Confidential 42 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
PIE Installation Process
• admin install add tftp://172.21.116.8/c12k-mcast.pie-3.2.85.3I
• Copies Image to Disk, Verifies, and Unpacks
• admin install activate disk0:c12k-mcast-3.2.85
• Begins Executing New Software
• admin install commit
• Locks In Activated Software Across Reload
• admin install deactivate disk0:c12k-rp-mgbl-3.2.85
• Deactivates package
• Package features no longer available
• Package still installed
• Package can be reactivated
42
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Cisco Confidential 43 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Agenda
Under the Covers/Behind the Scenes
Quickly over the hardware
Installing the Software
Making it go
Making it go…faster!
43
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Cisco Confidential 44 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
New User Modes
44
• IOS Modes
• User, Exec, Config
• IOS XR Modes
• Exec, Config, Admin
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:b4-ebh-9010-04#admin
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:b4-ebh-9010-04(admin)#
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:b4-ebh-9010-04(admin)#conf t
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:b4-ebh-9010-04(admin-config)#
• Where “sensitive” configuration goes
• AAA, usernames, fabric, environment, diagnostics, HW
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Cisco Confidential 45 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS-XR and IOS Config Differences
IOS-XR
Configuration changes do NOT take place after <CR>
Configuration changes must be ‘committed’ before they take effect
Allows you to verify your configuration before applying it
Two stage configuration model
Configuration rollback
Provision to pre-configure
New config plane – Admin mode
Feature centric
IOS
Configurations take place immediately after <CR>
No commit
No verification required
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Interface centric
45
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Cisco Confidential 46 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS-XR and IOS Config Differences
• IOS-XR configuration is held in binary form which is quicker to parse and process
• ‘show running-configuration’ is just an ASCII representation of the binary data extracted from all nodes in the system
• No concept of a startup config
• If one copies the running to “startup”, a backup config with the name “startup” is created
• Running or “active” config can not be modified directly.
• Instead, user config first enters a staging area (first stage)
• Must be explicitly promoted to be part of active config (second stage).
46
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Cisco Confidential 47 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS-XR CLI: New CLI Format
• New CLI reflects the HW position in the system
• Introduces the Hierarchical location scheme
• Each linecard has three-level identification: Shelf/Slot/CPU#
• Interfaces have the Shelf/Slot/Bay/Interface scheme
• CRS-1 can scale 72 linecard chassis with a potential of 1296 linecard & RP slots
• Location identifiers use R/S/M/I (R/S/M/P) format
• R = Rack (applicable in multi-chassis systems)
• S = Slot (physical slot the module is in)
• M = module (0 for ‘fixed’ PLIMs, n for SPAs)
• I = Interface (or P for Port)
• Protocol referenced by address family type – v4/v6
• Backward compatible command-set with IOS
47
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Cisco Confidential 48 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS-XR CLI: New CLI Format
RP/0/0/CPU0:Router-1#show ipv4 interface brief
Interface IP-Address Status Protocol
MgmtEth0/0/CPU0/0 10.23.1.69 Up Up
MgmtEth0/0/CPU0/1 unassigned Shutdown Down
MgmtEth0/0/CPU0/2 unassigned Shutdown Down
GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0 100.12.1.1 Up Up
48
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Cisco Confidential 49 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS XR – Curing fear of commitment
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04#show run int TenGigE0/0/0/7
Mon Mar 31 22:45:04.711 EDT
interface TenGigE0/0/0/7
shutdown
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04#term mon
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04#conf ?
exclusive Configure exclusively from this terminal
terminal Configure from the terminal
<cr>
49
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Cisco Confidential 50 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS XR – Curing fear of commitment
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04#conf t
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config)#interface TenGigE0/0/0/7
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#ip address ?
^
% Invalid input detected at '^' marker.
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#ipv4 address 1.1.1.1?
A.B.C.D/prefix
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#ipv4 address 1.1.1.1/31
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#show config
Building configuration...
!! IOS XR Configuration 4.2.1
interface TenGigE0/0/0/7
ipv4 address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.254
!
end
Hint: ipv4 netmask-format bit-count
50
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Cisco Confidential 51 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS XR – Curing fear of commitment
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#show run int te 0/0/0/7
Mon Mar 31 22:50:09.901 EDT
interface TenGigE0/0/0/7
shutdown
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#show config
Building configuration...
!! IOS XR Configuration 4.2.1
interface TenGigE0/0/0/7
ipv4 address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.254
!
end
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#no shut
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#show config
Building configuration...
!! IOS XR Configuration 4.2.1
interface TenGigE0/0/0/7
ipv4 address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.254
no shutdown
What’s missing?
Do!
51
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Cisco Confidential 52 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS XR – Curing fear of commitment
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#commit ?
best-effort Commit the configuration changes via best-effort operation
comment Assign a comment to this commit
confirmed Rollback this commit unless there is a confirming commit
force Override the memory checks
label Assign a label to this commit
replace Replace the contents of running configuration
save-running Save running configuration to a file
<cr> Commit the configuration changes to running
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#commit
LC/0/0/CPU0:Mar 31 22:53:19.074 EDT: ifmgr[199]: %PKT_INFRA-LINK-3-UPDOWN : Interface
TenGigE0/0/0/7, changed state to Down
LC/0/0/CPU0:Mar 31 22:53:19.074 EDT: ifmgr[199]: %PKT_INFRA-LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN : Line
protocol on Interface TenGigE0/0/0/7, changed state to Down
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:Mar 31 22:53:19.394 EDT: config[65898]: %MGBL-CONFIG-6-DB_COMMIT :
Configuration committed by user 'chrisw3'. Use 'show configuration commit changes
1000000143' to view the changes.
RGE
52
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Cisco Confidential 53 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS XR – Curing fear of commitment
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#show config
Building configuration...
!! IOS XR Configuration 4.2.1
end
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#show run int te 0/0/0/7
interface TenGigE0/0/0/7
ipv4 address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.254
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#show config commit changes last 1
Building configuration...
!! IOS XR Configuration 4.2.1
interface TenGigE0/0/0/7
ipv4 address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.254
no shutdown
53
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Cisco Confidential 54 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS XR – Curing fear of commitment
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config)#load commit changes last 1
Building configuration...
Loading.
113 bytes parsed in 1 sec (112)bytes/sec
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config)#sho config
Mon Mar 31 22:57:44.671 EDT
Building configuration...
!! IOS XR Configuration 4.2.1
interface TenGigE0/0/0/7
ipv4 address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.254
no shutdown
!
end
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config)#abort
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:Mar 31 22:58:44.933 EDT: config[65898]: %MGBL-SYS-5-CONFIG_I : Configured
from console by chrisw3 on vty2 (9.0.1.88)
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04#
54
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Cisco Confidential 55 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS XR – Curing fear of commitment
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04#show config commit list
Tue Apr 1 23:16:26.666 EDT
SNo. Label/ID User Line Client Time Stamp
~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~
1 1000000147 cisco vty0:node0_RSP0_CP CLI Tue Apr 1 14:05:46 2014
2 1000000146 cisco vty0:node0_RSP0_CP CLI Tue Apr 1 13:56:48 2014
3 1000000145 cisco vty0:node0_RSP0_CP CLI Tue Apr 1 13:38:33 2014
4 1000000144 chrisw3 vty2:node0_RSP0_CP Rollback Mon Mar 31 23:02:44 2014
5 1000000143 chrisw3 vty2:node0_RSP0_CP CLI Mon Mar 31 22:53:19 2014
6 1000000142 cisco vty0:node0_RSP0_CP CLI Mon Mar 31 22:01:48 2014
7 1000000141 cisco vty0:node0_RSP0_CP CLI Mon Mar 31 21:46:34 2014
8 1000000140 cisco vty0:node0_RSP0_CP CLI Mon Mar 31 21:45:45 2014
9 1000000139 cisco vty0:node0_RSP0_CP CLI Thu Mar 27 11:56:39 2014
10 1000000138 cisco vty0:node0_RSP0_CP CLI Thu Mar 27 11:54:38 2014
11 1000000137 cisco vty0:node0_RSP0_CP CLI Wed Mar 26 22:36:52 2014
<snip>
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Cisco Confidential 56 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS XR – Curing fear of commitment
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04#show configuration rollback changes last 1
Building configuration...
!! IOS XR Configuration 4.2.1
interface TenGigE0/0/0/7
no ipv4 address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.254
shutdown
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04#rollback configuration last 1
Loading Rollback Changes.
Loaded Rollback Changes in 1 sec
Committing.LC/0/0/CPU0:Mar 31 23:02:44.219 EDT: ifmgr[199]: %PKT_INFRA-LINK-5-CHANGED :
Interface TenGigE0/0/0/7, changed state to Administratively Down
2 items committed in 1 sec (1)items/sec
Updating.RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:Mar 31 23:02:45.348 EDT: config_rollback[65601]: %MGBL-CONFIG-6-
DB_COMMIT : Configuration committed by user 'chrisw3'. Use 'show configuration commit
changes 1000000144' to view the changes.
Updated Commit database in 1 sec
Configuration successfully rolled back 1 commits.
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Config Change Active Config
Configuration Database
Second Stage First Stage
Commit
Config Change Active Config +
user
= Target Config
User establishes config session
Adds/deletes/modifies configuration;
these changes:
• Are entered in the staging area
• Are validated for syntax & authorized
• Can be reviewed and modified
Promotes the changes to active
configuration; these changes:
• Are verified for semantic
correctness
• Are check-pointed
on the router
IOS-XR CLI: Two Stage Config Model
CLI
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Cisco Confidential 58 © 2013-2014 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IOS XR – Failure to Commit
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04#conf t
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config)#interface te 0/0/0/7 l2transport
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if-l2)#exit
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#ipv4 address 1.1.1.1/31
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#show config
Building configuration...
!! IOS XR Configuration 4.2.1
interface TenGigE0/0/0/7
ipv4 address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.254
l2transport
!
!
end
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:9010-04(config-if)#commit
% Failed to commit one or more configuration items during a pseudo-atomic operation. All
changes made have been reverted. Please issue 'show configuration failed' from this
session to view the errors
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IOS XR – Failure to Commit
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:b4-ebh-9010-04(config-if)#show config fail
Mon Mar 31 23:14:09.478 EDT
!! SEMANTIC ERRORS: This configuration was rejected by
!! the system due to semantic errors. The individual
!! errors with each failed configuration command can be
!! found below.
interface TenGigE0/0/0/7
l2transport
!!% Subsystem(2599), Code(11): cerrno 0x45139600: Cannot configure an interface as L2 when
L3 configuration exists
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Agenda
Under the Covers/Behind the Scenes
Quickly over the hardware
Installing the Software
Making it go
Making it go…faster!
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OSPF Configuration and CLI Comparison
router ospf 99
router-id 1.1.1.1
log-adjacency-changes
network 201.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
!
Interface Gigabitethernet2/0/0
ip address 201.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
ip ospf cost 20
IOS
router ospf 99
router-id 1.1.1.1
area 0
interface GigabitEthernet0/2/0/0
cost 20
!
interface FastEthernet0/6/2/0
cost 20
IOS XR
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OSPF Configuration and CLI Comparison
router ospf 1
router-id 192.168.11.2
bfd minimum-interval 100
bfd fast-detect
bfd multiplier 3
authentication message-digest
message-digest-key 1 md5 encrypted 104D000A0618
network point-to-point
passive enable
area 0.0.0.0
interface Bundle-Ether4000.4001
passive disable
!
area 10.4.124.0
authentication null
interface GigabitEthernet0/6/0/0.1260
passive disable
mtu-ignore enable
!
interface Multilink0/4/0/0/222641
passive disable
mtu-ignore enable
Items at the top apply to all configurations below
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OSPF Configuration and CLI Comparison
router ospf 1
router-id 192.168.11.2
bfd minimum-interval 100
bfd fast-detect
bfd multiplier 3
authentication message-digest
message-digest-key 1 md5 encrypted 104D000A0618
network point-to-point
passive enable
area 0.0.0.0
interface Bundle-Ether4000.4001
passive disable
!
area 10.4.124.0
authentication null
interface GigabitEthernet0/6/0/0.1260
passive disable
mtu-ignore enable
!
interface Multilink0/4/0/0/222641
passive disable
mtu-ignore enable
Individual interfaces inherit all above properties, except when defined
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OSPF Configuration and CLI Comparison
router ospf 1
router-id 192.168.11.2
bfd minimum-interval 100
bfd fast-detect
bfd multiplier 3
authentication message-digest
message-digest-key 1 md5 encrypted 104D000A0618
network point-to-point
passive enable
area 0.0.0.0
interface Bundle-Ether4000.4001
passive disable
!
area 10.4.124.0
authentication null
interface GigabitEthernet0/6/0/0.1260
passive disable
mtu-ignore enable
!
interface Multilink0/4/0/0/222641
passive disable
mtu-ignore enable
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OSPF Configuration and CLI Comparison
router ospf 1
router-id 192.168.11.2
bfd minimum-interval 100
bfd fast-detect
bfd multiplier 3
authentication message-digest
message-digest-key 1 md5 encrypted 104D000A0618
network point-to-point
passive enable
area 0.0.0.0
interface Bundle-Ether4000.4001
passive disable
!
area 10.4.124.0
authentication null
interface GigabitEthernet0/6/0/0.1260
passive disable
mtu-ignore enable
!
interface Multilink0/4/0/0/222641
passive disable
mtu-ignore enable
Configurations can be nested within subsections
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OSPF Configuration and CLI Comparison
router ospf 1
router-id 192.168.11.2
bfd minimum-interval 100
bfd fast-detect
bfd multiplier 3
authentication message-digest
message-digest-key 1 md5 encrypted 104D000A0618
network point-to-point
passive enable
area 0.0.0.0
interface Bundle-Ether4000.4001
passive disable
!
area 10.4.124.0
authentication null
interface GigabitEthernet0/6/0/0.1260
passive disable
mtu-ignore enable
!
interface Multilink0/4/0/0/222641
passive disable
mtu-ignore enable
17 lines of IOS XR
Would require over 30 lines in IOS
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BGP Configuration and CLI Comparison
router bgp 300
no bgp default ipv4-unicast
bgp log-neighbor-changes
neighbor 1.1.1.1 remote-as 400
neighbor 1.1.1.1 update-source
Loopback0
!
address-family ipv4
neighbor 1.1.1.1 activate
no auto-summary
no synchronization
IOS
router bgp 300
bgp router-id 2.2.2.2
address-family ipv4 unicast
!
neighbor 1.1.1.2
remote-as 400
address-family ipv4 unicast
route-policy policy in
route-policy policy out
IOS XR
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BGP: Show Commands
RP/0/1/CPU0:Router-5# sh bgp ipv4 unicast summary
BGP router identifier 2.2.2.2, local AS number 300
BGP generic scan interval 60 secs
BGP table state: Active
BGP main routing table version 101
BGP scan interval 60 secs
BGP is operating in STANDALONE mode.
Process RecvTblVer bRIB/RIB LabelVer ImportVer SendTblVer
Speaker 101 101 101 101 101
Neighbor Spk AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down St/PfxRcd
192.1.1.2 0 400 2451 2453 101 0 0 00:24:33 100
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BGP Timers
RP/0/2/CPU0:PE1#show bgp neighbor 20.20.1.2
BGP neighbor is 20.20.1.2
Remote AS 10, local AS 65518, external link
Remote router ID 28.28.28.1
BGP state = Established, up for 00:00:20
Last read 00:00:20, hold time is 180, keepalive interval is 60 seconds
<snip>
Sent 3 messages, 0 notifications, 0 in queue
Minimum time between advertisement runs is 30 seconds
Minimum time between advertisement runs is 0 seconds
For Address Family: IPv4 Unicast
BGP neighbor version 1
Update group: 0.2
eBGP neighbor with no inbound or outbound policy; defaults to 'drop'
IOS Default iBGP Adv: 5,1,0
eBGP Adv: 30 Sec
IOS-XR eBGP Adv.: 30Sec IOS-XR iBGP Adv.: 0 Sec
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Hmmm- No BGP Routes!!
RP/0/2/CPU0:PE1#show bgp summary
BGP router identifier 10.0.0.1, local AS number 65518
<snip>
Neighbor Spk AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down St/PfxRcd
10.0.0.10 0 65518 1397 1376 1 0 0 22:46:55 0
10.0.0.11 0 65518 1397 1376 1 0 0 22:46:54 0
20.20.1.2 0 10 5 3 1 0 0 00:00:11 0
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Hmmm- No BGP Routes!!
RP/0/2/CPU0:PE1#
RP/0/2/CPU0:Jul 5 17:28:13.829 : bgp[123]: %ROUTING-BGP-5-ADJCHANGE : neighbor 20.20.1.2 Up
RP/0/2/CPU0:Jul 5 17:28:13.829 : bgp[123]: %ROUTING-BGP-4-NBR_NOPOLICY : No inbound IPv4 Unicast policy is configured for eBGP neighbor 20.20.1.2. No IPv4 Unicast prefixes will be accepted from the neighbor until inbound policy is configured.
RP/0/2/CPU0:Jul 5 17:28:13.829 : bgp[123]: %ROUTING-BGP-4-NBR_NOPOLICY : No outbound IPv4 Unicast policy is configured for eBGP neighbor 20.20.1.2. No IPv4 Unicast prefixes will be sent to the neighbor until outbound policy is configured.
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RPL Motivation and Basic Building Blocks
• Scaling
• Using route-maps could lead to 100k – 1M lines of configuration (e.g. 1000s of BGP peers).
• Modularity
• Exploit modularity to reuse common portions of configuration.
• Parameterization
• For elements which are not exact copies of each other we can add parameterization (think variables) to get further re-use.
• Improved Clarity
• No Silently skipped statements.
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RPL Motivation and Basic Building Blocks
Route Policy Language
Route Policies Policy Sets
Ext. Comm. Sets
Prefix Sets AS Path Sets Community
Sets
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RPL Syntax: General Structure
• RPL is used in 2 steps :
• Define the policy in configuration mode:
route-policy <Policy Name>
statement A
statement B
End-policy
• Use the policy in BGP body:
router bgp 99
neighbor 2.2.2.2 remote-as 1
address-family ipv4 unicast
route-policy <policy Name> in/out
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RPL - Conditional Statements – if and if- then-else
• An “if” statement uses a conditional expression to decide which actions or dispositions should be taken for the given route.
If as-path in as-path-set-1 then
drop
endif
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RPL - Conditional Statements – if and if- then-else
• The “if” statement also permits an “else” clause, which is executed if the expression is false.
if med eq 150 then
set local-preference 10
elseif med eq 200 then
set local-preference 60
else
set local-preference 0
endif
• The statements within an if statement may themselves be if statements
if community matches-
every(12:34,56:78) then
if med eq 8 then
drop
endif
set local-preference 100
endif
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RPL: Boolean Expressions
• Boolean expressions evaluate as either true or false.
• Compound conditions by means of boolean operators: negation (not), conjunction (and), disjunction (or).
if med eq 42 and next-hop in (1.1.1.1) then
if med eq 10 and not destination in (10.1.3.0/24) or community is (56:78)
if med eq 10 and (not destination in (10.1.3.0/24)) or community is (56:78)
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RPL: Hierarchical Policy
route-policy Inner
set weight 100
end-policy
!
route-policy Outer
apply Inner
set community (2:666) additive
end-policy
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What about BGP Graceful Restart- GR?
• Requires software support/upgrade on all routers
• Requires the operators to manually tune various timers—if not correctly determined, GR may not come into effect
• Adds load on the peering routers which could cause instability
• NSF procedures add CPU load on neighbors/protocol peers
• Scalability is limited—extensive post switchover protocol activity (NSF/GR procedures)
• Not all vendors have implemented GR
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Overview of Non-Stop Routing (NSR) Operation
• Process routes from peers and update DB independently
• Active mirrors best-path info before advertising to peers
• Active sends updates to peers
• Active synchronizes the send state information after mapping from the TCP and ACKs
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LSD
BGP
RIB TCP
ACTIVE RP
LSD
BGP
RIB TCP
STANDBY RP
route DB route DB
Overview of Non-Stop Routing (NSR) Operation
1. Process routes from peers and update DB
1. Process routes from peers and update DB
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LSD
BGP
RIB TCP
ACTIVE RP
LSD
BGP
RIB TCP
STANDBY RP
route DB route DB
Overview of Non-Stop Routing (NSR) Operation
2. Active mirrors best-path info before advertising to peers
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3. Active sends updates to peers
LSD
BGP
RIB TCP
ACTIVE RP
LSD
BGP
RIB TCP
STANDBY RP
route DB route DB
Overview of Non-Stop Routing (NSR) Operation
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LSD
BGP
RIB TCP
ACTIVE RP
LSD
BGP
RIB TCP
STANDBY RP
route DB route DB
Overview of Non-Stop Routing (NSR) Operation
4. Active synchronizes the send state information after mapping from the TCP and ACKs
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Overview of Non-Stop Routing (NSR) Operation
• Unlike Graceful Restart (GR)
• NSR is a self-contained solution
• Maintains the routing topology across HA events
• TCP Connection/Protocol Session Migration
• Migrates from active RP to standby RP
• Protocol Peers unaware of the switchover
• Does not depend on any protocol extensions
• Relies on forwarding-plane’s NSF capability
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Overview of Non-Stop Routing (NSR) Operation
• Restart Hidden from Neighbors/Protocol Peers/Rest of Network
• Unaware that an OSPF/LDP/BGP process went through a restart
• Minimal LSA/Route information re-flooded during NSR recovery
• Overall CPU usage greatly reduced during NSR recovery
• Improves reliability of the overall system
89
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NSR Configuration and Verification
RP/0/0/CPU0:R2#show running-config router bgp
router bgp 1
nsr
bgp router-id 3.3.3.3
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NSR Configuration and Verification
RP/0/0/CPU0:R2#show bgp summary
BGP router identifier 3.3.3.3, local AS number 1
BGP generic scan interval 60 secs
BGP table state: Active
Table ID: 0xe0000000
BGP main routing table version 561
BGP scan interval 60 secs
BGP is operating in STANDALONE mode.
Process RecvTblVerbRIB/RIB LabelVer ImportVer SendTblVer StandbyVer
Speaker 561 561 561 561 561 561
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Multicast Routing Information Base (MRIB)
• A centralized database of mroutes and attributes
• A communication medium between protocols and forwarding, e.g.,
• IGMP and PIM
• MSDP and PIM
• PIM and MFIB (Multicast forwarding Information Base)
• Does not contain internal protocol state, e.g., PIM timers
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Cisco IOS vs IOS XR Multicast
ip multicast-routing distributed
ip pim rp-address A.B.C.D
Int pos2/0/0
ip igmp version 3
ip pim sparse-mode
Pos5/1/0
IOS
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Cisco IOS vs IOS XR Multicast
multicast-routing address-family ipv4
interface POS0/2/0/0
enable
!
router igmp
interface POS0/2/0/0
version 3
!
router pim address-family ipv4
rp-address A.B.C.D
interface POS0/2/0/0
IOS XR
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Process Management
• Basic command
• show process
• Process restart-ability
• process restart <process name | number> <option>
• Monitor commands:
• monitor processes
• monitor threads (or top)
• Troubleshooting commands:
• show exception, exception
• dumpcore
• show context, clear context
• process core
• follow process 96
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Show Process Command
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:equinox# show process snmpd
Job Id: 288
PID: 143532
Executable path: /disk0/hfr-base-3.2.85/bin/snmpd
Instance #: 1
Version ID: 00.00.0000
Respawn: ON
Respawn count: 1
Max. spawns per minute: 12
Last started: Mon May 9 15:32:22 2005
Process state: Run
Package state: Normal
Started on config: cfg/gl/snmp/admin/community/ww
core: TEXT SHAREDMEM MAINMEM
Max. core: 0
startup_path: /pkg/startup/snmpd.startup
Ready: 11.636s
Process cpu time: 45.821 user, 5.058 kernel, 50.879 total
JID TID Stack pri state HR:MM:SS:MSEC NAME
288 1 96K 10 Condvar 0:00:29:0500 snmpd
288 2 96K 10 Receive 0:00:00:0049 snmpd
SNMP Process contains 8 threads (not shown) which operate under a single JID
Example of a process in normal ‘run’ state
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Monitor Process
233 processes; 788 threads; 4663 channels, 5906 fds
CPU states: 94.8% idle, 4.1% user, 1.0% kernel
Memory: 4096M total, 3599M avail, page size 4K
JID TIDS Chans FDs Tmrs MEM HH:MM:SS CPU NAME
1 26 236 183 1 0 67:18:56 1.06% procnto-600-smp-cisco…
256 5 39 21 4 292K 0:02:44 0.79% packet
69 10 454 9 3 2M 0:33:07 0.62% qnet
331 8 254 21 13 2M 0:15:20 0.52% wdsysmon
55 11 23 15 6 36M 0:31:18 0.50% eth_server
241 12 96 83 13 1M 0:04:54 0.37% netio
171 15 97 44 9 2M 0:03:33 0.12% gsp
JID TIDS Chans FDs Tmrs MEM HH:MM:SS CPU NAME
55 11 23 15 6 36M 0:00:00 0.00% eth_server
155 1 7 18 4 12M 0:00:00 0.00% fgid_server
100 2 11 16 3 11M 0:00:00 0.00% fgid_aggregator
257 8 16 36 3 8M 0:00:00 0.00% parser_server
65554 7 16 3 3 7M 0:00:00 0.00% devb-ata
53 5 237 633 0 4M 0:00:00 0.00% dllmgr
121 11 48 67 19 3M 0:00:00 0.00% bgp
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Monitor Process Command
• Command provide Unix ‘top’ like information
• Automatically updates every 10 seconds
• Can specify the location of the node that you wish to monitor, for example 0/RP0/CPU0 or 0/2/CPU0
• -t sort on CPU time
• -m sort on memory usage
• Similar usage for monitor threads
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Trace Functionality
• Many major functions have ‘trace’ functionality to show the last actions it conducted
• “always-on debug”
• Very useful if you can devote the time to understanding them
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Trace Functionality
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1_1# sh cef trace tailf
4 unique entries (128 possible, 0 filtered)May 19 23:37:04.172
ipv4_fib/ipv4_fib_mgr_unique 0/RP1/CPU0 1# IP-CEF platform creates hash set to TRUE.
May 20 07:04:41.574 ipv4_fib/ipv4_fib_mgr_unique 0/RP1/CPU0 5# IP-CEF-Error: Doesn't own
external adjacency for 1.1.1.100/32 path 0
May 20 07:04:41.574 ipv4_fib/ipv4_fib_mgr_unique 0/RP1/CPU0 5# IP-CEF-Error: Doesn't own
external adjacency for 10.1.2.0/24 path 0
May 20 07:04:41.574 ipv4_fib/ipv4_fib_mgr_unique 0/RP1/CPU0 5# IP-CEF-Error: Doesn't own
external adjacency for 10.1.3.0/24 path 0
102 wrapping entries (10240 possible, 0 filtered, 102 total)
May 19 23:37:04.174 ipv4_fib/ipv4_fib_mgr_low 0/RP1/CPU0 t1 IP-CEF-Event: Spawning CEF
periodic thread
May 19 23:37:04.174 ipv4_fib/ipv4_fib_mgr_low 0/RP1/CPU0 t1 IP-CEF-Event: Spawning CEF
main thread
May 19 23:37:04.199 ipv4_fib/ipv4_fib_mgr_low 0/RP1/CPU0 t3 IP-CEF-EA: Connected to IMP
May 19 23:37:04.207 ipv4_fib/ipv4_fib_mgr_hi 0/RP1/CPU0 t1 IP-CEF-Event: Connected to
netio
May 19 23:37:04.218 ipv4_fib/ipv4_fib_mgr_errors 0/RP1/CPU0 t1 IP-FIB:fib_pfi_if_connect
pfi_ifh_bind failed : 0x434e8c00, 'pfi-ifh' detected the 'warning' condition 'Failed to
contact the IFH server'
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Monitor interface Command
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:CRS1_1# monitor interface all
CRS1_1 Monitor Time: 00:00:55 SysUptime: 16:35:50
Interface Encap Input Output Input Output
pps pps Kbps Kbps
MgmtEth0/RP0/CPU0/0 ARPA 4 0 2 0
MgmtEth0/RP1/CPU0/0 ARPA 4 0 2 0
POS0/4/0/0 HDLC 1230 0 542210 0
POS0/4/0/3 HDLC 0 0 0 0
POS0/4/0/6 PPP 0 0 0 0
POS0/4/0/7 HDLC 0 1230 0 542210
Quit='q', Freeze='f', Thaw='t', Clear='c', Next set='n', Prev set='p'
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Online Manuals: man
• Integrated commands reference with various search options:
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:ios#man keyword mpls
Following Commands Matched for 'mpls'
FEATURE COMMAND is-is mpls traffic-eng is-is mpls traffic-eng router-id (is-is) is-is show isis mpls traffic-eng adjacency-log is-is show isis mpls traffic-eng advertisements is-is show isis mpls traffic-eng tunnel ospf mpls traffic-eng area (ospf) ospf mpls traffic-eng router-id (ospf) ospf show ospf mpls traffic-eng quality-of-service match mpls experimental topmost quality-of-service set mpls experimental topmost
RP/0/RP1/CPU0:ios#man command show cef ipv4
COMMAND
show cef ipv4
DESCRIPTION
To display the IPv4 Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) table, use the show cef ipv4 command in EXEC mode.
show cef ipv4 [prefix [mask] | type instance] [detail] [location node-id]
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Expanded Pipe Capabilities
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:b4-ebh-9010-04#show run | ?
begin Begin with the line that matches
exclude Exclude lines that match
file Save the configuration
include Include lines that match
utility A set of common unix utilities
<cr> Shows current operating configuration
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:b4-ebh-9010-04#show run | include ospf | ?
begin Begin with the line that matches
exclude Exclude lines that match
file Save the configuration
include Include lines that match
utility A set of common unix utilities
<cr> Shows current operating configuration
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Regex Capabilities
• Must use “ “
• To interpret literal characters, use \\
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:b4-ebh-9010-04#show ipv4 interface brief | exclude “un|Mu|/.\\.|/..\\.”
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Util-lay-hee-hoo
RP/0/RSP0/CPU0:b4-ebh-9010-04#show run | utility ?
cut Cut out selected fields of each line of a file
egrep Extended regular expression grep
fgrep Fixed string expression grep
head Show set of lines/characters from the top of a file
less Fixed string pattern matching
more Paging Utility More
script Launch a script for post processing
sort Sort, merge, or sequence-check text files
tail Copy the last part of files
uniq Report or filter out repeated lines in a file
wc Counting lines/words/characters of a file
xargs Construct argument list(s) and invoke a program
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Special Thanks to…
• DFW Cisco Users Group
• Xander Thuijs
• Principle Engineer, ASR9000
• https://supportforums.cisco.com/users/xthuijs?view=profile
• Mukhtiar Shaikh
• Beau Williamson
• Proof Reader
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Acronyms
• SDR – Secure Domain Router
• RPL – Route Policy Language
• SMU – Software Maintenance Unit
• LPTS – Local Packet Transport Protocol
• IMDB – In Memory Data Base
• DRP – Distributed Route Processor
• AIB – Adjacency Information Base
• IDB – Interface Data base
• ISSU – In Service Software Upgrade
• IFIB – Internal Forwarding Information Base
• pIFIB- Pre-IFIB
• PIE – Package Installation Envelope
• IPFRR - IP Fast Reroute
• LFA – Loop Free Alternate
• NSR – Non- Stop Forwarding
• BCDL- Bulk Content Downloader
• dSDRSC – Designated SDR Shelf Controller
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Announcing the New IOS XR Specialist Certification!
• Is there a training course I can take?
• Yes! There is a New course: Implementing and Maintaining Cisco Technologies Using IOS XR (IMTXR)
• https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/community/certifications/service_provider/ios_xr_specialist
• The IOS XR Specialist Certification exam number is 644-906.
• How can I get access to IOS XR to prepare?
• Customer & Partners: Cisco Learning Labs
• Partners: SE Gold Labs
• Is there a Cisco Press book?
• Yes! IOS XR Fundamentals (ISBN-10: 1-58705-271-7)
109
Please spread the word about
this new Cisco Specialist
Certification!
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