INTRODUCTION TO LAW INTRODUCTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICECRIMINAL JUSTICE
Ms. Autumn PettitMs. Autumn Pettit
InstructorInstructor
Section I: The Evolution of Law Enforcement and Section I: The Evolution of Law Enforcement and Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice
A Brief History:A Brief History:
Laws: A body of rules that Laws: A body of rules that govern govern conduct with penalties for conduct with penalties for violationsviolations
Historically, in other countries, the ruler Historically, in other countries, the ruler created the law and enforced it.created the law and enforced it.
In the US laws are not enforced by the In the US laws are not enforced by the creators but by law enforcement officialscreators but by law enforcement officials
Primitive and Ancient LawPrimitive and Ancient Law
Law enforcement can be traced back Law enforcement can be traced back to cave dwellers.to cave dwellers.
Tribes and clansTribes and clans Justice was retaliatory: punish the Justice was retaliatory: punish the
offender.offender. Punishment delivered by victim or Punishment delivered by victim or
victims family.victims family.
Common Punishments:Common Punishments:
FlayingFlaying ImpalementImpalement Burning at stakeBurning at stake StoningStoning BrandingBranding MutilationMutilation Crucifixion Crucifixion
EgyptEgypt Developing Court SystemDeveloping Court System Judges were appointed by PharaohJudges were appointed by Pharaoh Public officers performed police Public officers performed police
functionsfunctionsGreeceGreece
EphoriEphori Investigator, judge, jury & executionerInvestigator, judge, jury & executioner Presided over Senate and AssemblyPresided over Senate and Assembly
RomeRome Twelve TablesTwelve Tables
11stst written laws written laws Urban Cohort, Praetorian GuardUrban Cohort, Praetorian Guard
Used to protect the palace and patrol the cityUsed to protect the palace and patrol the city VigilesVigiles
11stst civilian police force civilian police forceWhere word vigilante was derivedWhere word vigilante was derived
Justinian CodeJustinian CodeCorpus Juris Civilis: Body of LawCorpus Juris Civilis: Body of Law
English Law and Law EnforcementEnglish Law and Law Enforcement
Anglo-Saxons and the Tithing SystemAnglo-Saxons and the Tithing System Tithing systemTithing system
-Group of 10 families-Group of 10 families-Responsible for maintaining order-Responsible for maintaining order-Enforced two laws: Murder & Theft-Enforced two laws: Murder & Theft-Hue & Cry-Hue & Cry
HundredsHundreds-Group of 10 Tithing-Group of 10 Tithing-Top official: reeve-Top official: reeve-Elected a constable, 1-Elected a constable, 1stst English police officer English police officer
Hundreds were consolidated into Shires Hundreds were consolidated into Shires or Countiesor Counties
The head of the shire was the shire-The head of the shire was the shire-reevereeve
-Forerunner to our county sheriff-Forerunner to our county sheriff
-Both police officer and judge-Both police officer and judge
-Power of -Power of posse comitatus posse comitatus (later (later known as posse)known as posse)
Norman Frankpledge SystemNorman Frankpledge System
1066 William the Conqueror invaded 1066 William the Conqueror invaded EnglandEngland
Modified tithing system into Modified tithing system into Frankpledge SystemFrankpledge System
Required loyalty to the king’s law Required loyalty to the king’s law and responsibility of free Englishmen and responsibility of free Englishmen to maintain peaceto maintain peace
Twelfth CenturyTwelfth Century
Henry I: 1100-1135Henry I: 1100-1135 Leges HenriciLeges Henrici
-Made law enforcement a public matter -Made law enforcement a public matter and separated offenses into felonies and and separated offenses into felonies and misdemeanors.misdemeanors.
Henry II: 1154-1198Henry II: 1154-1198
-Established the jury system-Established the jury system
Magna CartaMagna Carta
-Signed by King John-Signed by King John
-Precedent for democratic government-Precedent for democratic government
-Required rulers uphold the law-Required rulers uphold the law
-forbade taxation without representation-forbade taxation without representation
-required due process, including trial by -required due process, including trial by jury, jury, and safeguards against unfair and safeguards against unfair imprisonmentimprisonment
Henry Fielding and the Bow Street Henry Fielding and the Bow Street RunnersRunners
Henry Fielding fought for social and Henry Fielding fought for social and criminal reformcriminal reform
Established the Bow Street RunnersEstablished the Bow Street Runners 11stst detective unit in London detective unit in London Volunteer forceVolunteer force Foot and horse patrolsFoot and horse patrols
Peelian ReformPeelian Reform Sir Robert (Bobbie) PeelSir Robert (Bobbie) Peel ““father of modern policing”father of modern policing” Proposed community responsibility Proposed community responsibility
for preserving law and orderfor preserving law and order Lead to the organization of the Lead to the organization of the
Metropolitan Police of London in Metropolitan Police of London in 18291829
London Metropolitan PoliceLondon Metropolitan Police
““Bobbies”Bobbies” Uniformed Uniformed Primary function was crime Primary function was crime
prevention through patrolprevention through patrol Were not popularWere not popular 1883 appointed two women to 1883 appointed two women to
supervise women convictssupervise women convicts 1905 women conducted inquiries in 1905 women conducted inquiries in
cases involving women and childrencases involving women and children
Early Law Enforcement in the Early Law Enforcement in the United StatesUnited States
BostonBoston16311631
Six man force Six man force
Primary function was to ring bell in case of firePrimary function was to ring bell in case of fire
In effect for more than 200 hundred yearsIn effect for more than 200 hundred years
1735 required to call out time and weather1735 required to call out time and weather
New YorkNew YorkNew AmsterdamNew Amsterdam
1643 “burgher guard” formed to protect 1643 “burgher guard” formed to protect colonycolony
1653 changed to “rattle watch”1653 changed to “rattle watch”
1844 paid round clock police force1844 paid round clock police force
First uniform police forceFirst uniform police force
Slave PatrolsSlave PatrolsEnforce CurfewsEnforce Curfews
Catch runawaysCatch runaways
Suppress rebellionSuppress rebellion
Vigilante MovementVigilante MovementRefers to the absence of law enforcementRefers to the absence of law enforcement
Settlers taking law into their own handsSettlers taking law into their own hands
Federal AgenciesFederal Agencies
Department of JusticeDepartment of Justice FBIFBI FDEAFDEA US MarshalsUS Marshals INS (now Dept of Homeland Security)INS (now Dept of Homeland Security) BOPBOP
Department of TreasuryDepartment of Treasury Bureau of CustomsBureau of Customs IRSIRS Secret Service (Dept of Homeland Secret Service (Dept of Homeland
Security)Security) BATFBATF
Department of Homeland SecurityDepartment of Homeland Security-Created after 9/11-Created after 9/11
-Oversees Secret Service, Bureau of -Oversees Secret Service, Bureau of Customs and Border Protection, Bureau Customs and Border Protection, Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services of Citizenship and Immigration Services (formerly INS), and U.S. Coast Guard.(formerly INS), and U.S. Coast Guard.
State AgenciesState Agencies-State highway patrol-State highway patrol
-Texas Rangers-Texas Rangers County AgenciesCounty Agencies
-Sheriff-Sheriff
-County Police-County Police
-Coroner or Medical Examiner-Coroner or Medical Examiner
Local AgenciesLocal Agencies
-Constable-Constable
-Marshall-Marshall
-Municipal Police-Municipal Police OverlapOverlap
-five levels of government-five levels of government
Three Eras of PolicingThree Eras of Policing
Political Era (1840-1930)Political Era (1840-1930)
-decentralized organization-decentralized organization
-intimate relationship with -intimate relationship with communitycommunity
-foot patrol-foot patrol
-police corruption-police corruption
-Pendleton Act (can not fire or -Pendleton Act (can not fire or promote promote for political reasons)for political reasons)
MinoritiesMinorities
-segregated and discriminated against-segregated and discriminated against WomenWomen
-1883: First police officer: Marie Owen-1883: First police officer: Marie Owen Wickersham CommissionWickersham Commission
-Herbert Hoover-Herbert Hoover
-police brutality-police brutality
-called for higher professional -called for higher professional standardsstandards
Reform or Professional Era (1930-1980)Reform or Professional Era (1930-1980)
-crime control-crime control
-centralized & efficient organization-centralized & efficient organization
-professional remoteness from -professional remoteness from communitycommunity
-motorized patrol-motorized patrol
-emphasized importance of college -emphasized importance of college educated officers.educated officers.
Women and MinoritiesWomen and Minorities -Griggs v. Duke Power Company-Griggs v. Duke Power Company
-Equal Employment Opportunity -Equal Employment Opportunity ActAct
Kansas City Preventive Patrol Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment:Experiment:
-Questioned preventative Patrol-Questioned preventative Patrol
Community Era (1980-Present)Community Era (1980-Present)
-Community Support-Community Support
-Professionalism-Professionalism
-Broad range of services-Broad range of services
-Problem solving approach-Problem solving approach
-Proactive-Proactive
Evolution of Our Juvenile Justice Evolution of Our Juvenile Justice SystemSystem
Puritan EmphasisPuritan Emphasis-Children were basically evil-Children were basically evil
-Children who broke the law were dealt -Children who broke the law were dealt with with severelyseverely
-1820’s laws were passed to protect -1820’s laws were passed to protect children children from punishment from punishment associated with associated with criminal criminal lawlaw
-New York’s House of Refuge-New York’s House of Refuge
Juvenile CourtJuvenile Court-1-1stst juvenile court: Cook County Illinois juvenile court: Cook County Illinois
-Regulated treatment and control of -Regulated treatment and control of dependent, neglected and delinquent dependent, neglected and delinquent childrenchildren
-purpose was to save the child -purpose was to save the child