![Page 1: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
IntroductoryPhysics
PHYS101
![Page 2: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Dr RichardH.CyburtOfficeHoursAssistantProfessorofPhysics
Myoffice:402cintheScienceBuilding
Myphone:(304)384-6006
Myemail:[email protected]
Inpersonoremailisthebestwaytogetaholdofme.
TRF9:30-11:00amF12:30-2:00pm
Meetingsmayalsobearrangedatothertimes,byappointment
Checkmyscheduleonmyofficedoor.
PHYS101
![Page 3: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
PHYS101:IntroductoryPhysicsLecture:8:00-9:15am,TRScienceBuilding400Lab1:3:00-4:50pm,FScienceBuilding304
Lab2:1:30-3:20pm,MScienceBuilding304
Lab3:3:30-5:20pm,MScienceBuilding304
Lab20:6:00-7:50pm,MScienceBuilding304
PHYS101
![Page 4: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
MasteringPhysicsOnlineGotoHYPERLINK"http://www.masteringphysics.com."www.masteringphysics.com.◦ UnderRegisterNow,selectStudent.◦ Confirmyouhavetheinformationneeded,thenselectOK!Registernow.
◦ Enteryourinstructor’sCourseID(RCYBURTPHYS101),andchooseContinue.
◦ EnteryourexistingPearsonaccountusername andpassword andselectSignin.◦ YouhaveanaccountifyouhaveeverusedaPearsonMyLab &Masteringproduct,suchasMyMathLab,MyITLab,MySpanishLab,or
MasteringChemistry.
◦ Ifyoudon’thaveanaccount,select Create andcompletetherequiredfields.◦ Selectanaccessoption.◦ Entertheaccesscodethatcamewithyourtextbookorwaspurchasedseparatelyfromthebookstore.
PHYS101
![Page 5: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Midterm3Thursday,Oct278:00-9:15amS400
Chapters8-11,onlywhatwehavecoveredinlecture
ReviewSession:Wednesday,Oct267:00-9:00pmS300
Bringquestions!!!(HW,Lab,EndofChapter,Workbook)
Allowedhalfsheetpaperofformulaandcalculator
PHYS101
![Page 6: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
IntroductoryPhysics
PHYS101
![Page 7: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
PHYS101
DouglasAdamsHitchhiker’sGuidetotheGalaxy
![Page 8: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
You’realreadyknowphysics!Youjustdon’tnecessarilyknowtheterminologyandlanguageweuse!!!
PhysicsofNASCARPhysicsofAngerBirds
PHYS101
![Page 9: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
FrommywifeandtheOEDshiok, int. and adj.[‘ Expressingadmirationorapproval:‘cool!’‘great!’’]
Pronunciation: Brit. /ˈʃiːɒk/, U.S. /ˈʃiɑk/, SingaporeandMalaysianEnglish /ʃok/
Origin:A borrowingfromMalay.Etymon:Malay syok.
Etymology: < Malay syok pleasing,attractive< Persian šoḵ cheerful,spirited,ultimately< Arabic(compare šawq desire,passion).
SingaporeEnglish. A.int. Expressingadmirationorapproval:‘cool!’‘great!’1977 NewNation(Singapore) 26May 19/2 Fantas.Ooh-la-la.Phew-whew.Wowie.Shiok.Jazzy,man.Beaut.
1992 StraitsTimes(Singapore)(Nexis) 15May, English-educatedSingaporeansknowthatthereisanAhKow withinthemdyingtoburstoutwithaproclamative wah shiok man!
1995 StraitsTimes(Singapore)(Nexis) 24Apr., Wah lau,ifgotsuchadictionary,damngood,y'know.Youread,surecanlaugh.Shiok man.
2006 Edge(Malaysia)(Nexis) 2Jan., Goldtaps,goldbathtub,golddinnertable...Wah shiok.
B.adj. 1. Offood,ameal,etc.:delicious,superb.1978 StraitsTimes(Singapore) 8July 16/1(advt.) Helppreservetheessenceof‘shiok’cooking!
PHYS101
![Page 10: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Inclass!!
PHYS101
![Page 11: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Thislecturewillhelpyouunderstand:Temperature,ThermalEnergyandHeatFirstLawofThermodynamicsHeatEnginesHeatPumps,Refrigerators,andAirConditionersEntropyandtheSecondLawofThermodynamicsSystems,EnergyandEntropy
PHYS101
![Page 12: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Section11.3Temperature,ThermalEnergy,andHeat
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 13: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
AnAtomicViewofThermalEnergyandTemperatureThethermalenergyofanidealgasisequaltothetotalkineticenergyofthemovingatomsinthegas.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
[InsertFigure11.8]
![Page 14: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
AnAtomicViewofThermalEnergyandTemperatureHeatingagascausestheatomstomovefaster,increasingthethermalenergyofthegas.
Heatingalsocausesanincreaseintemperature.
Thetemperatureofanidealgasisameasureoftheaveragekineticenergyoftheatomsthatmakeupthegas.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 15: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
QuickCheck11.6
Twocontainersofthesamegas(whichweassumetobeideal)havethefollowingmassesandtemperatures:
Whichboxhasthegaswiththelargestthermalenergy?
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
AB
![Page 16: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
QuickCheck11.6
Twocontainersofthesamegas(whichweassumetobeideal)havethefollowingmassesandtemperatures:
Whichboxhasthegaswiththelargestthermalenergy?
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
AB
![Page 17: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
QuickCheck11.5
Twocontainersofthesamegas(whichweassumetobeideal)havethefollowingmassesandtemperatures:
Whichboxhasthegaswiththelargestaveragekineticenergypermolecule?
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 18: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
QuickCheck11.5
Twocontainersofthesamegas(whichweassumetobeideal)havethefollowingmassesandtemperatures:
Whichboxhasthegaswiththelargestaveragekineticenergypermolecule?
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 19: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
QuickCheck11.10
100Jisaddedtoasampleofidealgasasheat.Thegasthenexpandsagainstapiston,doing70Jofwork.Duringthisprocess
◦ Thetemperatureofthegasincreases.◦ Thetemperatureofthegasdecreases.◦ Thetemperatureofthegasstaysthesame.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 20: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
QuickCheck11.10
100Jisaddedtoasampleofidealgasasheat.Thegasthenexpandsagainstapiston,doing70Jofwork.Duringthisprocess
◦ Thetemperatureofthegasincreases.◦ Thetemperatureofthegasdecreases.◦ Thetemperatureofthegasstaysthesame.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 21: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
QuickCheck11.7
Asteadyforcepushesinthepistonofawell-insulatedcylinder.Inthisprocess,thetemperatureofthegas
◦ Increases.◦ Staysthesame.◦ Decreases.◦ There’snotenoughinformationtotell.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 22: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
QuickCheck11.7
Asteadyforcepushesinthepistonofawell-insulatedcylinder.Inthisprocess,thetemperatureofthegas
◦ Increases.◦ Staysthesame.◦ Decreases.◦ There’snotenoughinformationtotell.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
First law: Q + W = ΔEth
No heat flows (well insulated) ...... but work is done on the gas.
Work increases the gas’s thermal energy and with it the temperature.
![Page 23: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
TemperatureScalesTheCelsiusscaleisdefinedsothatthefreezingpointofwateris0°C.TheFahrenheitscaleisrelatedtotheCelsiusscale:
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 24: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
TemperatureScalesFortheKelvinscale,zerodegreesisthepointatwhichthekineticenergyoftheatomsiszero.Kineticenergyisalwayspositive,sozeroonthisscaleisanabsolutezero.AlltemperaturesontheKelvinscalearepositive,soitisoftencalledtheabsolutetemperaturescale.Theunitsare“kelvin”(K).
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 25: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
TemperatureScalesThespacingbetweendivisionsontheKelvinscaleisthesameasthatontheCelsiusscale.
Absolutezerois–273°C:
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 26: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
QuickCheck11.3
Whichisthelargestincreaseoftemperature?
◦ Anincreaseof1°F◦ Anincreaseof1°C◦ Anincreaseof1K◦ BothBandC,whicharethesameandlargerthanA◦ A,B,andCareallthesameincrease.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 27: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
QuickCheck11.3
Whichisthelargestincreaseoftemperature?
◦ Anincreaseof1°F◦ Anincreaseof1°C◦ Anincreaseof1K◦ BothBandC,whicharethesameandlargerthanA◦ A,B,andCareallthesameincrease.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 28: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
QuickCheck11.4
Whichisthecorrectrankingoftemperatures,fromhighesttolowest?
◦ 300°C>300K>300°F◦ 300°C>300°F>300K◦ 300K>300°F>300°C◦ 300K>300°C>300°F◦ 300°F>300K>300°C
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 29: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
QuickCheck11.4
Whichisthecorrectrankingoftemperatures,fromhighesttolowest?
◦ 300°C>300K>300°F◦ 300°C>300°F>300K◦ 300K>300°F>300°C◦ 300K>300°C>300°F◦ 300°F>300K>300°C
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 30: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
WhatIsHeat?Thermodynamicsisthestudyofthermalenergyandheatandtheirrelationshipstootherformsofenergyandenergytransfer.Heatisenergytransferredbetween twoobjectsbecauseofatemperaturedifferencebetweenthem.Heat(Q)alwaysflowsfromthehotterobjecttothecoolerone.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
[InsertFigure11.11.]
![Page 31: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
AnAtomicModelofHeatThermalenergyistransferredfromthefastermovingatomsonthewarmersidetotheslowermovingatomsonthecoolerside.
Thetransferwillcontinueuntilastablesituation,orthermalequilibrium,isreached.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 32: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
AnAtomicModelofHeatTwosystemsplacedinthermalcontactwilltransferthermalenergyfromhottocolduntiltheirfinaltemperaturesarethesame.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 33: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
QuickCheck11.2Consideryourbodyasasystem.Yourbodyis“burning”energyinfood,butstayingataconstanttemperature.Thismeansthat,foryourbody,
◦ Q >0◦ Q =0◦ Q <0
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 34: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
QuickCheck11.2Consideryourbodyasasystem.Yourbodyis“burning”energyinfood,butstayingataconstanttemperature.Thismeansthat,foryourbody,
◦ Q >0◦ Q =0◦ Q <0
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 35: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
QuickCheck11.9
AcylinderofgashasafrictionlessbuttightlysealedpistonofmassM.Smallmassesareplacedontothetopofthepiston,causingittoslowlymovedownward.Awaterbathkeepsthetemperatureconstant.Inthisprocess◦ Q >0◦ Q =0◦ Q <0◦ There’snotenoughinformationtosayanythingabouttheheat.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 36: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
QuickCheck11.9AcylinderofgashasafrictionlessbuttightlysealedpistonofmassM.Smallmassesareplacedontothetopofthepiston,causingittoslowlymovedownward.Awaterbathkeepsthetemperatureconstant.Inthisprocess◦ Q >0◦ Q =0◦ Q <0◦ There’snotenoughinformationtosayanythingabouttheheat.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
DEth = W + Q0 + –
No temperature change Energy flows out to the water to keep the temperature from changing
![Page 37: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Section11.4TheFirstLawofThermodynamics
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 38: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
TheFirstLawofThermodynamicsSystemsthatarenotmovingandarenotchangingchemically,butwhosetemperaturescanchange,aretheprovinceofthermodynamics.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 39: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Example11.9EnergytransfersinablenderIfyoumixfoodinablender,theelectricmotordoesworkonthesystem,whichconsistsofthefoodinsidethecontainer.Thisworkcannoticeablywarmupthefood.Supposetheblendermotorrunsatapowerof250Wfor40s.Duringthistime,2000Jofheatflowfromthenow-warmerfoodtoitscoolersurroundings.Byhowmuchdoesthethermalenergyofthefoodincrease?
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 40: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Example11.9Energytransfersinablender(cont.)
PREPARE Onlythethermalenergyofthesystemchanges,sowecanusethefirstlawofthermodynamics,Equation11.8.Wecanfindtheworkdonebythemotorfromthepoweritgeneratesandthetimeitruns.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 41: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Example11.9Energytransfersinablender(cont.)
SOLVE FromEquation10.22,theworkdoneisW =P ∆t =(250W)(40s)=10,000J.Becauseheatleaves thesystem,itssignisnegative,soQ =-2000J.Thenthefirstlawofthermo-dynamicsgives
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 42: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Example11.9Energytransfersinablender(cont.)
ASSESS Itseemsreasonablethattheworkdonebythepowerfulmotorrapidlyincreasesthethermalenergy,whilethermalenergyonlyslowlyleaksoutasheat.Theincreasedthermalenergyofthefoodimpliesanincreasedtemperature.Ifyourunablenderlongenough,thefoodcanactuallystarttosteam,asthephotoshows.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 43: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Energy-TransferDiagramsAnenergyreservoir isanobjectorapartoftheenvironmentsolargethatitstemperaturedoesnotnoticeablychangewhenheatistransferredbetweenthesystemandthereservoir.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 44: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Energy-TransferDiagramsAreservoirathighertemperaturesisahotreservoir(TH),andoneatlowertemperaturesisacoldreservoir(TC).
QH andQCaretheamountofheattransferredtoorfromahotandcoldreservoir,respectively.
Bydefinition,QH andQC arepositivequantities.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 45: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
QuickCheck11.11
Alarge–20°Cicecubeisdroppedintoasuper-insulatedcontainerholdingasmallamountof5°Cwater,thenthecontainerissealed.Tenminuteslater,isitpossiblethatthetemperatureoftheicecubewillbecolderthan–20°C?
◦ Yes◦ No◦ Maybe.Itwoulddependonotherfactors.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 46: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
QuickCheck11.11
Alarge–20°Cicecubeisdroppedintoasuper-insulatedcontainerholdingasmallamountof5°Cwater,thenthecontainerissealed.Tenminuteslater,isitpossiblethatthetemperatureoftheicecubewillbecolderthan–20°C?
◦ Yes◦ No◦ Maybe.Itwoulddependonotherfactors.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 47: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Energy-TransferDiagramsEnergy-transferdiagrams:Thehotreservoirisdrawnatthetop,thecoldatthebottom,andthesystem(thecopperbar)betweenthem.
The“pipes”connectthereservoirandsystemandshowtheenergytransfers.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 48: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Energy-TransferDiagramsSpontaneoustransfersgoinonedirectiononly:fromhottocold.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 49: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Energy-TransferDiagramsSpontaneoustransfersgoinonedirectiononly:fromhottocold.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
OnlytheFonz radiates“Coolness”!
![Page 50: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
ConceptualExample11.10EnergytransfersandthebodyWhy—inphysicsterms—isitmoretaxingonthebodytoexerciseinveryhotweather?REASON Yourbodycontinuouslyconvertschemicalenergytothermalenergy,aswehaveseen.Inordertomaintainaconstantbodytemperature,yourbodymustcontinuouslytransferheattotheenvironment.Thisisasimplematterincoolweatherwhenheatisspontaneouslytransferredtotheenvironment,butwhentheairtemperatureishigherthanyourbodytemperature,yourbodycannotcoolitselfthiswayandmustuseothermechanismstotransferthisenergy,suchasperspiring.Thesemechanismsrequireadditionalenergyexpenditure.ASSESS Strenuousexerciseinhotweathercaneasilyleadtoariseinbodytemperatureifthebodycannotexhaustheatquicklyenough.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 51: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Section11.5HeatEngines
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 52: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
HeatEnginesThermalenergyisnaturallytransferredfromahotreservoirtoacoldreservoir.
Aheatenginetakessomeoftheenergyasitistransferredandconvertsittootherforms.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 53: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
HeatEnginesTheheatenginetakesenergyasheatfromthehotreservoir,turnssomeintousefulwork,andexhauststhebalanceaswasteheatintothecoldreservoir.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 54: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
HeatEngines
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 55: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
HeatEnginesMostoftheenergythatyouusedailycomesfromtheconversionofthatenergyintootherforms.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
Text:p.333
![Page 56: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
HeatEnginesMostoftheenergythatyouusedailycomesfromtheconversionofthatenergyintootherforms.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
Text:p.333
![Page 57: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
HeatEnginesTheworkextractedisequaltothedifferencebetweentheheatenergytransferredfromthehotreservoirandtheheatexhaustedintothecoldreservoir:
Wout =QH– QC
Theheatengine’sefficiencyis
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 58: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
HeatEnginesNoheatenginecanoperatewithoutexhaustingsomefractionoftheheatintoacoldreservoir.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 59: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
HeatEnginesThemaximumefficiencyisfixedbythesecondlawofthermodynamics:
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 60: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
QuickCheck11.14
Thefollowingpairsoftemperaturesrepresentthetemperaturesofhotandcoldreservoirsforheatengines.Whichheatenginehasthehighestpossibleefficiency?
◦ 300°C,30°C◦ 250°C,30°C◦ 200°C,20°C◦ 100°C,10°C◦ 90°C,0°C
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 61: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
QuickCheck11.14
Thefollowingpairsoftemperaturesrepresentthetemperaturesofhotandcoldreservoirsforheatengines.Whichheatenginehasthehighestpossibleefficiency?
◦ 300°C,30°C◦ 250°C,30°C◦ 200°C,20°C◦ 100°C,10°C◦ 90°C,0°C
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 62: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
QuickCheck11.12Theefficiencyofthisheatengineis
◦ 1.00◦ 0.60◦ 0.50◦ 0.40◦ 0.20
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 63: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
QuickCheck11.12Theefficiencyofthisheatengineis
◦ 1.00◦ 0.60◦ 0.50◦ 0.40◦ 0.20
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 64: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Example11.11TheefficiencyofanuclearpowerplantEnergyfromnuclearreactionsinthecoreofanuclearreactorproduceshigh-pressuresteamatatemperatureof290°C.
Afterthesteamisusedtospinaturbine,itiscondensed(byusingcoolingwaterfromanearbyriver)backtowaterat20°C.
Theexcessheatisdepositedintheriver.
Thewateristhenreheated,andthecyclebeginsagain.
Whatisthemaximumpossibleefficiencythatthisplantcouldachieve?
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 65: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Example11.11Theefficiencyofanuclearpowerplant(cont.)PREPARE Anuclearpowerplantisaheatengine,withenergytransfersasillustratedinFigure11.18a.QH istheheatenergytransferredtothesteaminthereactorcore.TH isthetemperatureofthesteam,290°C.Thesteamiscooledandcondensed,andtheheatQC isexhaustedtotheriver.Theriveristhecoldreservoir,soTC is20°C.Inkelvin,thesetemperaturesare
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 66: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Example11.11Theefficiencyofanuclearpowerplant(cont.)SOLVEWeuseEquation11.10tocomputethemaximumpossibleefficiency:
ASSESS Thisisthemaximumpossibleefficiency.Therearepracticallimitationsaswellthatlimitrealpowerplants,whethernuclearorcoal- orgas-fired,toanefficiencye ≈0.35.Thismeansthat65%oftheenergyfromthefuelisexhaustedaswasteheatintoariverorlake,whereitmaycauseproblematicwarminginthelocalenvironment.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 67: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Section11.6HeatPumps,Refrigerators,andAirConditioners
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 68: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
HeatPumpsTransferringheatenergyfromacoldreservoirtoahotreservoiristhejobofaheatpump.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 69: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
HeatPumpsForheatpumps,insteadofefficiencywecomputethecoefficientofperformance(COP).
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 70: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
HeatPumpsIfweusetheheatpumpforcooling,wedefineCOPas
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 71: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Ifweusetheheatpumpforheating,wedefineCOPas
Inbothcases,alargercoefficientofperformancemeansamoreefficientheatpump.
HeatPumps
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 72: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
QuickCheck11.15
APeltier coolerisaheatpumpthatcanbesettoeithercoolorheatitscontents.Onesuchcooleruses100Wofinputpowerwhetherheatingorcooling.Whichisgreater,itscoefficientofperformanceforcoolingoritscoefficientofperformanceforheating?
◦ Cooling◦ Heating◦ Thetwocoefficientsarethesame.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
WinHeat!pump
QH
QC
100 J/s
![Page 73: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
QuickCheck11.15
APeltier coolerisaheatpumpthatcanbesettoeithercoolorheatitscontents.Onesuchcooleruses100Wofinputpowerwhetherheatingorcooling.Whichisgreater,itscoefficientofperformanceforcoolingoritscoefficientofperformanceforheating?
◦ Cooling◦ Heating◦ Thetwocoefficientsarethesame.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
WinHeat!pump
QH
QC
100 J/s
![Page 74: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
QuickCheck11.13
Thecoefficientofperformanceofthisrefrigeratoris
◦ 0.40◦ 0.60◦ 1.50◦ 1.67◦ 2.00
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 75: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
QuickCheck11.13
Thecoefficientofperformanceofthisrefrigeratoris
◦ 0.40◦ 0.60◦ 1.50◦ 1.67◦ 2.00
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 76: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Example11.12CoefficientofperformanceofarefrigeratorTheinsideofyourrefrigeratorisapproximately0°C.Heatfromtheinsideofyourrefrigeratorisdepositedintotheairinyourkitchen,whichhasatemperatureofapproximately20°C.Attheseoperatingtemperatures,whatisthemaximumpossiblecoefficientofperformanceofyourrefrigerator?
PREPARE Thetemperaturesofthehotsideandthecoldsidemustbeexpressedinkelvin:
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 77: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Example11.12Coefficientofperformanceofarefrigerator(cont.)SOLVEWeuseEquation11.11tocomputethemaximumcoefficientofperformance:
ASSESS Acoefficientofperformanceof13.6meansthatwepump13.6Jofheatforanenergycostof1J.Duetopracticallimitations,thecoefficientofperformanceofanactualrefrigeratoristypically≈5.Otherfactorsaffecttheoverallefficiencyoftheappliance,includinghowwellinsulateditis.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 78: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Section11.7EntropyandtheSecondLawofThermodynamics
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 79: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
EntropyandtheSecondLawofThermodynamicsThespontaneoustransferofheatfromhottocoldisanirreversible process;itcanhappeninonlyonedirection.
Thesecondlawofthermodynamics preventsthespontaneoustransferofheatfromcoldtohot.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 80: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
ReversibleandIrreversibleProcessesAtthemicroscopiclevel,collisionsbetweenmoleculesarereversible.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 81: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
ReversibleandIrreversibleProcessesAtthemacroscopiclevel,collisionsareusuallyirreversible.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 82: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
WhichWaytoEquilibrium?IfBox1hasmoreballsthanBox2,andyourandomlypickanyballtoswitchboxes,thereisahigherprobabilityyouwillpickaballfromBox1.
ThereisanetflowofballsmovingfromBox1toBox2untilequilibriumisreached.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 83: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
WhichWaytoEquilibrium?Theprocessisreversible(aballcanbemovedbacktoBox1).
ThestatisticsoflargenumbersmakeitoverwhelminglylikelythatthesystemwillevolvetowardastateinwhichN1≈N2.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 84: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
WhichWaytoEquilibrium?Systemsreachthermalequilibriumbecauseequilibriumisthemostprobablestateinwhichtobe.
Reversiblemicroscopiceventsleadtoirreversiblemacroscopicbehaviorbecausesomemacroscopicstatesarevastlymoreprobablethanothers.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 85: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Order,Disorder,andEntropyEntropy quantifiestheprobabilitythatacertainstateofasystemwilloccur.
Entropyincreasesastwosystemswithinitiallydifferenttemperaturesmovetowardthermalequilibrium.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 86: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Order,Disorder,andEntropy
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 87: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Order,Disorder,andEntropyThesecondlawofthermodynamicstellsusthatanisolatedsystemevolvessuchthat:◦ Orderturnsintodisorderandrandomness.◦ Informationislostratherthangained.◦ Thesystem“runsdown”asotherformsofenergyaretransformedintothermalenergy.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 88: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
EntropyandThermalEnergyInaverycold,movingbaseball,alloftheatomsaremovinginthesamedirectionandsamespeed.Ithaslowentropy.
Inastationaryheliumballoon,theatomsaredisorganizedandhaverandommotion(thermalenergy).Ithashighentropy.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 89: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
EntropyandThermalEnergyWhenanotherformofenergyisconvertedintothermalenergy,thereisanincreaseinentropy.
Thisiswhyconvertingthermalenergyintootherformscannotbedonewith100%efficiency.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 90: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
QuickCheck11.16
Alarge–20°Cicecubeisdroppedintoasuper-insulatedcontainerholdingasmallamountof5°Cwater,thenthecontainerissealed.Tenminuteslater,thetemperatureoftheice(andanywaterthathasmeltedfromtheice)willbewarmerthan–20°C.Thisisaconsequenceof
◦ Thefirstlawofthermodynamics.◦ Thesecondlawofthermodynamics.◦ Thethirdlawofthermodynamics.◦ Boththefirstandthesecondlaws.◦ Joule’slaw.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 91: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
QuickCheck11.16
Alarge–20°Cicecubeisdroppedintoasuper-insulatedcontainerholdingasmallamountof5°Cwater,thenthecontainerissealed.Tenminuteslater,thetemperatureoftheice(andanywaterthathasmeltedfromtheice)willbewarmerthan–20°C.Thisisaconsequenceof
◦ Thefirstlawofthermodynamics.◦ Thesecondlawofthermodynamics.◦ Thethirdlawofthermodynamics.◦ Boththefirstandthesecondlaws.◦ Joule’slaw.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 92: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Section11.8Systems,Energy,andEntropy
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 93: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
TheConservationofEnergyandEnergyConservationEnergycannotbecreatedordestroyed,butwhenenergyistransformed,someofitisconvertedtothermalenergy.Thechangeisirreversible.
To“conserveenergy”wemustconcentrateonefficiency.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 94: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
EntropyandLifeLifeseemstoviolatethesecondlawofthermodynamics:◦ Plantsgrowfromsimpleseedstocomplexentities.
◦ Single-celledfertilizedeggsgrowintocomplexadultorganisms.
◦ Overthelastbillionyears,lifehasevolvedfromunicellularorganismstocomplexforms.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 95: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
EntropyandLifeThesecondlawofthermo-dynamicsonlyappliestoisolatedsystems:systemsthatdonotexchangeenergywiththeirenvironment.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.
![Page 96: Introductory Physics - · Assistant Professor of Physics ... Mastering Physics Online ... First Law of Thermodynamics Heat Engines Heat Pumps, Refrigerators](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051205/5ad812a37f8b9af9068d03c3/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
EntropyandLifeYourbodyisnotanisolatedsystem.
Theentropyofyourbodyisapproximatelythesame,buttheentropyoftheenvironmentisincreasingduetothermalenergyfromyourbody.
©2015PearsonEducation,Inc.