Download - Introduction to Ecology
![Page 1: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Introduction to EcologyChapter 18
![Page 2: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
EcologySection 18.1
![Page 3: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Definition:
• The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment
• Interdependence of organisms and their environment
![Page 4: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Levels of Organization
1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystem
3. Community
4. Population
5. Organism
![Page 5: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Biosphere
• The Earth & the atmosphere
• “Thin film of life covering a lifeless planet”
![Page 6: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ecosystem•All organisms & nonliving environment in a given place
–Organisms + water, pH, minerals, etc.
![Page 7: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Community
• All of the organisms in an ecosystem– Living things only!
![Page 8: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Population
• All the members of ONE species living in one place at one time
![Page 9: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Organism
• ONE member of ONE species living in one place at one time
![Page 10: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ecology of OrganismsSection 18.2
![Page 11: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Habitat
• Where organisms live
• Contains abiotic and biotic factors– Abiotic: nonliving components
• Ex) sunlight, water, soil
– Biotic: living components• Ex) plants, animals, predators
![Page 12: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Tolerance Range
• The range of abiotic conditions where the organism can still perform all activities for life
![Page 13: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Acclimation•When an organism adjusts its tolerance to an abiotic factor
•Ex) Moving from room to room with different temperatures
![Page 14: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Control of Internal Conditions
• Conformers: organisms that DO NOT regulate their internal environment– “cold blooded”
• Regulators: organisms that DO regulate their internal environment– “warm blooded”
![Page 15: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Escape from the Habitat
• Dormancy: a state of reduced activity for the organism– Hibernation
• Migration: movement of organism to a favorable habitat– Immigration: movement into a
habitat– Emigration: movement out of a
habitat
![Page 16: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Niche
• The way of life for a species
• The role the species plays on its environment
![Page 17: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Niche includes:
• Tolerable conditions for organism• Methods to obtain resources• Number of offspring per year• Time of reproduction• Any other interactions with the
environment
• ETC.
![Page 18: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
2 Types of Niches
• Fundamental Niche: the range of conditions a species could POTENTIALLY tolerate and the range of resources it could POTENTIALLY use.
• Realized Niche: the range of conditions and resources the species ACTUALLY tolerates and uses.
![Page 19: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Questions:
• Which niche is larger?
• Why?
![Page 20: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Niche Differences
• A species’ niche can change within its lifespan
• Generalist: species with a broad niche
• Specialist: species with a narrow niche
Specialist
Generalist
![Page 21: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Question:•Which type can adapt to a changing environment better?
–Generalist or specialist?
•Why?
![Page 22: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
18-3 Energy Transfer
EnergyWhy do organisms need energy?
Maintain HOMEOSTASIS, growth, reproduction, etc.
How does energy affect an ecosystem?Determines how many and what
kind of organisms live in an ecosystem.
![Page 23: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Energy Flow:• The sun is the ultimate source of
energy
• The PRODUCERS use this energy to make “food” energy for themselves and for the CONSUMERS
![Page 24: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Trophic LevelsThe organism’s position in the sequence of energy transfers.
A.K.A. Trophic Level is a group of organisms whose feeding source is the same number of steps from the Sun.
![Page 25: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Common Trophic Levels:•First = Producers (Autotrophs)
–LARGEST
•Second = Herbivores (Heterotrophs, Consumers)
•Third and above = All other consumers (Heterotrophs, Omnivores, Carnivores, Decomposers)
–SMALLEST
![Page 26: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• Omnivores (Humans)– Eat Plants & Animals
• Detritivores (Scavengers)– Feed On Dead Plant & Animal
Remains (buzzards)• Decomposers
– Fungi & Bacteria
![Page 27: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ConsumersHeterotrophs eat other organisms
to obtain energy. (e.g. animals)• Herbivores
– Eat Only Plants• Carnivores
– Eat Only Other Animals
![Page 28: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Energy Gain by Trophic Levels:• At each trophic level, the energy stored in an
organism is about 1/10 that of the level below it (10%).
![Page 29: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Implications on the ecosystem: Because energy diminishes at each
successive trophic level, few ecosystems can contain more than 4 or 5 trophic levels.
Organisms at higher levels (large carnivores) tend to be fewer in number than those at lower levels (producers).
![Page 31: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Food Chain• A single pathway of feeding (and
energy transfer) relationships among organisms in an ecosystem.
![Page 32: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Ex) Food chain
![Page 33: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Food Web
• A diagram of the interrelated food chains in an ecosystem.
• More accurate description of the ecosystem.
![Page 34: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Can you now answer these questions?1.Contrast between producers and
consumers.2.Explain the important role of
decomposers in an ecosystem.3.Explain why an ecosystem usually
contains only a few trophic levels.4.What is the difference between an
organism’s niche and its habitat?5.List 2 sources that add carbon to the
carbon cycle.
![Page 35: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Energy flows through an ecosystem and nutrients cycle in an ecosystem. Ecosystem Recycling (18.4)
![Page 36: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Water Cycle Steps: EVAPORATION from lakes, rivers, and oceans.
TRANSPIRATION from plants and trees.
CONDENSATION – Cloud Formation
PRECIPITATION – Rain, Snow, Sleet, Hail.
RUN OFF, or
RETURNED back into the Cycle.
Groundwater- water in soil or in underground formations of porous rock.
![Page 37: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Water Cycle
![Page 38: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Carbon Cycle
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Combustion
Death and decomposition
![Page 39: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Human Influences Atmospheric CO2 has risen more than
30% in the past 150 years. Burning of fossil fuels- coal, oil,
and natural gas Burning down the tropical rain
forest
![Page 40: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Fixation: the process of converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into nitrate, its useable form.
![Page 41: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: turn nitrogen gas into a useable form. Located in soil and the roots of some plants.
Ammonification: bacteria decompose dead matter and release the nitrogen they contain as ammonia
Key Terms
So… How do plants and animals get nitrogen?
![Page 42: Introduction to Ecology](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070419/56815d16550346895dcb19c3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Phosphorous Cycle obtained by plants from water and soil, and
animals from the food they eat used to form bones, teeth, and molecules such
as DNA and RNA Source: erosion of rocks into the soil or water,
decomposition of organisms, and fertilizers