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IRIGASI IRIGASI CURAHCURAH(SPRINKLER IRRIGATION)(SPRINKLER IRRIGATION)
Dr.IrDr.Ir. . SugengSugeng PrijonoPrijono, MS, MS
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DefinitionDefinition
�� Pressurized irrigation through Pressurized irrigation through
devices called sprinklersdevices called sprinklers
�� Sprinklers are usually located on Sprinklers are usually located on
pipes called lateralspipes called lateralspipes called lateralspipes called laterals
�� Water is discharged into the air and Water is discharged into the air and
hopefully infiltrates near where it hopefully infiltrates near where it
landslands
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Kesesuaian PemakaianKesesuaian Pemakaian�� TanamanTanaman
�� Cocok hampir semua tanaman (pohon, semak, Cocok hampir semua tanaman (pohon, semak, hamparan), dapat disiramkan di atas atau di bawah hamparan), dapat disiramkan di atas atau di bawah kanopikanopi
�� Tidak cocok untuk beberapa jenis sayuran yang mudah Tidak cocok untuk beberapa jenis sayuran yang mudah rusak karena tetesan airrusak karena tetesan airrusak karena tetesan airrusak karena tetesan air
�� Kemiringan lahanKemiringan lahan�� Cocok untuk lahan datar maupun bergelombangCocok untuk lahan datar maupun bergelombang
�� Tanah Tanah �� Paling cocok untuk tanah pasiran, tapi cocok untuk Paling cocok untuk tanah pasiran, tapi cocok untuk hampir semua tipe teksturhampir semua tipe tekstur
�� Air irigasiAir irigasi�� Cocok untuk air yang bersih dan bebas sedimenCocok untuk air yang bersih dan bebas sedimen
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Fixed sprinklerFixed sprinkler
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Traveling Volume Gun Sprinkler Irrigating Traveling Volume Gun Sprinkler Irrigating
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Travelling gun sprinkler Travelling gun sprinkler
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Permanent LateralPermanent Lateral
�� Laterals are permanently placed Laterals are permanently placed
(enough to irrigate the entire area)(enough to irrigate the entire area)
�� Laterals are usually buried, with Laterals are usually buried, with
risers or poprisers or pop--up sprinklersup sprinklersrisers or poprisers or pop--up sprinklersup sprinklers
�� Easily automated and popular for Easily automated and popular for
some agriculture/some agriculture/horthort applicationsapplications
�� Capital investment can be highCapital investment can be high
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SolidsetSolidset sprinklersprinkler
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Periodically Moved LateralPeriodically Moved Lateral
�� Single lateral is moved and used in Single lateral is moved and used in multiple locationsmultiple locations
�� Examples:Examples:
�� HandHand--movemoveHandHand--movemove
�� TowTow--line/skidline/skid--tow (lateral is pulled across tow (lateral is pulled across the field)the field)
�� SideSide--roll (lateral mounted on wheels that roll (lateral mounted on wheels that roll to move the lateral)roll to move the lateral)
�� Fairly high labor requirementFairly high labor requirement
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Portable SolidPortable Solid--Set Sprinkler SystemSet Sprinkler System
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SideSide--roll wheelroll wheel--move sprinkler move sprinkler
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SideSide--Roll Sprinkler Lateral Roll Sprinkler Lateral
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Moving LateralMoving Lateral
�� Single lateral moves automatically Single lateral moves automatically
(mounted on wheeled towers)(mounted on wheeled towers)
�� Examples:Examples:
�� Center pivots (lateral pivots in a circle)Center pivots (lateral pivots in a circle)�� Center pivots (lateral pivots in a circle)Center pivots (lateral pivots in a circle)
�� Linear or lateral move systems (lateral Linear or lateral move systems (lateral
moves in a straight line)moves in a straight line)
�� Fairly high capital investmentFairly high capital investment
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Center Pivot System with Spray Pad SprinklersCenter Pivot System with Spray Pad Sprinklers
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Komponen Irigasi CurahKomponen Irigasi Curah
sumber
mainlinepompa
sumber
sprinkler
lateral
Contoh untuk sprinkler tak bergerak
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System Components (5) System Components (5)
�� LateralsLaterals�� Pipelines that provide water to the sprinklersPipelines that provide water to the sprinklers
�� May be below, on, or above the groundMay be below, on, or above the ground
�� RisersRisers�� Smaller diameter pipes used to bring water from the Smaller diameter pipes used to bring water from the
lateral to the sprinklerlateral to the sprinkler
PurposesPurposes�� PurposesPurposes
�� Raises the sprinkler so that the plants won't Raises the sprinkler so that the plants won't interfere with the water jetinterfere with the water jet
�� Reduces turbulence of the water stream as it Reduces turbulence of the water stream as it reaches the sprinklerreaches the sprinkler
�� Mainlines and submainsMainlines and submains�� Pipelines that supply water to the lateralsPipelines that supply water to the laterals
�� May serve several laterals simultaneouslyMay serve several laterals simultaneously
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Impact SprinklersImpact Sprinklers
�� SprinklersSprinklers
�� Devices (usually brass or plastic) with one or more Devices (usually brass or plastic) with one or more
small diameter nozzlessmall diameter nozzles
�� Impact sprinklersImpact sprinklers
�� Drive or range nozzle (hits sprinkler arm and throws Drive or range nozzle (hits sprinkler arm and throws �� Drive or range nozzle (hits sprinkler arm and throws Drive or range nozzle (hits sprinkler arm and throws
water out farther)water out farther)
�� Spreader nozzle (optional; Applies more water close Spreader nozzle (optional; Applies more water close
to the sprinkler)to the sprinkler)
�� Trajectory anglesTrajectory angles
�� PartPart--circle sprinklerscircle sprinklers
�� Used in all types of irrigation, but especially Used in all types of irrigation, but especially
agricultural cropsagricultural crops
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Impact SprinklersImpact Sprinklers
RainBird 30 RainBird 14 RainBird 70RainBird 30 RainBird 14 RainBird 70
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Impact SprinklersImpact Sprinklers
Impact ArmImpact Arm
Range (Drive) NozzleRange (Drive) Nozzle
TwoTwo--nozzle, bronze impact sprinklernozzle, bronze impact sprinkler
Spreader NozzleSpreader Nozzle
BearingBearing
Trajectory Angle
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System Components (2)System Components (2)
�� GearGear--driven rotors (rotary heads)driven rotors (rotary heads)
�� Energy in the water turns a turbine that Energy in the water turns a turbine that
rotates the nozzle through a gear trainrotates the nozzle through a gear train
�� Typically used in large, open landscape Typically used in large, open landscape
areasareasareasareas
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TurbineTurbine--driven rotor w/ adjustable spray angledriven rotor w/ adjustable spray angle
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�� Spray Pad devicesSpray Pad devices
�� Water jet strikes a plate or padWater jet strikes a plate or pad
�� Pad spreads the water and may be smooth Pad spreads the water and may be smooth
or serratedor serrated
�� Popular on center pivot and linear move Popular on center pivot and linear move
System Components (3) System Components (3)
�� Popular on center pivot and linear move Popular on center pivot and linear move
systemssystems
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Spray Pad SprinklersSpray Pad Sprinklers
(ozzle(ozzle
Smooth Deflector PadSmooth Deflector Pad Serrated Deflector PadSerrated Deflector Pad
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PopPop--Up Spray HeadUp Spray Head
FullFull--circle, 4circle, 4--inch, Popinch, Pop--up spray head w/ Funny Pipe Riserup spray head w/ Funny Pipe Riser
“Funny Pipe” Riser“Funny Pipe” Riser
Pipe ThreadPipe Thread--Barb AdaptersBarb Adapters
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�� Spray headsSpray heads
�� Heads do not rotate Heads do not rotate
�� Nozzle is shaped to irrigate a certain Nozzle is shaped to irrigate a certain
angle of coverageangle of coverage
�� Typically used for small or irregularly Typically used for small or irregularly
System Components (4) System Components (4)
�� Typically used for small or irregularly Typically used for small or irregularly
shaped areasshaped areas
�� PopPop--up heads are installed flush with up heads are installed flush with
ground and rise when pressurizedground and rise when pressurized
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PopPop--up spray head with adjustable coverage up spray head with adjustable coverage
angle from 1º angle from 1º -- 360º360º
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PopPop--up, turbine rotor with riser up, turbine rotor with riser extendedextended
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PopPop--Up Turbine Rotor Sprinklers in Up Turbine Rotor Sprinklers in OperationOperation
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Kinerja sprinklerKinerja sprinkler
�� Debit sprinklerDebit sprinkler
�� Jarak lemparanJarak lemparan
�� Pola distribusiPola distribusi
RataRata--rata aplikasirata aplikasi�� RataRata--rata aplikasirata aplikasi
�� Ukuran tetesan (Ukuran tetesan (dropletsdroplets))
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Sprinkler Performance (1)Sprinkler Performance (1)
�� DischargeDischarge
�� Depends on type of sprinkler, nozzle size, Depends on type of sprinkler, nozzle size,
and operating pressureand operating pressure
q C D Ps d= 2982 2.
�� qqss = discharge (gpm)= discharge (gpm)
�� CCdd = discharge coefficient for the nozzle and = discharge coefficient for the nozzle and
sprinkler sprinkler ≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈ 0.960.96
�� D = inside diameter of the nozzle (inches)D = inside diameter of the nozzle (inches)
�� P = water pressure at the nozzle (psi)P = water pressure at the nozzle (psi)
q C D Ps d= 2982.
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�� Diameter of CoverageDiameter of Coverage
�� Maximum diameter wetted by the sprinkler Maximum diameter wetted by the sprinkler
at a rate that is significant for the intended at a rate that is significant for the intended
useuse
�� Depends on operating pressure and Depends on operating pressure and
Sprinkler Performance (2) Sprinkler Performance (2)
�� Depends on operating pressure and Depends on operating pressure and
sprinkler and nozzle design (includingsprinkler and nozzle design (including
trajectory angle)trajectory angle)
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Single SprinklerSingle Sprinkler
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Pengaruh Tekanan AirPengaruh Tekanan Air
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No windNo wind
Elongated parallel pattern
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Distribusi air dari sprinklerDistribusi air dari sprinkler
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Overlapped Sprinklers Overlapped Sprinklers
Dry zone
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Overlapped SprinklersOverlapped Sprinklers
Uniform Application: Uniform Application: Overlap Overlap ≥≥≥≥≥≥≥≥ 50% of 50% of sprinkler wetted sprinkler wetted diameterdiameter
NonNon--uniform uniform Application: Overlap Application: Overlap << 50% of sprinkler << 50% of sprinkler wetted diameterwetted diameter
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Pengaruh Angin thd Jarak Pengaruh Angin thd Jarak SprinklerSprinkler
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Application RateApplication Rate
�� Rectangular sprinkler layoutRectangular sprinkler layout
Aq
S Sr
s=96 3.
Ad
t
q
ar = =
�� AArr = water application rate (inches/hour)= water application rate (inches/hour)
�� qqss = sprinkler discharge rate (gpm)= sprinkler discharge rate (gpm)
�� SSll = sprinkler spacing along the lateral = sprinkler spacing along the lateral
(feet)(feet)
�� SSmm = lateral spacing along the mainline = lateral spacing along the mainline
(feet)(feet)
S Sr
l m
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�� Equilateral triangular layoutEquilateral triangular layout
�� S = spacing between sprinklers (feet)S = spacing between sprinklers (feet)
Aq
Sr
s=1112
2
.
�� Depth of water appliedDepth of water applied
�� IIgg = A= Arr TToo�� IIgg = gross depth of water applied per irrigation = gross depth of water applied per irrigation
(inches)(inches)
�� TToo = actual time of operation (hours)= actual time of operation (hours)
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Maximum Spacing of Maximum Spacing of SprinklersSprinklers
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Efficiencies Efficiencies
�� Application efficiency (EApplication efficiency (Eaa))
�� ddnn = net irrigation depth= net irrigation depth
�� ddg g = gross irrigation depth= gross irrigation depth
Ed
da
n
g
=
�� ddg g = gross irrigation depth= gross irrigation depth
�� fraction or percentagefraction or percentage
�� Water lossesWater losses�� EvaporationEvaporation
�� DriftDrift
�� RunoffRunoff
�� Deep percolationDeep percolation
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Distribution Distribution UniformityUniformity
�� Distribution uniformity (DU)Distribution uniformity (DU)
=
zd
dDU
LQ
100
�� ddLQLQ = average low= average low--quarter depth of water quarter depth of water receivedreceived
�� ddzz = average depth applied= average depth applied
�� Popular parameter for surface irrigation Popular parameter for surface irrigation systems in particularsystems in particular
d
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Application Uniformity Application Uniformity
�� Christiansen’s Coefficient of Uniformity (CU)Christiansen’s Coefficient of Uniformity (CU)
n = number of observations (each representing the n = number of observations (each representing the
−−= ∑
=
n
i z
iz
nd
ddCU
1
1100
�� n = number of observations (each representing the n = number of observations (each representing the same size area)same size area)
�� ddzz = average depth for all observations= average depth for all observations�� ddii = depth for observation = depth for observation ii
�� Popular parameter for sprinkler and Popular parameter for sprinkler and microirrigationmicroirrigation systems in particularsystems in particular
�� For relatively high uniformities (CU > 70For relatively high uniformities (CU > 70%)%)
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Sprinkler Uniformity TestSprinkler Uniformity Test
(catch cans placed on a 5 ft x 5 ft grid)(catch cans placed on a 5 ft x 5 ft grid)
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AdequacyAdequacy
�� Because of Because of nonuniformitynonuniformity, there is a tradeoff , there is a tradeoff between excessive deep percolation and plant between excessive deep percolation and plant water stresswater stress
�� Adequacy: the percent of the irrigated area that Adequacy: the percent of the irrigated area that receives the desired depth of water or morereceives the desired depth of water or more
�� Figure Figure 5.3 (a 5.3 (a –– d)d)�� Plotting the percentage of area in the field that Plotting the percentage of area in the field that �� Plotting the percentage of area in the field that Plotting the percentage of area in the field that receives a given depth of irrigation water or more receives a given depth of irrigation water or more gives a distribution uniformity curvegives a distribution uniformity curve
�� Irrigating for a longer or shorter time moves the Irrigating for a longer or shorter time moves the curve up or down curve up or down
�� System modifications may be required to change the System modifications may be required to change the shape of the curveshape of the curve
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Figure 5.3aFigure 5.3a
SWDSWD
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Fig 5.3bFig 5.3b
SWDSWD
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Figure 5.3cFigure 5.3c
SWDSWD
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Figure 5.3dFigure 5.3d
SWDSWD