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Introduction to Plantations.Ireland in the early 1500s
•Thick forest & scrub covered the country.
•No roads, only dirt tracks.
•Easier to travel by sea, then across the country.
•Dangerous to travel through an area without the local lords permission.
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How the country was divided:
•King of England was the ‘Lord of Ireland’
•He only controlled an area called ‘The Pale’
•The rest of the country was controlled by Gaelic & Anglo-Norman Lords.
•Anglo-Norman Lords controlled most of the South of Ireland
•Gaelic Lords name began with ‘Mac’ or ‘O’. Do you know why?
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Control outside of the Pale:
Gaelic Lords• Descendants of the Celts.
• The Lord ruled over the ‘Clan’.
• The Lord was elected from the derbhfine, usually their father & grandfather was the Lord before them (this often caused tension!)
• Their title was “The O’Neill” or “The O’Connor”
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The Gaelic way of life:Language & dress
• Spoke Gaelic• Men: o wore knee length tunic /
“léine”o Had long moustache & fringe /
“glib”o Wore an Irish “Mantle”
(English word) / “Brat” (Irish word)
• Women:o Long tunico Irish “Brat”• Both went barefoot.
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The Brehon Laws
• Ancient Gaelic Laws
• The Brehon (judge) administered the laws.
• Brehon court held on a hillside open to everyone.
• Only form of punishment was an ‘éric’ (a fine), to be paid to victims family.
Marriage
• Under the Brehon Law;
• Women kept their own name & property.
• Divorce was allowed.
• Children born outside of wedlock were entitled to a share of the fathers property.
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Cattle & Land• The land was the property of the
whole clan.
• A persons wealth was measured by the amount of cattle they owned.
• Only Freemen owned cattle.
• Peasants & Labourers had few rights, though they were free to work for which ever Lord they wanted to.
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Anglo-Norman Lords:• Descendants of the Normans who arrived during the Middle
Ages (1200s)Remember!!!! These Normans influenced Ireland by
introducing:Norman castles, Norman towns, parliaments, the common law, place
names, farming systems, changing the church.
• They were granted a “title deed” to Irish land by the King of England. (under English law, all land belonged to the King)
When the Lord died his eldest son got all the land & became the new Lord.
The Earl of Kildare: member of Fitzgeralds, ruled in Kildare & Meath.
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• The King of England was technically their ‘Over-Lord’, but the Anglo-Norman Lords were more like the Gaelic people.
They used the Brehon Law They married Gaelic people They adopted Gaelic Customs
• By 1500 the most powerful Anglo-Norman lords were: The Earl of Ormond: ruled the Butlers in Kilkenny & Tipperary The Earl of Desmond: member of Fitzgeralds, ruled in Munster
The Anglo-Norman Lords
were more Gaelic than
English!!
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The People of the Pale:• ‘The Pale’ stretched from
Drogheda to Dalkey, & from Kells to the Irish sea.
• It was controlled by the King of England in 1500.
• Many landowners & merchants lived there.
• These people were also descendants of the Normans, but kept closer ties to England.
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Close ties to Englandwere kept by the peopleof The Pale:
They spoke EnglishKept English customs &
cultureWore English style clothing,
shoes, hats, stockings. Forbidden to wear a
mantle.Always cleanly shaven or
with a full beard (never with a moustache as this was considered a Gaelic.
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The Common Law: English system of law that
was common to all of the King’s subjects.
A common law judge was appointed to travel from place to place to try serious crimes in courthouses.
Serious punishments included beheading, hanging, imprisonment.
Marriage: Under the English common
law system:
Divorce was forbidden.
The wife took the husbands name & he controlled all of their property.
Any child born outside of wedlock couldn’t inherit their fathers property.
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What did the people of the Pale think of the Gaelic & Norman Lords???
• Landowners & merchant hated the Lords from outside of the Pale.
• The Pale was frequently Raided:
Gaelic Lords stole cattle Farmers within the Pale had
to pay ‘black rent’ to Gaelic Lords
• War was common between rival Lords & this disrupted trade in the Pale.
• They called Gaelic Lords “the Irish enemy”
• They called Anglo-Norman Lords “The degenerate English”
• They saw themselves as superior to those outside the Pale.
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Celtic warriors. Can you recognise any of their clothes???